全球二氧化碳减排不应是CCS,应是CCU
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摘要
提出了二氧化碳减排的CCU(Carbon Dioxide Capture and Utilization—CCU)新理念,系统分析了全球现在非常重视和关注的CCS(Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage—CCS)存在投入较大的经济问题以外还存在比较大的CO2泄露、咸水层破坏、地表拱起和诱发地震等潜在风险。因此作者提出二氧化碳减排不应是CCS而应该是CCU,即在低能耗低成本条件下,利用CO2矿化转化天然矿物和固体废物联产出高附加值的化工产品,将CO2作为一种资源,真正实现CO2的高效利用。作者已探索形成了可行的技术方法,包括氯化镁矿化CO2联产盐酸和碳酸镁、固废磷石膏矿化CO2联产硫基复合肥等技术。研究表明在人类可利用的范围内,利用地壳中1%的钙、镁离子进行CO2矿化利用,理论上以50%的转化率来计算,可矿化约2.56×107亿吨CO2,按照全球2010年的CO2排放量约为300.6亿吨,可满足人类约8.5万年的CO2减排需求。同时中国的磷石膏固废每年产出约5 000万吨,利用其中的钙离子进行CO2矿化,每年可消耗CO2约1 250万吨。作者提出的CO2矿化利用的CCU新理念和技术路线,在实现CO2减排的同时,由于高附加值产品的生成,总体经济效益分析具有较好的利润空间,是真正能够开展规模化工业化应用的二氧化碳减排方法。
A new and promising strategy of CO2 capture and utilization(CCU) based on analysis of the costs and potential geological risks of application of CCS technique was presented.It is believed that,in addition to enormous energy expenditure and costs,application of CCS faces a few geological risks such as leakage of CO2,destruction of saline,ground upheaval and triggering earthquake.CCU,meaning that CO2 being captured and used as raw material to produce high-value chemical products(or related by-products),thereby reducing CO2 emissions with low energy expenditure and costs,is more attractive than CCS as the best currently available technology.This study,for the first time,shows several promising methods to mineralize CO2 and simultaneously produce valuable products,such as employing MgCl2·6H2O to mineralize CO2 and to recover hydrochloric acid and magnesium carbonate,and using phosphogypsum to mineralize CO2 and produce Sulphur-based compound fertilizer and calcium carbonate as well.It is shown that within the scope of human use(about 5 km underground),if 1% of calcium and magnesium ions of the total amount of the earth's crust were used for mineralization of CO2 with a conversion rate of 50%,it could theoretically sequestrate 2.56×106 billion tons of CO2.According to a report by the International Energy Agency,global CO2 emission in 2010 was expected to reach 30.06 billion tons.Potentially,in theory,the natural sources could mineralize as much as 85 thousand years of global CO2 emissions.Besides,if the magnesium ions of approximate 50 million tons of phosphogypsum wastes annually produced in China were used for mineralization,it could theoretically sequestrate 12.5 million tons of CO2 per year.By producing value-added product compensating the costs of handling CO2,the proposed CCU strategy provides a feasible and economic way to fulfill commercial application of techniques for reducing global CO2 emission.
A new and promising strategy of CO2 capture and utilization(CCU) based on analysis of the costs and potential geological risks of application of CCS technique was presented.It is believed that,in addition to enormous energy expenditure and costs,application of CCS faces a few geological risks such as leakage of CO2,destruction of saline,ground upheaval and triggering earthquake.CCU,meaning that CO2 being captured and used as raw material to produce high-value chemical products(or related by-products),thereby reducing CO2 emissions with low energy expenditure and costs,is more attractive than CCS as the best currently available technology.This study,for the first time,shows several promising methods to mineralize CO2 and simultaneously produce valuable products,such as employing MgCl2·6H2O to mineralize CO2 and to recover hydrochloric acid and magnesium carbonate,and using phosphogypsum to mineralize CO2 and produce Sulphur-based compound fertilizer and calcium carbonate as well.It is shown that within the scope of human use(about 5 km underground),if 1% of calcium and magnesium ions of the total amount of the earth's crust were used for mineralization of CO2 with a conversion rate of 50%,it could theoretically sequestrate 2.56×106 billion tons of CO2.According to a report by the International Energy Agency,global CO2 emission in 2010 was expected to reach 30.06 billion tons.Potentially,in theory,the natural sources could mineralize as much as 85 thousand years of global CO2 emissions.Besides,if the magnesium ions of approximate 50 million tons of phosphogypsum wastes annually produced in China were used for mineralization,it could theoretically sequestrate 12.5 million tons of CO2 per year.By producing value-added product compensating the costs of handling CO2,the proposed CCU strategy provides a feasible and economic way to fulfill commercial application of techniques for reducing global CO2 emission.
