江苏三处旧石器遗址中发现的火山玻璃
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摘要
火山灰年代学是判断第四纪沉积物年龄的有效手段。文章报告在江苏三处旧石器遗址(和尚墩、放牛山和将军崖)上部堆积中发现的火山玻璃及初步研究结果。和尚墩遗址的火山玻璃主要出现在两个层位:上层距地表约45cm,火山玻璃的水合层很薄,年代有可能晚于K-Ah火山(7.3ka);下层距地表约70cm,火山玻璃的水合过程已经完成,时代稍老,大致与日本晚更新世火山同期,至少相当于AT火山,年代等于/大于25ka。遗址中的火山玻璃分为pm型和bw型。形态、屈折率及微量包含物的研究表明,火山玻璃的来源可能与日本的火山喷发无关。江苏旧石器遗址中发现的火山玻璃对判断中国东部地区更新世沉积物时代以及埋藏其中的旧石器遗存年代具标志意义。
Heshangdun,Fangniushan and Jiangjunya are three most typical Paleolithic sites in Jiangsu Province,South East China.These three sites were excavated six times during the past ten years,and several hundreds of stone artifacts were unearthed.This article reports the study on the volcanic glass discovered from the sites. There are 55 pieces of volcanic glass to has been discovered from 106 samples through treating by SPT(Sodium Polytungsteate) gravity separation solution (SG = 2.42).They can be divided into the pm type and the bw type in terms of their shapes,refractive indexes,and micro inclusions.Some glass pieces were dated by AMS and TL. There are 40 pieces of volcanic glass from Heshangdun site.They mainly occur in two horizons.The upper horizon is near 45cm beneath the surface;the hydration shell of glass is very thin,only 2μm,suggesting an age later than eruption of Japanese K-Ah volcano (7.3ka) .The lower horizon is near 70cm beneath the surface;the hydration process of glass had already completed,suggesting an age equal to the upper Pleistocene volcanic eruption in Japan or at least close to AT volcano eruption,around 25 ka or older.AMS dating and TL dating of volcanic glass from Jiangjunya gave an age older than 10ka,probably 40～50ka. Our study indicates no relationship between the volcanic glass discovered in Heshangdun Paleolithic site and the volcanic glass discovered in Japanese volcanic ash and does not support a previous conclusion that volcanic glass came directly from the Shandong Peninsula and the Shengsi Islands and originally from Japan.If ignoring factors of second deposition,the volcanic glass found in Jiangsu Paleolithic sites highly likely came mostly from the Late Pleistocene volcanic eruption.Judged by hydration,however,the volcanic glass in the upper horizon may be of Holocene age.Importantly,the lower horizon with volcanic glass not only represents the Late Paleolithic culture,but also can be seen as a symbol of Late Pleistocene sediments in the east of China.
Heshangdun,Fangniushan and Jiangjunya are three most typical Paleolithic sites in Jiangsu Province,South East China.These three sites were excavated six times during the past ten years,and several hundreds of stone artifacts were unearthed.This article reports the study on the volcanic glass discovered from the sites. There are 55 pieces of volcanic glass to has been discovered from 106 samples through treating by SPT(Sodium Polytungsteate) gravity separation solution (SG = 2.42).They can be divided into the pm type and the bw type in terms of their shapes,refractive indexes,and micro inclusions.Some glass pieces were dated by AMS and TL. There are 40 pieces of volcanic glass from Heshangdun site.They mainly occur in two horizons.The upper horizon is near 45cm beneath the surface;the hydration shell of glass is very thin,only 2μm,suggesting an age later than eruption of Japanese K-Ah volcano (7.3ka) .The lower horizon is near 70cm beneath the surface;the hydration process of glass had already completed,suggesting an age equal to the upper Pleistocene volcanic eruption in Japan or at least close to AT volcano eruption,around 25 ka or older.AMS dating and TL dating of volcanic glass from Jiangjunya gave an age older than 10ka,probably 40～50ka. Our study indicates no relationship between the volcanic glass discovered in Heshangdun Paleolithic site and the volcanic glass discovered in Japanese volcanic ash and does not support a previous conclusion that volcanic glass came directly from the Shandong Peninsula and the Shengsi Islands and originally from Japan.If ignoring factors of second deposition,the volcanic glass found in Jiangsu Paleolithic sites highly likely came mostly from the Late Pleistocene volcanic eruption.Judged by hydration,however,the volcanic glass in the upper horizon may be of Holocene age.Importantly,the lower horizon with volcanic glass not only represents the Late Paleolithic culture,but also can be seen as a symbol of Late Pleistocene sediments in the east of China.
