江苏省典型区农田土壤及小麦中重金属含量与评价
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摘要
为了研究江苏省典型区地震带农田土壤和小麦中重金属的污染,在具有代表性的农田采集收获期小麦及耕层土壤,分析和评价了土壤和小麦中重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr、Hg、As和Zn的含量及污染程度。结果表明,土壤样品中Cd、Zn、Pb的含量均超过江苏省土壤背景值,Cr、Cu、Ni和As分别有25.64%、97.44%、92.31%和92.31%的土壤样品中超过江苏省土壤背景值,Hg的含量均在背景值以下;与国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)中Ⅱ级标准相比,Cd的含量均超出标准限值,其它7种重金属元素含量均在标准限值以下。土壤中重金属相关分析表明,Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As具有相同的来源的可能性较大,而Hg与Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、As的来源均不相同。以NY 861—2004为评价标准,小麦籽粒Pb、Cr、Hg、Ni、As样品超标率分别为100%、58.97%、33.33%、10.26%、2.56%,Cu、Zn和Cd没有样品超标,由此可见小麦籽粒中Pb的污染最为严重。采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态评价指数法以国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)和江苏省土壤背景值为参比值,对农田土壤重金属污染进行评价,结果显示,从单项污染指数来看只有Cd达到重度污染水平,其它元素均在安全范围以内,从综合污染指数来看土壤重金属污染达到中度污染水平,从潜在生态评价指数法来看,研究区域表现为很强的生态危害,并以Cd为主要污染因子。
The farmland soil was the most main place of the agricultural production,and the quality of soil was the main determinant for the quality and safety of agricultural products,thus it was important to make the quality evaluation of farmland soil before the start of agriculture production.In order to investigate the pollution situation of heavy metals in farmland soil and wheat plants in a seismic belt of typical area in Jiangsu Province,the wheat and the soil of cultivation layer were collected from representative farmlands at harvest.The contents and pollution degree of Cu,Pb,Cd,Ni,Cr,Hg,As,and Zn were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that the contents of Cd,Zn,and Pb in all soil samples were higher than the background values of Jiangsu soil,and the contents of Cr in 25.64% soil samples,Cu in 97.44% soil samples,Ni in 92.31% soil samples,and As in 92.31% soil samples exceeded the background values of Jiangsu soil,while the content of Hg in all soil samples was under the background value of Jiangsu soil.Compared with the GradeⅡof environmental quality standard for soil(GB 15618—1995),among the elements tested,only the content of Cd in all of the samples exceeded the standard,while all the others were under the standard.Correlation analysis indicated that several heavy metal elements including Cd,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn and As in soil had a greater possibility to have come from the same source,however,Hg rooted in a different source from those elements mentioned above.According to the standards on Foods and Products(NY861—2004),the proportion of wheat grain samples exceeding the standards were 100%,58.97%,33.33%,10.26%,and 2.56% for Pb,Cr,Hg,Ni,and As,respectively,while Cu,Zn and Cd in samples did not exceed the standard,it was demonstrated that the element of Pb was the most serious contaminant in wheat grains.The contents of heavy metal in wheat grain were influenced by the soil heavy metal concentration and other physical and chemical properties of soil as well.It was difficult to assess the pollution situation of heavy metal in soil comprehensively using a single evaluate method.Therefore,in this study,the pollution situation of heavy metals in sampled farmland soil was evaluated against references of national standard limits and background values of Jiangsu province soil through single factor pollution index,synthesizing pollution index and Hakanson′ potential ecological evaluation index respectively.The single pollution evaluation result showed that Cd reached severe pollution levels while the other heavy metals were in the security range.Moderate pollution occured when the method of synthesizing pollution index was used.From the potential ecological evaluation index,we found strong ecological harm in the investigated region with Cd as the main pollution factor.
