晋南地区仰韶至东周时期人地关系研究
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摘要
基于晋南地区全新世黄土剖面样品的光释光(OSL)测年和磁化率数据,恢复该区全新世以来的古温度和古降水,并结合该区仰韶至东周时期文化发展特性及各时期考古聚落在不同地貌类型上的分布比例,探讨晋南地区全新世以来环境演变与人类活动的关系。研究表明,仰韶早期和中期,气候较为暖湿,古土壤发育,利于文化的产生和发展。仰韶晚期气候由暖湿向温干转换,可能对文化发展有一定影响。龙山时期温度和降水较之前有所下降,但气候仍较现今暖湿,又因相对干旱的气候促使先民积聚在水源地附近,以及农业生产技术水平的不断进步,该时期文化快速繁荣发展。夏、商和西周时期气候持续干凉化,文化发展受到制约。东周时期气候仍然较干凉,但随着人类社会的发展和农业生产效率的提高,环境因素对文化的影响越来越小。晋南地区仰韶到东周时期聚落主要分布在耕作条件较好的冲积平原、台塬和山前倾斜平原上,在丘陵和山地上分布较少;随着气候的干凉化,仰韶到东周时期聚落在山前倾斜平原和台塬的分布比例有减小趋势,而在冲积平原的分布比例有增大趋势。
Based on the OSL( Optically Stimulated Luminescence) dating data and the magnetic susceptibilities of sedimentary samples from the Holocene loess profile,the paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation were reconstructed,and combining with the cultural characteristics from the Yangshao cultural period to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the distribution ratio of these cultures' settlements on different landformtypes of the southern Shanxi Province,the relationship between Holocene environmental change and cultural evolution in southern Shanxi Province was discussed. The results revealed that the climate was warm and humid during the early-Yangshao and mid-Yangshao periods,with the paleosol originated from active pedogenic processes,which promoted the generation and development of culture. The climate changed from warm-humid to warm-dry during the late-Yangshao culture period,which effected the development of culture. The climate was cooler and drier than before during Longshan culture period,but it was still warmer and wetter than present,the drier climate might promote ancestors to live near the water catchment area,and the production technology gradually increased,which promoted the fast development of culture.The climate continued to be cool and dry during the Xia,Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties,and the development of culture was restricted. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty the climate was still cool and dry,however,with the evolution of human society,the restriction of environment to culture decreased gradually.Most of the archaeological settlements located on the landforms that were suitable for agricultural production,such as alluvial plain,loess tableland and piedmont sloping plain. With the climate turning to be cool and dry gradually after Longshan culture period,the scope of human activity showed a tendency from loess tableland and piedmont sloping plain to alluvial plain.
Based on the OSL( Optically Stimulated Luminescence) dating data and the magnetic susceptibilities of sedimentary samples from the Holocene loess profile,the paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation were reconstructed,and combining with the cultural characteristics from the Yangshao cultural period to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and the distribution ratio of these cultures' settlements on different landformtypes of the southern Shanxi Province,the relationship between Holocene environmental change and cultural evolution in southern Shanxi Province was discussed. The results revealed that the climate was warm and humid during the early-Yangshao and mid-Yangshao periods,with the paleosol originated from active pedogenic processes,which promoted the generation and development of culture. The climate changed from warm-humid to warm-dry during the late-Yangshao culture period,which effected the development of culture. The climate was cooler and drier than before during Longshan culture period,but it was still warmer and wetter than present,the drier climate might promote ancestors to live near the water catchment area,and the production technology gradually increased,which promoted the fast development of culture.The climate continued to be cool and dry during the Xia,Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties,and the development of culture was restricted. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty the climate was still cool and dry,however,with the evolution of human society,the restriction of environment to culture decreased gradually.Most of the archaeological settlements located on the landforms that were suitable for agricultural production,such as alluvial plain,loess tableland and piedmont sloping plain. With the climate turning to be cool and dry gradually after Longshan culture period,the scope of human activity showed a tendency from loess tableland and piedmont sloping plain to alluvial plain.