引文
1 Machida H.Recent progress in tephra studies in Japan.The Quaternary Research,1991,30:141～149
2 Machida H.Quaternary widespread tephra catalog in and around Japan:Recent progress.The Quaternary Research,1999,38:194～201
3 Machida H.Volcanoes and tephras in the Japan area.Global Environment Research,2002,6:19～28
4 郑祥民,Kunihko E,周立旻等.东海岛屿风尘地层中火山玻璃的发现及环境意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3) :82～90 Zheng Xiangmin,Kunihiko E,Zhou Liwen et al.Discovery and environmental significance of volcanic glass in eolian dust layers in the East China Sea islands.Marine Geology ＆ Quaternary Geology,2003,23 (3) :82～90
5 周厚云,郭国章,郑洪汉.山东半岛黄土堆积中的火山玻璃.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(4) :99～102 Zhou Houyun,Guo Guozhang,Zheng Honghan et al.Volcanic glass discovered in loess in Shandong Peninsula.Marine Geology ＆Quaternary Geology,2000,20(4) :99～102
6 王汝建.南沙海区更新世以来的火山灰及其地质意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(1) :51～56 Wang Rujian.Pleistocene volcanic shards and their geological significance in the Nansha area of the South China Sea.Marine Geology ＆ Quaternary Geology,2000,20 (1) :51～56
7 Tsutomu S,Shinji S.A review of the tephrochronological studies of Paleolithic cultures in Japan.Acta Anthropologica China,2000,19 (Suppl.):285～291
8 房迎三,朱诚,张芸.下蜀黄土与古人类活动信息见:张云,朱诚,于世永.龙骨坡史前文化志(4) .北京:中华书局,2002 16～21 Fang Yingsan,Zhu Cheng,Zhang Yun.Information about human activity and paleoenvironment in Xiashu loess.In:Zhang Yun,Zhu Cheng,Yu Shiyong eds.Longgupo Prehistoric Culture(4) .Beijing:Zhong Hua Books Company,2002． 16～21
9 房迎三,何未艾,惠强等.江苏金坛和尚墩旧石器遗址的地层、遗迹与时代见:北京大学考古文博学院编.考古学研究(七).北京:科学出版社,2008． 116～135 Fang Yingsan,He Wei' ai,Hui Qiang et al.Strata and ages of Heshangdun Paleolithic site in Jintan city,Jiangsu Province,China.In:School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University ed.A Collection of Studies on Archaeology (7) .Beijing:Science Press,2008． 116～135
10 房迎三,王结华,梁任又.等江苏句容放牛山发现的旧石器.人类学学报,2002,21(1) :41～49 Fang Yingsan,Wang Jiehua,Liang Renyou et al.Paleolithic artifacts from Fangniushan locality at Jurong,Jiangsu Province.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2002,21 (1) :41～49
11 房迎三,惠强,项剑云等.江苏连云港将军崖旧石器晚期遗址的考古发掘与收获.东南文化,2008,(1) :14～19,97 Fang Yingsan,Hui Qiang,Xiang Jianyun et al.The excavation and discovery of Late Paleolithic sites at Jiangjunya upper Jiangsu.South East Culture,2008,(1) :14～19,97
12 Takemura K,Dantara T.A method for determination of volcanic glass concentrations in sedimentary sequences and its application to Quaternary studies.Geoarchaeology an International Journal,1994,9:301～316
13 Danhara T,Yamashita T,lwano H et al.An improved system for measuring refractive index using the thermal immersion method. Quaternary International,1992,13/14:89～91
14 Yoshikawa S.The volcanic ash layers of the Osaka Group.Geological Society Japan,1976,82 (8) :497～515
15 Yamashita T,Tohru D.Hydration and super hydratiou of volcanic glasses About vast spread tephra in Japan.Fission-track Newsletter,1995,8:41～46
16 Yamasbita T,Hideki I,Tohru D.Hydration and super-hydration of volcanic glasses.The Speech Abstracts of 98th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan (Matsuyama),1991,214
17 Tohru D,Yamashita T,Hideki I.Identification of volcanic glass from Aira-Tn(AT) and Kikai-Akahoya(K-Ah).The Abstracts of the 8th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society for Scientifc Studies on Cultural Properties (Nara University),1991,51～52
