日本福岛核事故对我国辐射环境影响的监测与分析
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摘要
2011年3月11日,日本东北海域发生9.0级地震并引发海啸,受此影响日本福岛第一核电站发生核泄漏事故。3月26日,我国黑龙江监测站首次在空气样品中监测到来自日本福岛的放射性元素Ⅰ-131,监测持续近一个月。基于我国31个省(区、市)的大气放射性浓度监测记录,综合利用Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model(HYSPLIT)模式的扩散轨迹模拟技术和大气环流形势,分析讨论了日本福岛核事故泄漏期间我国大气放射性环境水平。整个监测期间,我国Ⅰ-131的浓度最大值位于吉林省8.01 mBq·m~3,发生在4月7日左右,与在此期间我国东部地区的持续东风紧密相关;此外,华北、东北和西北的整体Ⅰ-13l相对浓度较高。Cs-137和Cs-134的最大值均发生在新疆地区,浓度分别为1.55和1.42mBq·m~3;与此同时,其全国平均浓度呈双峰型变化。峰值分别发生在4月4日和9日左右,其结果反映了大气环流和排放速率变化的综合影响。我国西北和华北的监测浓度值较高。此外,还就Cs-137/Ⅰ-131和Cs-134/Cs-137的比值与其他国家的监测结果进行了对比分析,结果表明,我国监测到的Cs-137/Ⅰ-13l比值在0.04~0.9之间,其值变化范围较大,且整体呈上升趋势,与此同时,整个监测期间Cs-134/Cs-l 37比值在l附近摆动。
On March 11,2011,the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was severely damaged by the massive 9.0 earthquakes and tsunami that struck off the northeast coast of the Island of Honshu.The damage to the nuclear facility has resulted in substantial environmental releases of radioactive materials into atmosphere.As a consequence,on March 26,the radioactive material Ⅰ-131 from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident(FDNA)was monitored in China's Heilongjiang air sampling for the first time.The monitoring of FDNA in China lasted for nearly a month,till April 22,the radioactive substances monitored in China mainland,which are 1-131,Cs-137 and Cs-134,were close to basic values.Based on these monitoring data and HYSPLIT's forward and backward trajectory modeling,this paper estimates the impacts of Fukushima Daiichi accident on China's radioactivity levels.During the monitoring period,the maximum concentration of Ⅰ-131 which is located in Jilin Province,is 8.01 mBq·m~3 and occurs in April 7.This value is closely related to the prevailing eastern winds during this period.Meanwhile,relatively high 1-131 concentration is monitored in North China,the Northeast and Northwest of China.For Cs-137 and Cs134,the maximum values both are found in the Xinjiang Region,being 1.55 and 1.42 mBq·m~(-3),respectively around April 4 and 9.At the same time,the trend of national averaged concentration shows two peaks around.Northwest and North China are found to have higher concentration of Cs-137 and Cs-134. Additionally,the ratios of Cs-137/Ⅰ-131 and Cs-134/Cs-137 are analyzed and compared with the measurement results by other countries.The Cs-137/Ⅰ-131 activity ratios(0.04—0.9)are observed to increase with time as expected from radioactive decay,and Cs-134/Cs-137 activity ratio is measured near the line 1.0.
