自然启示录:1755年里斯本地震海啸对葡萄牙社会的冲击和影响
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摘要
1755年里斯本大地震—海啸是欧洲近现代历史上最具破坏力的一次地震 ,也是欧洲迄今为止直接遭遇的最大一次海啸。关于此次地震原因之争、葡萄牙在震后重建中采取的一系列举措 ,对政治、经济、思想、教育、文化、宗教等诸多社会历史方面均产生了重要影响 ,主要体现在削弱了宗教势力、加强了世俗权力和中央集权 ,促进了全国性抗灾机制的首建 ,对启蒙运动和地震学的发展等起了相当大的推动作用。
The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake-Tsunami was a most damaging earthquake in modern European history and it also has been the greatest tsunami ever suffered by Europe. The struggle around the causes of this earthquake and a series of measures taken by Portugal during the fight against the calamity and the post-quake construction engendered huge impact on politics, economy, ideology, education, culture, religion and other social and historical aspects. They were mainly reflected in the weakening of religious influence, the strengthening of secular power and central authority, the facilitation of initiating a nationwide calamity resistance mechanism, and the enhancement of developing the enlightenment movement and seismology.
The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake-Tsunami was a most damaging earthquake in modern European history and it also has been the greatest tsunami ever suffered by Europe. The struggle around the causes of this earthquake and a series of measures taken by Portugal during the fight against the calamity and the post-quake construction engendered huge impact on politics, economy, ideology, education, culture, religion and other social and historical aspects. They were mainly reflected in the weakening of religious influence, the strengthening of secular power and central authority, the facilitation of initiating a nationwide calamity resistance mechanism, and the enhancement of developing the enlightenment movement and seismology.
引文
现代地质学和地震学探明,此处海底有一个被命名为“GorringeBank”的海底隆起地形,属欧亚板块和非洲板块衔接处相互挤压而成。每当该地理位置板块运动出现活跃,便会引发海底地震。参见TsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,pp.5,19.
当时缺乏对地震的准确测定,但根据留下来的各种损坏报告推算,震级应在里氏8.75—9.0级之间。参见AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake,http://www.reesin.com/portugal-real-estate/1755-lisbon-earth- quake.html
AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake.
JanT .KozakandCharlesD .James,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,pp.3—4.
AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake.
当时欧洲另外三大城市为伦敦、巴黎和那不勒斯。参见CharlesB .Brooks,DisasteratLisbon:theGreatEarthquakeof1755,LongBeach,California,1994,p.23.
JanT .KozakandCharlesD .James,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.3;RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.11.
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.6.
第二次强震发生时戴维牧师勉强稳住双膝,但他认为破坏性较头次显得弱些,因为大多建筑此刻已成废墟,参见Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.6
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.8.
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.7.
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.6.很多人接受了戴维亲自核实的这一事实。不过也有人认为码头消失或许出自其他原因,但戴维在目击报告里直接作了驳斥。
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,pp.8—9.
ChesterD .K .,“The1755Lisbonearthquake”,inProgressinPhysicalGeography,September,2001,vol.25,no.3,pp.363—383(21),TsuInfoAlert,v.5,no.3,June2003,p.13.
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.13.
J .A .Franca,LisbonPombalinaeoIlumimismo,Lisbon,1983,转引自RussellR .Dynes,TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:TheFirstModernDisaster,p10.这里须说明的是,Dynes在2000年发表的文章中还坚持传统说法即死亡超过7万人,三年后修正了自己的观点而采信了现在的说法;当然还有认为死亡人数超过10万的,见ChesterD .K .,“The1755Lisbonearthquake”,inProgressinPhysicalGeography,September,2001,vol.25,no.3,pp.363—383(21),TsuInfoAlert,v.5,no.3,June2003,p.13.
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,pp.13—14;TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:TheFirstModernDisaster,pp.10—11.
AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake
EncyclopediaBritannicaLibrary:“Pombal,Sebasti odeCarvalho,marqu毢sde”,inBritannica2003UltimateReferenceSuiteCD -ROM ;MicrosoftEncartaLibrary:“Pombal,Sebasti oJos啨deCarvalhoeMello,Marqu毢sde”,inMicrosoftEncarta2004CD -ROM ,(c)(r)1993—2003MicrosoftCorporation.AllRightsReserved;RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.11
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,李均报、王全礼译,中国展望出版社1988年版,第220—221页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.11
CharlesR .Boxer,ThePortugueseSeaborneEmpire,1415—1825,A .A .Knopf,1969,p.189.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.11.
T .D .Kendrick,TheLisbonEarthquake,MethuenandCo.Ltd.,1956,p.48.
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.14.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.14.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.14,16.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242—243页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.15.
T .D .Kendrick,TheLisbonEarthquake,MethuenandCo.Ltd.,1956,p.89.
T .D .Kendrick,TheLisbonEarthquake,J .B .LippincottCompany:Philadelphia,1955,p.89.
AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake.
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.15.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第244页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第244页。
H .V .Livermore,ANewHistoryofPortugal,CambridgeUniversityPress,1976,p.228.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第243、245页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.16.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第243页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第241页。
马拉格里达被扼死后,尸首被烧,骨灰被扔进河里。RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.16.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第244页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第246页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.16;[葡]J·H·萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第244页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第245、246—248、251页。
罗素在《西方哲学史》中论述康德时提到其写文章之事。这三篇文章分别为“地震的原因”、“地震中诸多值得注意的事件”和“地震的继续考察”,内容详见《康德著作全集》第1卷《前批判时期著作I (1747—1756)》中译本,李秋零主编,中国人民大学出版社2004年1月版。
当时缺乏对地震的准确测定,但根据留下来的各种损坏报告推算,震级应在里氏8.75—9.0级之间。参见AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake,http://www.reesin.com/portugal-real-estate/1755-lisbon-earth- quake.html
AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake.
JanT .KozakandCharlesD .James,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,pp.3—4.
AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake.
当时欧洲另外三大城市为伦敦、巴黎和那不勒斯。参见CharlesB .Brooks,DisasteratLisbon:theGreatEarthquakeof1755,LongBeach,California,1994,p.23.
JanT .KozakandCharlesD .James,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.3;RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.11.
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.6.
第二次强震发生时戴维牧师勉强稳住双膝,但他认为破坏性较头次显得弱些,因为大多建筑此刻已成废墟,参见Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.6
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.8.
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.7.
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.6.很多人接受了戴维亲自核实的这一事实。不过也有人认为码头消失或许出自其他原因,但戴维在目击报告里直接作了驳斥。
Rev.CharlesDavy,“The1755LisbonEarthquakeandTsunami-anEyewitnessAccount”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,pp.8—9.
ChesterD .K .,“The1755Lisbonearthquake”,inProgressinPhysicalGeography,September,2001,vol.25,no.3,pp.363—383(21),TsuInfoAlert,v.5,no.3,June2003,p.13.
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.13.
J .A .Franca,LisbonPombalinaeoIlumimismo,Lisbon,1983,转引自RussellR .Dynes,TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:TheFirstModernDisaster,p10.这里须说明的是,Dynes在2000年发表的文章中还坚持传统说法即死亡超过7万人,三年后修正了自己的观点而采信了现在的说法;当然还有认为死亡人数超过10万的,见ChesterD .K .,“The1755Lisbonearthquake”,inProgressinPhysicalGeography,September,2001,vol.25,no.3,pp.363—383(21),TsuInfoAlert,v.5,no.3,June2003,p.13.
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,pp.13—14;TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:TheFirstModernDisaster,pp.10—11.
AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake
EncyclopediaBritannicaLibrary:“Pombal,Sebasti odeCarvalho,marqu毢sde”,inBritannica2003UltimateReferenceSuiteCD -ROM ;MicrosoftEncartaLibrary:“Pombal,Sebasti oJos啨deCarvalhoeMello,Marqu毢sde”,inMicrosoftEncarta2004CD -ROM ,(c)(r)1993—2003MicrosoftCorporation.AllRightsReserved;RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.11
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,李均报、王全礼译,中国展望出版社1988年版,第220—221页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.11
CharlesR .Boxer,ThePortugueseSeaborneEmpire,1415—1825,A .A .Knopf,1969,p.189.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.11.
T .D .Kendrick,TheLisbonEarthquake,MethuenandCo.Ltd.,1956,p.48.
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.14.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.14.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.14,16.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242—243页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.15.
T .D .Kendrick,TheLisbonEarthquake,MethuenandCo.Ltd.,1956,p.89.
T .D .Kendrick,TheLisbonEarthquake,J .B .LippincottCompany:Philadelphia,1955,p.89.
AlexandraMichalkoandSarahNaimark,TheLisbonEarthquake:TheFirstModernEarthquake.
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.15.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第244页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第244页。
H .V .Livermore,ANewHistoryofPortugal,CambridgeUniversityPress,1976,p.228.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第243、245页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.16.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第243页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第242页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第241页。
马拉格里达被扼死后,尸首被烧,骨灰被扔进河里。RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.16.
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第244页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第246页。
RussellR .Dynes,“TheLisbonEarthquakein1755:ContestedMeaningsintheFirstModernDisaster”,inTsuInfoAlert,v.2,no.4,August,2000,p.16;[葡]J·H·萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第244页。
J .H .萨拉依瓦:《葡萄牙简史》,第245、246—248、251页。
罗素在《西方哲学史》中论述康德时提到其写文章之事。这三篇文章分别为“地震的原因”、“地震中诸多值得注意的事件”和“地震的继续考察”,内容详见《康德著作全集》第1卷《前批判时期著作I (1747—1756)》中译本,李秋零主编,中国人民大学出版社2004年1月版。
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