18 隋淑珍,刘嘉麒,郭正府等.火山灰的提取及测试技术.地学前缘,2003,10(1) :111～116 Sui Shuzhen,Liu Jiaqi,Guo Zhengfu et al.Extraction and measuring techniques of volcanic ash.Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10 (1) :111～116
19 Eden D N,Froggatt P C,Zheng H et al.Volcanic glass found in Late Quaternary Chinese loess:A pointer for future studies? Quaternary International,1996,34/36:107～111
20 Tohru D,Bae K,Okada T et al.What is the real age of the Chongokni Paleolithic site? In:Bae K,Lee J ed.Paleolithic Archaeology in North East Asia,Yeoncheon County and the Institute of Cultural Properties.Hanyang:Hanyang Univerdity,2002． 77～116
21 张秉良,洪汉净,刘辉等.火山玻璃风化层的透射电镜研究. 矿物学报,2008,28(3) :251～254 Zhang Bingliang,Hong Hanjing,Liu Hui et al.TEM study of weathered layers on the surface of volcanic glass.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2008,28(3) :251～254
22 胡连英,孙寿成,杨绍武.茅山新生代含幔源橄榄岩包体玄武岩与溧阳地震关系新探.地震学刊,1989,(2) :47～53,108 Hu Lianying,Sun Shoucheng,Yang Shaowu.The searching of the relations between the basalt and the occurrence of Liyang earthquakes.Journal of Seismology,1989,(2) :47～53,108
23 姜刚仁.江苏地区地表早第三纪玄武岩之探索地震学刊,1989,(2) :86～89 Jiang Gangren.A exploration of Early Tertiary period basalt on the surface in Jiangsu region.Journal of Seismology,1989,(2) :86～89
24 朱诚,张杨阳,马春梅等.江苏金坛和尚墩旧石器遗址地层的古地磁年代与磁化率研究.地层学杂志,2007,31(1) :35～44 Zhu Cheng,Zhang Yangyang,Ma Chunmei et al.Paleomagnetism and magnetic susceptibility of the Quaternary sediments at the Heshangdun Paleolithic site in Jintan,Jiangsu Province.Journal of Stratigraphy,2007,31 (1) :35～44
25 房迎三,梁任又.江苏句容放牛山旧石器遗址电子自旋共振法年研究.见:龚 良主编.南京博物院集刊10． 北京:文物出版社,2008． 3～6 Fang Yingsan,Liang Renyou.ESR dating at the Fangniushan Paleolithic site,Jiangsu Province.In:Gong Liang ed.A Collection of Nanjing Museum (10) .Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2008． 3～6
2 Machida H.Quaternary widespread tephra catalog in and around Japan:Recent progress.The Quaternary Research,1999,38:194～201
3 Machida H.Volcanoes and tephras in the Japan area.Global Environment Research,2002,6:19～28
4 郑祥民,Kunihko E,周立旻等.东海岛屿风尘地层中火山玻璃的发现及环境意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3) :82～90 Zheng Xiangmin,Kunihiko E,Zhou Liwen et al.Discovery and environmental significance of volcanic glass in eolian dust layers in the East China Sea islands.Marine Geology ＆ Quaternary Geology,2003,23 (3) :82～90
5 周厚云,郭国章,郑洪汉.山东半岛黄土堆积中的火山玻璃.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(4) :99～102 Zhou Houyun,Guo Guozhang,Zheng Honghan et al.Volcanic glass discovered in loess in Shandong Peninsula.Marine Geology ＆Quaternary Geology,2000,20(4) :99～102
6 王汝建.南沙海区更新世以来的火山灰及其地质意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(1) :51～56 Wang Rujian.Pleistocene volcanic shards and their geological significance in the Nansha area of the South China Sea.Marine Geology ＆ Quaternary Geology,2000,20 (1) :51～56
7 Tsutomu S,Shinji S.A review of the tephrochronological studies of Paleolithic cultures in Japan.Acta Anthropologica China,2000,19 (Suppl.):285～291
8 房迎三,朱诚,张芸.下蜀黄土与古人类活动信息见:张云,朱诚,于世永.龙骨坡史前文化志(4) .北京:中华书局,2002 16～21 Fang Yingsan,Zhu Cheng,Zhang Yun.Information about human activity and paleoenvironment in Xiashu loess.In:Zhang Yun,Zhu Cheng,Yu Shiyong eds.Longgupo Prehistoric Culture(4) .Beijing:Zhong Hua Books Company,2002． 16～21
9 房迎三,何未艾,惠强等.江苏金坛和尚墩旧石器遗址的地层、遗迹与时代见:北京大学考古文博学院编.考古学研究(七).北京:科学出版社,2008． 116～135 Fang Yingsan,He Wei' ai,Hui Qiang et al.Strata and ages of Heshangdun Paleolithic site in Jintan city,Jiangsu Province,China.In:School of Archaeology and Museology,Peking University ed.A Collection of Studies on Archaeology (7) .Beijing:Science Press,2008． 116～135