The farmland soil was the most main place of the agricultural production,and the quality of soil was the main determinant for the quality and safety of agricultural products,thus it was important to make the quality evaluation of farmland soil before the start of agriculture production.In order to investigate the pollution situation of heavy metals in farmland soil and wheat plants in a seismic belt of typical area in Jiangsu Province,the wheat and the soil of cultivation layer were collected from representative farmlands at harvest.The contents and pollution degree of Cu,Pb,Cd,Ni,Cr,Hg,As,and Zn were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that the contents of Cd,Zn,and Pb in all soil samples were higher than the background values of Jiangsu soil,and the contents of Cr in 25.64% soil samples,Cu in 97.44% soil samples,Ni in 92.31% soil samples,and As in 92.31% soil samples exceeded the background values of Jiangsu soil,while the content of Hg in all soil samples was under the background value of Jiangsu soil.Compared with the GradeⅡof environmental quality standard for soil(GB 15618—1995),among the elements tested,only the content of Cd in all of the samples exceeded the standard,while all the others were under the standard.Correlation analysis indicated that several heavy metal elements including Cd,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Zn and As in soil had a greater possibility to have come from the same source,however,Hg rooted in a different source from those elements mentioned above.According to the standards on Foods and Products(NY861—2004),the proportion of wheat grain samples exceeding the standards were 100%,58.97%,33.33%,10.26%,and 2.56% for Pb,Cr,Hg,Ni,and As,respectively,while Cu,Zn and Cd in samples did not exceed the standard,it was demonstrated that the element of Pb was the most serious contaminant in wheat grains.The contents of heavy metal in wheat grain were influenced by the soil heavy metal concentration and other physical and chemical properties of soil as well.It was difficult to assess the pollution situation of heavy metal in soil comprehensively using a single evaluate method.Therefore,in this study,the pollution situation of heavy metals in sampled farmland soil was evaluated against references of national standard limits and background values of Jiangsu province soil through single factor pollution index,synthesizing pollution index and Hakanson′ potential ecological evaluation index respectively.The single pollution evaluation result showed that Cd reached severe pollution levels while the other heavy metals were in the security range.Moderate pollution occured when the method of synthesizing pollution index was used.From the potential ecological evaluation index,we found strong ecological harm in the investigated region with Cd as the main pollution factor.
引文
[1]Yang S Z,Chu D H,Dong J X,Yang J C,Li R X.The influence of earthquakes of Xingtai and Tangshan on the soils in Hebei plain.Journal ofAgricultural University of Hebei,1990,13(2):83-87.
[2]Chen Z Y,Min H,Zhang F D,Zhao B Q,Chen Y.Effect of four kinds of heavy metal contamination on denitrifying bacteria in paddy soils.ChinaEnvironmental Science,2004,23(6):1110-1114.
[3]LüQ,Chen Z Y,Min H.Effect of heavy metal contamination on the population of sulfate reducing bacteria and the sulfate reducing activity inpaddy rice soils.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(3):399-405.
[4]Andreu V,Gimeno-García E.Evolution of heavy metals in marsh areas under rice farming.Environmental Pollution,1999,104(2):271-282.
[5]Jung M C,Thornton I.Environmental contamination and seasonal variation of metals in soils,plants and waters in the paddy fields around a Pb-Znmine in Korea.The Science of the Total Environment,1997,198(2):105-121.
[6]Chen H M,Zheng C R,Zhou D M,Chen Y X.Behavior of Chemicals in Soil and Environmental Quality.Beijing:Science Press,2002.
[7]Zhao Q G,Wu Z D.Carried Forward to Meet 21st Century Challenges of Soil Science.Soils,1999,31(5):225-230,243.
[8]Rodriguez R R,Basta N T,Casteel S W,Armstrong F P,Ward D C.Chemical extraction methods to assess bioavailable Arsenic in soil and solidmedia.Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32(3):876-884.
[9]Huo X N,Li H,Sun D F,Li B G,Zhou L D.Status assessment of heavy metals in Beijing agricultural soils.Journal of Agro-EnvironmentScience,2009,28(1):66-71.
[10]Qu J,Ma Z Y,Cong Q,Yuan X,Wang L L.Analysis and assessment on the heavy metals pollution in vegetable soil around the transportationskeleton line in molybdenum ore areas.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(1):178-181.
[11]Cai Y,Zhang Y,Zhang S H,Wang J B,Song X,Huang A P.Distribution characteristics of Cd,Pb and their influencing factors after earthquake-with example of a disater area named Xinhuang Village.Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2010,24(4):796-801.
[12]Zhang Y,Cai Y,Zhang S R,Li T,Huang A P.Distribution and evaluation of heavy metals of agricultural soil in typical earthquake disaster area.Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,2010,28(3):339-344.
[13]Chen Y E,Wang L,Weng Z.Application of ICP-AES and AAS in measuring the contents of heavy metal in bryophytes.Journal of SichuanUniversity:Natural Science Edition,2007,44(1):195-198.
[14]Wang Z J,You H D,Wu Z G.Determination of heavy metals in the traditional Chinese medicines by microwave digestion atomic fluorescencespectrometry.Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,2008,25(5):388-392.