引文
白云翔.2002.我国青铜时代农业生产工具的考古发现及其考察[J].农业考古,(3):165-171,206.
陈文华.2002.关于夏商西周春秋时期的青铜农具问题[J].农业考古,(3):172-178.
董广辉,夏正楷,刘德成,等.2006.河南孟津地区中全新世环境变化及其对人类活动的影响[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),42(2):238-243.
高天麟.1993.龙山文化陶寺类型农业发展状况初探[J].农业考古,(3):64-71.
国家文物局.2007.中国文物地图集·山西分册[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1-1974.
韩建业.2006.晋西南豫西西部庙底沟二期—龙山时代文化的分期与谱系[J].考古学报,(2):179-201.
韩建业.2010.良渚、陶寺与二里头:早期中国文明的演进之路[J].考古,(11):1031-1037.
胡珂,莫多闻,毛龙江,等.2010.榆林地区全新世聚落时空变化与人地关系[J].第四纪研究,30(2):344-355.
靳桂云,王传明.2010.海岱地区新石器时代气候与环境[J].古地理学报,12(3):355-363.
康德文,赵福香,孙金花.2003.战国时期农业生产工具进步之考评[J].江汉考古,(4):37-43.
李吉均.2009.中华人民共和国地貌图集(1︰1000000)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-149.
李拓宇,莫多闻,胡珂,等.2013a.山西襄汾陶寺都邑形成的环境与文化背景[J].地理科学,33(4):443-449.
李拓宇,莫多闻,朱高儒,等.2013b.晋南全新世黄土剖面常量元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义[J].地理研究,32(8):1411-1420.
李宜垠,侯树芳,莫多闻.2009.湖北屈家岭遗址孢粉、炭屑记录与古文明发展[J].古地理学报,11(6):702-710.
刘德成,高星,王旭龙,等.2011.宁夏银川水洞沟遗址2号点晚更新世晚期孢粉记录的古环境[J].古地理学报,13(4):467-472.
刘建国,王琳.2007.地理信息系统支持的临汾盆地古代人地关系研究[J].考古,(7):64-70.
吕厚远,张健平.2008.关中地区的新石器古文化发展与古环境变化的关系[J].第四纪研究,28(6):1050-1060.
吕厚远,韩家懋,吴乃琴,等.1994.中国现代土壤磁化率分析及其古气候意义[J].中国科学(B辑),24(12):1290-1297.
莫多闻,李非,李水城.1996.甘肃葫芦河流域中全新世环境演化及其对人类活动的影响[J].地理学报,51(1):59-69.
任式楠.2000.我国新石器时代聚落的形成与发展[J].考古,(7):48-59.
施雅风,孔昭宸.1993.中国全新世大暖期鼎盛阶段的气候与环境[J].中国科学(B辑),23(8):865-873.
苏秉琦.2009.中国文明起源新探[M].辽宁沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1-174.
苏宗正,王汝雕,程新原,等.1995.临汾盆地的近代地壳运动[J].山西地震,(3-4):60-67.
田建文.1996.山西考古学文化的区系类型问题[A].见:山西省考古研究所,中国考古学会山西省考古学会主编.汾河湾—丁村文化与晋文化考古学术研讨会文集[C].山西太原:山西高校联合出版社,126-137.
田建文,罗新.1994.庙底沟二期文化研究[J].文物季刊,(2):67-77.
吴立,王心源,周昆叔,等.2009.巢湖流域新石器至汉代古聚落变更与环境变迁[J].地理学报,64(1):59-68.
襄汾县志编纂委员会.1991.襄汾县志[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,1-665.
许俊杰,莫多闻,王辉,等.2013.河南新密溱水流域全新世人类文化演化的环境背景研究[J].第四纪研究,33(5):954-964.
许顺湛.2010.临汾龙山文化陶寺类型聚落群研究[J].中原文物,(3):34-39.
张之恒.1998.黄河流域的史前粟作农业[J].中原文物,(3):5-11.
赵春青.2001.郑洛地区新石器时代聚落的演变[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1-282.