10 房迎三,王结华,梁任又.等江苏句容放牛山发现的旧石器.人类学学报,2002,21(1) :41～49 Fang Yingsan,Wang Jiehua,Liang Renyou et al.Paleolithic artifacts from Fangniushan locality at Jurong,Jiangsu Province.Acta Anthropologica Sinica,2002,21 (1) :41～49
11 房迎三,惠强,项剑云等.江苏连云港将军崖旧石器晚期遗址的考古发掘与收获.东南文化,2008,(1) :14～19,97 Fang Yingsan,Hui Qiang,Xiang Jianyun et al.The excavation and discovery of Late Paleolithic sites at Jiangjunya upper Jiangsu.South East Culture,2008,(1) :14～19,97
12 Takemura K,Dantara T.A method for determination of volcanic glass concentrations in sedimentary sequences and its application to Quaternary studies.Geoarchaeology an International Journal,1994,9:301～316
13 Danhara T,Yamashita T,lwano H et al.An improved system for measuring refractive index using the thermal immersion method. Quaternary International,1992,13/14:89～91
14 Yoshikawa S.The volcanic ash layers of the Osaka Group.Geological Society Japan,1976,82 (8) :497～515
15 Yamashita T,Tohru D.Hydration and super hydratiou of volcanic glasses About vast spread tephra in Japan.Fission-track Newsletter,1995,8:41～46
16 Yamasbita T,Hideki I,Tohru D.Hydration and super-hydration of volcanic glasses.The Speech Abstracts of 98th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan (Matsuyama),1991,214
17 Tohru D,Yamashita T,Hideki I.Identification of volcanic glass from Aira-Tn(AT) and Kikai-Akahoya(K-Ah).The Abstracts of the 8th Annual Meeting of Japanese Society for Scientifc Studies on Cultural Properties (Nara University),1991,51～52
18 隋淑珍,刘嘉麒,郭正府等.火山灰的提取及测试技术.地学前缘,2003,10(1) :111～116 Sui Shuzhen,Liu Jiaqi,Guo Zhengfu et al.Extraction and measuring techniques of volcanic ash.Earth Science Frontiers,2003,10 (1) :111～116
19 Eden D N,Froggatt P C,Zheng H et al.Volcanic glass found in Late Quaternary Chinese loess:A pointer for future studies? Quaternary International,1996,34/36:107～111
20 Tohru D,Bae K,Okada T et al.What is the real age of the Chongokni Paleolithic site? In:Bae K,Lee J ed.Paleolithic Archaeology in North East Asia,Yeoncheon County and the Institute of Cultural Properties.Hanyang:Hanyang Univerdity,2002． 77～116
21 张秉良,洪汉净,刘辉等.火山玻璃风化层的透射电镜研究. 矿物学报,2008,28(3) :251～254 Zhang Bingliang,Hong Hanjing,Liu Hui et al.TEM study of weathered layers on the surface of volcanic glass.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2008,28(3) :251～254
22 胡连英,孙寿成,杨绍武.茅山新生代含幔源橄榄岩包体玄武岩与溧阳地震关系新探.地震学刊,1989,(2) :47～53,108 Hu Lianying,Sun Shoucheng,Yang Shaowu.The searching of the relations between the basalt and the occurrence of Liyang earthquakes.Journal of Seismology,1989,(2) :47～53,108
23 姜刚仁.江苏地区地表早第三纪玄武岩之探索地震学刊,1989,(2) :86～89 Jiang Gangren.A exploration of Early Tertiary period basalt on the surface in Jiangsu region.Journal of Seismology,1989,(2) :86～89
24 朱诚,张杨阳,马春梅等.江苏金坛和尚墩旧石器遗址地层的古地磁年代与磁化率研究.地层学杂志,2007,31(1) :35～44 Zhu Cheng,Zhang Yangyang,Ma Chunmei et al.Paleomagnetism and magnetic susceptibility of the Quaternary sediments at the Heshangdun Paleolithic site in Jintan,Jiangsu Province.Journal of Stratigraphy,2007,31 (1) :35～44
25 房迎三,梁任又.江苏句容放牛山旧石器遗址电子自旋共振法年研究.见:龚 良主编.南京博物院集刊10． 北京:文物出版社,2008． 3～6 Fang Yingsan,Liang Renyou.ESR dating at the Fangniushan Paleolithic site,Jiangsu Province.In:Gong Liang ed.A Collection of Nanjing Museum (10) .Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2008． 3～6
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