[15]Ren H L,Cui B S,Bai J H,Dong S K,Hu B,Zhao H.Distribution of heavy metal in paddy soil of Hani Terrace core zone and assessment on itspotential ecological risk.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(4):1625-1634.
[16]Fu H B,Li Q S,Luo C C,Chen L Y.Heavy metals pollution in the reclaimed tidal flat soils and crops in the Pearl River delta.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(6):1142-1146.
[17]Wang H,Tian W,Yu M Q,Sun D W,Xu N.Pollution level analysis of heavy metal indexes in free-pollution vegetable producing areas ofChangchun suburb.Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,2003,25(2):190-193.
[18]China National Environmental Monitoring Center.The Background Concentrations of Soil Elements in China.Beijing:China Environmental SciencePress,1990.
[19]Guo P,Xie Z L,Li J,Zhou L L.Specificity of heavy metal pollution and the ecological hazard in urban soils of Changchun city.ScientiaGeographica Sinica,2005,25(1):108-112.
[20]GB 15618—1995 Environmental Quality Standard for Soil.Beijing:Standards Press of China,1997.
[21]Xu Z Q,Ni S J,Tuo X G,Zhang C J.Calculation of heavy metals'toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index.Environmental Science and Technology,2008,31(2):112-115.
[22]Wang M Q,Zhang M K.Concentrations and chemical associations of heavy metals in urban and suburban soils of the Hangzhou City,ZhejiangProvince.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2002,22(5):603-608.
[23]Li Y T,Liu K X,Zhang C,Becquer T,Quantin C,Benedtti M,Lavelle P,Dai J.Relationships between total and DTPA extractable contents ofCu,Pb,Zn,Cd in trace metal contaminated paddy soils of Dabaoshan,Guangdong.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2004,23(6):1110-1114.
[24]Zhao P D,Chi S D.A preliminary view on geological anomaly.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,1991,16(3):241-248.
[25]Zheng G Z.Theory and Practice of Research on Heavy Metal Pollution in Agricultural Soil.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2007.
[26]Kuo S,Lai M S,Lin C W.Influence of solution acidity and CaCl 2 concentration on the removal of heavy metals from metal-contaminated rice soils.Environmental Pollution,2006,144(3):918-925.
[27]Adams M L,Zhao F J,McGrath S P,Nicholson F A,Chambers B J.Predicting cadmium concentrations in wheat and barley grain using soil properties.Journal of Environment Quality,2004,33(2):532-541.
[1]杨思治,褚达华,董俊祥,杨晋臣,李瑞祥.邢台、唐山地震对河北平原土壤的影响.河北农业大学学报,1990,13(2):83-87.
[2]陈中云,闵航,张夫道,赵秉强,陈义.4种重金属污染对稻田土反硝化细菌的影响.中国环境科学,2003,23(3):305-310.
[3]吕琴,陈中云,闵航.重金属污染对水稻田土壤硫酸盐还原菌种群数量及其活性的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(3):399-405.
[6]陈怀满,郑春荣,周东美,陈英旭.土壤中化学物质的行为与环境质量.北京:科学出版社,2002.
[7]赵其国,吴志东.继往开来,迎接21世纪对土壤科学的挑战.土壤,1999,31(5):225-230,243.
[9]霍霄妮,李红,孙丹峰,李保国,周连第.北京市农业土壤重金属状态评价.农业环境科学学报,2009,28(1):66-71.
[10]曲蛟,马振宇,丛俏,袁星,王莉莉.钼矿区交通运输干线周边菜地土壤重金属污染分析与评价.农业环境科学学报,2008,27(1):178-181.
[11]蔡艳,张毅,张世熔,汪继兵,宋旭,黄爱萍.地震后土壤Cd、Pb分布特征及其影响因素分析———以地震灾区彭州市新黄村为例.核农学报,2010,24(4):796-801.
[12]张毅,蔡艳,张世熔,李婷,黄爱萍.典型地震灾区农业土壤重金属分布特征与评价.四川农业大学学报,2010,28(3):339-344.
[13]陈洋尔,王丽,翁周.ICP-AES和AAS法在苔藓植物重金属含量测定中的应用.四川大学学报:自然科学版,2007,44(1):195-198.
[14]王志嘉,尤海丹,吴志刚.微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定中药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、锑的含量.沈阳药科大学学报,2008,25(5):388-392.
[15]任华丽,崔保山,白军红,董世魁,胡波,赵慧.哈尼梯田湿地核心区水稻土重金属分布与潜在的生态风险.生态学报,2008,28(4):1625-1634.