On March 11,2011,the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was severely damaged by the massive 9.0 earthquakes and tsunami that struck off the northeast coast of the Island of Honshu.The damage to the nuclear facility has resulted in substantial environmental releases of radioactive materials into atmosphere.As a consequence,on March 26,the radioactive material Ⅰ-131 from Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident(FDNA)was monitored in China's Heilongjiang air sampling for the first time.The monitoring of FDNA in China lasted for nearly a month,till April 22,the radioactive substances monitored in China mainland,which are 1-131,Cs-137 and Cs-134,were close to basic values.Based on these monitoring data and HYSPLIT's forward and backward trajectory modeling,this paper estimates the impacts of Fukushima Daiichi accident on China's radioactivity levels.During the monitoring period,the maximum concentration of Ⅰ-131 which is located in Jilin Province,is 8.01 mBq·m~3 and occurs in April 7.This value is closely related to the prevailing eastern winds during this period.Meanwhile,relatively high 1-131 concentration is monitored in North China,the Northeast and Northwest of China.For Cs-137 and Cs134,the maximum values both are found in the Xinjiang Region,being 1.55 and 1.42 mBq·m~(-3),respectively around April 4 and 9.At the same time,the trend of national averaged concentration shows two peaks around.Northwest and North China are found to have higher concentration of Cs-137 and Cs-134. Additionally,the ratios of Cs-137/Ⅰ-131 and Cs-134/Cs-137 are analyzed and compared with the measurement results by other countries.The Cs-137/Ⅰ-131 activity ratios(0.04—0.9)are observed to increase with time as expected from radioactive decay,and Cs-134/Cs-137 activity ratio is measured near the line 1.0.
引文
陈晓秋,杨端节,李冰.2012.环境监测资料反推事故释放源项.核化学与放射化学,34(2):83-87.
娄云,万玲,马永忠,等.2012.日本福岛核事故所致北京地区放射性污染的监测与分析.中华放射医学与防护杂志,32(2):1 29-132.
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乔方利,王关锁,赵伟,等.2011.2011年3月日本福岛核泄漏物质输运扩敝路径的情景模拟和预测.中国科学.56(12):887-894.
石二为,崔勇,张谦,等.2012.日本福岛核事故对辽宁省局部地区环境放射性水平的影响.中华放射医学与防护杂志,32(2):137-140.
孙明华,宋振鑫,吕终亮,等.2010.区域大气环境应急响啦数值预报系统.气象科技,38(5):635-641.
Arvela H,Markkanen H,Lemmela H.1990.Mobile survey of environmental gamma radiation and fallout level in Finland afterChernobyl accident.Radial Prot Dosimo32(3):177-184.
Baeza A,Corbacho J A,Rodringuez A,et al.2012.Influence of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident on Spanish environmental radioactivity levels.J Environ Radioac.doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.03.001.
Biegalske S R,Bowyer T W,Eslinger P W,et al.2012.Analysis of data from sensitive U.S.monitoring stations for the Fukushima Daiiehi nuclear reactor accident.J Environ Radioae,102,1-7.
Bikit I,Mrda D,Todorovic N,et al.2012.Airborne radioiodine in northern Serbia from Fukushima.J Environ Radioac.doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.01.020.
Bolsunovsky A,Dementyev D.2011.Evidence of the radioactive fallout in the center of Asia(Russia)following the Fukushima Nuclear Accident.J Environ Radioae,102:1062-1064.
Chino M,Nakayama H,Nagai H,et al.2011.Preliminary estimation of release amounts of~(131)I and~(137)accidentally discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into atmosphere.J Nucl Sci Teehno,48(7):1129-1134.
Cleveland B T,Duncan F A,Lawson I T,et al.2012.Ateivities ofγ-ray emitting isotopes in rainwater from Greater Sudbury.Can J Phys,90(6):599-603.
De Cort M.1998.Atlas of cesium deposition on Europe after the Chernobyl accident:office for official publications of the European Communities.ECSC-EEC-EAEC,Brussels-Luxemburg.
Draxler R R,Hess G D.1998.An overview of the HYSPLIT_4modelling system for trajectories,dispersion and deposition.Aust Meteoro Mag,47(4):295-308.
Draxler R R,Stunder B,Rolph G,et al.1997.HYSPLIT 4 User's Guide,via NOAA ARL.http://www,arl.noaa.gov/documents/reports/HYSPLIT_use_guide.
Hsu S C,Huh C A,Chan C Y,et al.2012.Hemispheric dispersion of radioactive plume laced with fission nuclides from the Fukushims nuclear event.Geophy Res Lett,39,doi:10.1029/2011GL049986.
Karats G,Ota M,Terada H,et al.2012a.Atmospheric dischargeand dispersion of radionuclides during the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear PowerPlant accident.Part I:source term estimation and local-scale atmospheric dispersion in early phase of the accident.J Environ Radioactiv,109:103-113.
