长江中游荆江高洪水位形成的地质环境分析
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摘要
万里长江,险在荆江。其高堤防高洪水位(高出堤内地面大于13m)危险态势的形成,是由于一方面在地质构造控制下堤内地面沉降,另一方面大堤不断加高,荆江洲滩不断淤积抬高和洞庭湖出流顶托,造成同流量水位不断升高,结果是洪水位与堤内地面势差不断加大,形成恶性循环。三峡水库建成后,具有调蓄长江上游洪水的巨大空间和能力,但没有改变形成荆江高洪水位的地质作用及过程。在高堤防高洪水位形势下,加上大堤管涌、岸崩、地震等致灾地质因素的作用,荆江有向北溃决,自然分流的趋势,其中尤以沙市湾迎流顶冲的盐卡段更具有危险性。为避免发生区域性重大地质环境灾害,协调人、地、水关系,给水沙以出路和洪水资源化已迫切地摆在人们面前。
For hydrological regime,Jingjiang segment is the most dangerous part of the Yangtze River.Due to elevation of Jingjiang beach,warping of Dongting Lake,heightening of water level at same discharge and thus the silting of Jingjiang on one hand,and structurally controlled subsidence of basin on the other hand,the potential difference between flood level and basin ground keeps increasing continuously,and high embankments and high flood stage(more than 13mabove the embank ground)along Jingjiang Segment is formed.Although establishment of the Three Gorges Reservoir has brought about great regulation and storage capacity against the flood in the Upper Yangtze River,it has not changed the geological process.This leads to the formation of high flood stage in Jingjiang Segment.Heightening of the levee and the flood stage are accompanied with disaster-causing geological processes such as embankment piping,shore collapse,earthquake etc..The Jingbei Plain is severely threatened because Jingjiang river segment has a natural streaming tendency to burst from the Yangtze River,and the Yanka section at the Shashi-bay is more dangerous.To avoid great geological and environmental disasters and to harmonize the relationship of human,land and water,strategies for giving way to river water and sand as well as for utilization of flood resources are urgently needed.
For hydrological regime,Jingjiang segment is the most dangerous part of the Yangtze River.Due to elevation of Jingjiang beach,warping of Dongting Lake,heightening of water level at same discharge and thus the silting of Jingjiang on one hand,and structurally controlled subsidence of basin on the other hand,the potential difference between flood level and basin ground keeps increasing continuously,and high embankments and high flood stage(more than 13mabove the embank ground)along Jingjiang Segment is formed.Although establishment of the Three Gorges Reservoir has brought about great regulation and storage capacity against the flood in the Upper Yangtze River,it has not changed the geological process.This leads to the formation of high flood stage in Jingjiang Segment.Heightening of the levee and the flood stage are accompanied with disaster-causing geological processes such as embankment piping,shore collapse,earthquake etc..The Jingbei Plain is severely threatened because Jingjiang river segment has a natural streaming tendency to burst from the Yangtze River,and the Yanka section at the Shashi-bay is more dangerous.To avoid great geological and environmental disasters and to harmonize the relationship of human,land and water,strategies for giving way to river water and sand as well as for utilization of flood resources are urgently needed.
引文
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①刘广润,殷鸿福,陈国金,等.长江中游主要水患区环境地质调查评价报告.2003.
①陈国金,赵德君,孙锡年等,长江中游荆江及江汉平原水患区环境地质调查评价报告.2003.
②陈国金,朱干章,皮建高等,江汉——洞庭湖平原区构造沉降GPS监测与防洪对策研究.2005.
[2]李长安.桐柏—大别山掀斜隆升对长江中游环境的影响[J].地球科学,1998,23(6):562～566.
[3]李义天,李荣,邓金运.长江中游泥沙输移规律及对防洪影响研究[J].泥沙研究,2000(3):12～20.
[4]韩其为.江湖流量分配变化导致长江中游新的洪水形势[J].泥沙研究,1999(5):1～12.
[5]YIN H F,CHEN G J,LI C A,et al.On the siltation of the mid-dle Yangtze River[J].Science in China(series D),2004,47(5):463～480.
[6]梁杏,张人权,皮建高,等.构造沉降对近代洞庭湖区演变的贡献——答李春初先生对《洞庭湖地质环境系统分析》的质疑[J].海洋与湖沼,2001,32(6):690～696.
[7]张人权,梁杏,杨巍然,等.中国大陆第四纪以来构造活动加剧及其环境影响[J].水文地质工程地质,1998,25(5):1～6,51.
[8]洪庆余主编.长江卷中国江河防洪丛书[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.
[9]周建军﹒三峡工程建成后长江中游应该关注的问题[J].科技导报,2006(5):49～54.
[10]陈国金,龚树毅,陆柏树.长江中游上段沿岸地区地震反应及抗震条件分析[J].地球科学,1994(5):706～714.
[11]YIN H F,LIU G R,PI J G,et al.On the River-Lake Relation-ship of the Middle Yangtze Reaches[J].Geomorphology,2007,85:197～207.
[12]李长安,殷鸿福,陈德兴,等﹒长江中游的防洪问题和对策[J].地球科学,1999,24(4):329～334.
①刘广润,殷鸿福,陈国金,等.长江中游主要水患区环境地质调查评价报告.2003.
①陈国金,赵德君,孙锡年等,长江中游荆江及江汉平原水患区环境地质调查评价报告.2003.
②陈国金,朱干章,皮建高等,江汉——洞庭湖平原区构造沉降GPS监测与防洪对策研究.2005.
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