[16]付红波,李取生,骆承程,程连运.珠三角滩涂围垦农田土壤和农作物重金属污染.农业环境科学学报,2009,8(6):1142-1146.
[17]王宏,田卫,俞穆清,孙道玮,徐宁.长春市城区无公害蔬菜产地土壤中重金属指标污染水平分析.吉林农业大学学报,2003,25(2):190-193.
[18]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[19]郭平,谢忠雷,李军,周琳峰.长春市土壤重金属污染特征及其潜在生态风险评价.地理科学,2005,25(1):108-112.
[20]GB15618—1995土壤环境质量标准.北京:中国标准出版社,1997.
[21]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,张成江.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算.环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.
[22]王美青,章明奎.杭州市城郊土壤重金属含量和形态的研究.环境科学学报,2002,22(5):603-608.
[23]李永涛,刘科学,张池,Becquer T,Quantin C,Benedtti M,Lavelle P,戴军.广东大宝山地区重金属污染水田土壤的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd全量与DTPA浸提态含量的相互关系研究.农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1110-1114.
[24]赵鹏大,池顺都.初论地质异常.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,1991,16(3):241-248.
[25]郑国璋.农业土壤重金属污染研究的理论与实践.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[2]Chen Z Y,Min H,Zhang F D,Zhao B Q,Chen Y.Effect of four kinds of heavy metal contamination on denitrifying bacteria in paddy soils.ChinaEnvironmental Science,2004,23(6):1110-1114.
[3]LüQ,Chen Z Y,Min H.Effect of heavy metal contamination on the population of sulfate reducing bacteria and the sulfate reducing activity inpaddy rice soils.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2005,11(3):399-405.
[4]Andreu V,Gimeno-García E.Evolution of heavy metals in marsh areas under rice farming.Environmental Pollution,1999,104(2):271-282.
[5]Jung M C,Thornton I.Environmental contamination and seasonal variation of metals in soils,plants and waters in the paddy fields around a Pb-Znmine in Korea.The Science of the Total Environment,1997,198(2):105-121.
[6]Chen H M,Zheng C R,Zhou D M,Chen Y X.Behavior of Chemicals in Soil and Environmental Quality.Beijing:Science Press,2002.
[7]Zhao Q G,Wu Z D.Carried Forward to Meet 21st Century Challenges of Soil Science.Soils,1999,31(5):225-230,243.
[8]Rodriguez R R,Basta N T,Casteel S W,Armstrong F P,Ward D C.Chemical extraction methods to assess bioavailable Arsenic in soil and solidmedia.Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32(3):876-884.
[9]Huo X N,Li H,Sun D F,Li B G,Zhou L D.Status assessment of heavy metals in Beijing agricultural soils.Journal of Agro-EnvironmentScience,2009,28(1):66-71.
[10]Qu J,Ma Z Y,Cong Q,Yuan X,Wang L L.Analysis and assessment on the heavy metals pollution in vegetable soil around the transportationskeleton line in molybdenum ore areas.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(1):178-181.
[11]Cai Y,Zhang Y,Zhang S H,Wang J B,Song X,Huang A P.Distribution characteristics of Cd,Pb and their influencing factors after earthquake-with example of a disater area named Xinhuang Village.Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2010,24(4):796-801.
[12]Zhang Y,Cai Y,Zhang S R,Li T,Huang A P.Distribution and evaluation of heavy metals of agricultural soil in typical earthquake disaster area.Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,2010,28(3):339-344.
[13]Chen Y E,Wang L,Weng Z.Application of ICP-AES and AAS in measuring the contents of heavy metal in bryophytes.Journal of SichuanUniversity:Natural Science Edition,2007,44(1):195-198.
[14]Wang Z J,You H D,Wu Z G.Determination of heavy metals in the traditional Chinese medicines by microwave digestion atomic fluorescencespectrometry.Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University,2008,25(5):388-392.
[15]Ren H L,Cui B S,Bai J H,Dong S K,Hu B,Zhao H.Distribution of heavy metal in paddy soil of Hani Terrace core zone and assessment on itspotential ecological risk.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(4):1625-1634.
[16]Fu H B,Li Q S,Luo C C,Chen L Y.Heavy metals pollution in the reclaimed tidal flat soils and crops in the Pearl River delta.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2009,28(6):1142-1146.