赵志军,何驽.2006.陶寺城址2002年浮选结果及分析[J].考古与科技,(5):77-86.
Cai Y J,Tan L C,Cheng H,et al.2010.The variation of summer monsoon precipitation in central China since the Last Deglaciation[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,291(1-4):21-31.
Dong G H,Jia X,An C B,et al.2012.Mid-Holocene climate changeand its effect on prehistoric cultural evolution in eastern QinghaiProvince,China[J].Quaternary Research,77(1):23-30.
Haug G H,Günther D,Peterson L C,et al.2003.Climate and the collapse of Maya civilization[J].Science,299(5613):1731-1735.
Huang C C,Pang J L,Su H,et al.2007.Climatic and anthropogenicimpacts on soil formation in the semiarid loess tablelands in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,71(3):280-298.
Kidder T,Liu H W,Xu Q H,et al.2012.The alluvial geoarchaeology ofthe Sanyangzhuang site on the Yellow River floodplain,Henan Province,China[J].Geoarchaeology,27(4):324-343.
Maher B A.2011.The magnetic properties of Quaternary aeolian dustsand sediments,and their palaeoclimatic significance[J].AeolianResearch,3(2):87-144.
Malasse A D,Gaillard C.2011.Relations between climatic changes andprehistoric human migrations during Holocene between GissarRange,Pamir,Hindu Kush and Kashmir:The archaeological and ecological data[J].Quaternary International,229:123-131.
Marcott S A,Shakun J D,Clark P U,et al.2013.A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years[J].Science,339(6124):1198-1201.
Porter S C,An Z S.1995.Correlation between climate events in the NorthAtlantic and China during the last glaciation[J].Nature,375:305-308.
Porter S C,Hallet B,Wu X H,et al.2001.Dependence of near-surface magnetic susceptibility on dust accumulation rate and precipitation on theChinese Loess Plateau[J].Quaternary Research,55(3):271-283.
Rosen A M.2008.The impact of environmental change and human land useon alluvial valleys in the Loess Plateau of China during the Middle Holocene[J].Geomorphology,101(1-2SI):298-307.
陈文华.2002.关于夏商西周春秋时期的青铜农具问题[J].农业考古,(3):172-178.
董广辉,夏正楷,刘德成,等.2006.河南孟津地区中全新世环境变化及其对人类活动的影响[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),42(2):238-243.
高天麟.1993.龙山文化陶寺类型农业发展状况初探[J].农业考古,(3):64-71.
国家文物局.2007.中国文物地图集·山西分册[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1-1974.
韩建业.2006.晋西南豫西西部庙底沟二期—龙山时代文化的分期与谱系[J].考古学报,(2):179-201.
韩建业.2010.良渚、陶寺与二里头:早期中国文明的演进之路[J].考古,(11):1031-1037.
胡珂,莫多闻,毛龙江,等.2010.榆林地区全新世聚落时空变化与人地关系[J].第四纪研究,30(2):344-355.
靳桂云,王传明.2010.海岱地区新石器时代气候与环境[J].古地理学报,12(3):355-363.
康德文,赵福香,孙金花.2003.战国时期农业生产工具进步之考评[J].江汉考古,(4):37-43.
李吉均.2009.中华人民共和国地貌图集(1︰1000000)[M].北京:科学出版社,1-149.
李拓宇,莫多闻,胡珂,等.2013a.山西襄汾陶寺都邑形成的环境与文化背景[J].地理科学,33(4):443-449.
李拓宇,莫多闻,朱高儒,等.2013b.晋南全新世黄土剖面常量元素地球化学特征及其古环境意义[J].地理研究,32(8):1411-1420.
李宜垠,侯树芳,莫多闻.2009.湖北屈家岭遗址孢粉、炭屑记录与古文明发展[J].古地理学报,11(6):702-710.
刘德成,高星,王旭龙,等.2011.宁夏银川水洞沟遗址2号点晚更新世晚期孢粉记录的古环境[J].古地理学报,13(4):467-472.
刘建国,王琳.2007.地理信息系统支持的临汾盆地古代人地关系研究[J].考古,(7):64-70.