引文
[1]谢和平.CO2封存与气候变化(卷首语)[J].科技导报,2010,28(18).
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[5]谢和平.发展低碳技术、推进绿色经济[J].中国能源,2010,32(9):5-10.
[6]IPCC.Carbon dioxide capture and storage[R].Cambridge:Cambridge Univ Press,2005.
[7]Liu Huihai.Carbon geological sequestration:LBNL’s re-search activities[R].Lawrence Berkeley National Laborato-ry,2012.
[8]Zoback M D,Gorelick S M.Earthquake triggering and large-scale geologic storage of carbon dioxide[J].PNAS,2012,109(26):10164-10168.
[9]Seifritz W.CO2 disposal by means of silicates[J].Nature,1990,345:468.
[10]谢和平.CO2矿化利用的CCU新理念[R].中国工程院院士大会能源与矿业工程学部,2012.
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[12]谢和平,王昱飞,刘建锋,等.催化法联产富钾溶液的CO2矿化方法:中国,20121089596.5[P].2012-06-08.
[13]谢和平,王昱飞,刘建锋,等.高温法联产富钾溶液的CO2矿化方法:中国,20121088734.8[P].2012-06-08.
[14]朱家骅,谢和平,夏素兰,等.烟气二氧化碳与磷石膏转化一步法节能节水清洁工艺:中国,201210223218.4[P].2012-07-02.
[2]Gleick P H,Adams R M,Amasino R M,et al.Climatechange and the integrity of science[J].Science,2010,328:689-690.
[3]IPCC.Renewable energy sources and climate change mitiga-tion[R].Cambridge:Cambridge Univ Press,2011.
[4]IEA.World energy outlook 2010(WEO2010)[R].OECD/IEA,Paris,2010.
[5]谢和平.发展低碳技术、推进绿色经济[J].中国能源,2010,32(9):5-10.
[6]IPCC.Carbon dioxide capture and storage[R].Cambridge:Cambridge Univ Press,2005.
[7]Liu Huihai.Carbon geological sequestration:LBNL’s re-search activities[R].Lawrence Berkeley National Laborato-ry,2012.
[8]Zoback M D,Gorelick S M.Earthquake triggering and large-scale geologic storage of carbon dioxide[J].PNAS,2012,109(26):10164-10168.
[9]Seifritz W.CO2 disposal by means of silicates[J].Nature,1990,345:468.
[10]谢和平.CO2矿化利用的CCU新理念[R].中国工程院院士大会能源与矿业工程学部,2012.
[11]谢和平,王昱飞,刘建锋.联产富钾溶液的CO2矿化方法:中国,201110382112.4[P].2011-11-25.
[12]谢和平,王昱飞,刘建锋,等.催化法联产富钾溶液的CO2矿化方法:中国,20121089596.5[P].2012-06-08.
[13]谢和平,王昱飞,刘建锋,等.高温法联产富钾溶液的CO2矿化方法:中国,20121088734.8[P].2012-06-08.
[14]朱家骅,谢和平,夏素兰,等.烟气二氧化碳与磷石膏转化一步法节能节水清洁工艺:中国,201210223218.4[P].2012-07-02.
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