[17]Wang H,Tian W,Yu M Q,Sun D W,Xu N.Pollution level analysis of heavy metal indexes in free-pollution vegetable producing areas ofChangchun suburb.Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,2003,25(2):190-193.
[18]China National Environmental Monitoring Center.The Background Concentrations of Soil Elements in China.Beijing:China Environmental SciencePress,1990.
[19]Guo P,Xie Z L,Li J,Zhou L L.Specificity of heavy metal pollution and the ecological hazard in urban soils of Changchun city.ScientiaGeographica Sinica,2005,25(1):108-112.
[20]GB 15618—1995 Environmental Quality Standard for Soil.Beijing:Standards Press of China,1997.
[21]Xu Z Q,Ni S J,Tuo X G,Zhang C J.Calculation of heavy metals'toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index.Environmental Science and Technology,2008,31(2):112-115.
[22]Wang M Q,Zhang M K.Concentrations and chemical associations of heavy metals in urban and suburban soils of the Hangzhou City,ZhejiangProvince.Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2002,22(5):603-608.
[23]Li Y T,Liu K X,Zhang C,Becquer T,Quantin C,Benedtti M,Lavelle P,Dai J.Relationships between total and DTPA extractable contents ofCu,Pb,Zn,Cd in trace metal contaminated paddy soils of Dabaoshan,Guangdong.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2004,23(6):1110-1114.
[24]Zhao P D,Chi S D.A preliminary view on geological anomaly.Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,1991,16(3):241-248.
[25]Zheng G Z.Theory and Practice of Research on Heavy Metal Pollution in Agricultural Soil.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2007.
[26]Kuo S,Lai M S,Lin C W.Influence of solution acidity and CaCl 2 concentration on the removal of heavy metals from metal-contaminated rice soils.Environmental Pollution,2006,144(3):918-925.
[27]Adams M L,Zhao F J,McGrath S P,Nicholson F A,Chambers B J.Predicting cadmium concentrations in wheat and barley grain using soil properties.Journal of Environment Quality,2004,33(2):532-541.
[1]杨思治,褚达华,董俊祥,杨晋臣,李瑞祥.邢台、唐山地震对河北平原土壤的影响.河北农业大学学报,1990,13(2):83-87.
[2]陈中云,闵航,张夫道,赵秉强,陈义.4种重金属污染对稻田土反硝化细菌的影响.中国环境科学,2003,23(3):305-310.
[3]吕琴,陈中云,闵航.重金属污染对水稻田土壤硫酸盐还原菌种群数量及其活性的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(3):399-405.
[6]陈怀满,郑春荣,周东美,陈英旭.土壤中化学物质的行为与环境质量.北京:科学出版社,2002.
[7]赵其国,吴志东.继往开来,迎接21世纪对土壤科学的挑战.土壤,1999,31(5):225-230,243.
[9]霍霄妮,李红,孙丹峰,李保国,周连第.北京市农业土壤重金属状态评价.农业环境科学学报,2009,28(1):66-71.
[10]曲蛟,马振宇,丛俏,袁星,王莉莉.钼矿区交通运输干线周边菜地土壤重金属污染分析与评价.农业环境科学学报,2008,27(1):178-181.
[11]蔡艳,张毅,张世熔,汪继兵,宋旭,黄爱萍.地震后土壤Cd、Pb分布特征及其影响因素分析———以地震灾区彭州市新黄村为例.核农学报,2010,24(4):796-801.
[12]张毅,蔡艳,张世熔,李婷,黄爱萍.典型地震灾区农业土壤重金属分布特征与评价.四川农业大学学报,2010,28(3):339-344.
[13]陈洋尔,王丽,翁周.ICP-AES和AAS法在苔藓植物重金属含量测定中的应用.四川大学学报:自然科学版,2007,44(1):195-198.
[14]王志嘉,尤海丹,吴志刚.微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定中药材中铅、镉、砷、汞、锑的含量.沈阳药科大学学报,2008,25(5):388-392.
[15]任华丽,崔保山,白军红,董世魁,胡波,赵慧.哈尼梯田湿地核心区水稻土重金属分布与潜在的生态风险.生态学报,2008,28(4):1625-1634.
[16]付红波,李取生,骆承程,程连运.珠三角滩涂围垦农田土壤和农作物重金属污染.农业环境科学学报,2009,8(6):1142-1146.
[17]王宏,田卫,俞穆清,孙道玮,徐宁.长春市城区无公害蔬菜产地土壤中重金属指标污染水平分析.吉林农业大学学报,2003,25(2):190-193.
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