吕厚远,张健平.2008.关中地区的新石器古文化发展与古环境变化的关系[J].第四纪研究,28(6):1050-1060.
吕厚远,韩家懋,吴乃琴,等.1994.中国现代土壤磁化率分析及其古气候意义[J].中国科学(B辑),24(12):1290-1297.
莫多闻,李非,李水城.1996.甘肃葫芦河流域中全新世环境演化及其对人类活动的影响[J].地理学报,51(1):59-69.
任式楠.2000.我国新石器时代聚落的形成与发展[J].考古,(7):48-59.
施雅风,孔昭宸.1993.中国全新世大暖期鼎盛阶段的气候与环境[J].中国科学(B辑),23(8):865-873.
苏秉琦.2009.中国文明起源新探[M].辽宁沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1-174.
苏宗正,王汝雕,程新原,等.1995.临汾盆地的近代地壳运动[J].山西地震,(3-4):60-67.
田建文.1996.山西考古学文化的区系类型问题[A].见:山西省考古研究所,中国考古学会山西省考古学会主编.汾河湾—丁村文化与晋文化考古学术研讨会文集[C].山西太原:山西高校联合出版社,126-137.
田建文,罗新.1994.庙底沟二期文化研究[J].文物季刊,(2):67-77.
吴立,王心源,周昆叔,等.2009.巢湖流域新石器至汉代古聚落变更与环境变迁[J].地理学报,64(1):59-68.
襄汾县志编纂委员会.1991.襄汾县志[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,1-665.
许俊杰,莫多闻,王辉,等.2013.河南新密溱水流域全新世人类文化演化的环境背景研究[J].第四纪研究,33(5):954-964.
许顺湛.2010.临汾龙山文化陶寺类型聚落群研究[J].中原文物,(3):34-39.
张之恒.1998.黄河流域的史前粟作农业[J].中原文物,(3):5-11.
赵春青.2001.郑洛地区新石器时代聚落的演变[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1-282.
赵志军,何驽.2006.陶寺城址2002年浮选结果及分析[J].考古与科技,(5):77-86.
Cai Y J,Tan L C,Cheng H,et al.2010.The variation of summer monsoon precipitation in central China since the Last Deglaciation[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,291(1-4):21-31.
Dong G H,Jia X,An C B,et al.2012.Mid-Holocene climate changeand its effect on prehistoric cultural evolution in eastern QinghaiProvince,China[J].Quaternary Research,77(1):23-30.
Haug G H,Günther D,Peterson L C,et al.2003.Climate and the collapse of Maya civilization[J].Science,299(5613):1731-1735.
Huang C C,Pang J L,Su H,et al.2007.Climatic and anthropogenicimpacts on soil formation in the semiarid loess tablelands in the middle reaches of the Yellow River,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,71(3):280-298.
Kidder T,Liu H W,Xu Q H,et al.2012.The alluvial geoarchaeology ofthe Sanyangzhuang site on the Yellow River floodplain,Henan Province,China[J].Geoarchaeology,27(4):324-343.
Maher B A.2011.The magnetic properties of Quaternary aeolian dustsand sediments,and their palaeoclimatic significance[J].AeolianResearch,3(2):87-144.
Malasse A D,Gaillard C.2011.Relations between climatic changes andprehistoric human migrations during Holocene between GissarRange,Pamir,Hindu Kush and Kashmir:The archaeological and ecological data[J].Quaternary International,229:123-131.
Marcott S A,Shakun J D,Clark P U,et al.2013.A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years[J].Science,339(6124):1198-1201.
Porter S C,An Z S.1995.Correlation between climate events in the NorthAtlantic and China during the last glaciation[J].Nature,375:305-308.
Porter S C,Hallet B,Wu X H,et al.2001.Dependence of near-surface magnetic susceptibility on dust accumulation rate and precipitation on theChinese Loess Plateau[J].Quaternary Research,55(3):271-283.
Rosen A M.2008.The impact of environmental change and human land useon alluvial valleys in the Loess Plateau of China during the Middle Holocene[J].Geomorphology,101(1-2SI):298-307.
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