Katata G,Terada H,Nagai H,et al.2012b.Numerical reconstruction of highdose rate zones due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.J Environ Radioactiv,111:2-12.
Kim C K,Byun J I,Chae J S.2011.Radiological impact in Korea following the Fukushima nuclear accident.J Environ Radioactiv,doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.018.
Leon J D,Jaffe D A,Kaspar J,et al.2012.Arrival time and magnitude of airborne fission products from the Fukushima.japan,reactor incident as measured in Seattle,WA,USA.J Environ Radioactiv.102:1032-1038.
Long N Q,Truong Y,Hien P D,et al.2012.Atmospheric radionuelides from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear reactor accident observed in Vietnam.J Environ Radioactiv,doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.11.018.
Lozano R L,Hernandez-Ceballos M A,Adame J A,et al.2011.Radioactive impact of Fukushima accident on the Iberian Peninsula:Evolution and plume previous pathway.Environ Int,37(7):1259-1264.
Manolopoulou M,Vagena E,Stoulos S,et al.2012.Radioiodine and radiocesium in Thessaloniki,Northern Greece due to the Fukushims nuclear accident.J Environ Radioactiv,102:796-797.
Masson O.Baeza A,Bieringer J,et al.2011.Tracking of Airborne Radionuclides from the Damaged Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Reactors by European Networks.Environ Sci Technol,45(18):7670-7677.
Melgunov M S,Pokhilenko N P,Straknovenko V D,et al.2012.Fallout traces of the Fukushima NPP accident in southern West Siberia(Novosibirsk,Russia).Environ Sci Pollut Res.19(4):1323-1325.
NEA.2002.Chernobyl-Assessment of Radiological and Health Impacts.Update of Chernobyl:Ten Years On.Paris:Nuclear Energy Agency,Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
NISA.2011a.Abstracts of the cross check analysis on the evaluation of the cores of Unit 1,2 and 3 of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP reported by TEPCO.
NISA.201lb.INES(the InternationalNuclear and Radiological Event Scale)Rating on the Events in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station.www.hiss.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110412-4,pdf.
NSC.2011.Trail estimation of emission of radioactive materials(I-131,Cs-137)into the atmosphere from Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station.http://www,rise.go.jp/.
Pittauerova D,Hettwig B,Fischer H W,et al.2011.Fukushima fallout in Northwest German environmental media.J Environ Radioac,102:877-880.
Potiriadis C,Kolovou M,Clouvas A,et al.2012.Environmental radioactivity measurements in Greece following the Fukushima Daichi nuclear accident.Radiat Prot Dosimetry,150(4):441-447.
Sinclair L E,Seywerd H C J,Fortin R,et al.2011.Aerial measurement of radioxenon concentration off the west coast of Vancouver Island following the Fukushima reactor accident.J Environ Radioac,102:1018-1023.
Stohl A,Seibert P,Wotawa G,et al.2011.Xenon-133 and caesium-137 releases into the atmosphere from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant:determination of the source term,atmospheric dispersion,and deposition.Atmos Chem Phys,11(10):28319-28394.
TEPCO.2011.IAEA issued May 30,2012.Status of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP and related environmental conditions.
Terada H,Katata G,Chino M,et al.2012.Atmospheric discharge and dispersion of radionuclides during the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident,PartⅡverification of the source term and analysis of regional-scale atmospheric dispersion.J Environ Radioac,112:141-154.
Thakur P,Bsllard S,Nelson R.2012.Radioactive fallout in the United States due to the Fukushima nuclear plantacciden.J Environ Monitor,14(5):1317-1324.
①http://www.mep.gov.cn/ztbd/rdzl/dzhaq/xwfb/index_4.htm
②www.pnri.dolt.gov.pb
③http://www.mep.gov.cn/ztbd/rdzl/dzhaq/xwfb/index.htm
娄云,万玲,马永忠,等.2012.日本福岛核事故所致北京地区放射性污染的监测与分析.中华放射医学与防护杂志,32(2):1 29-132.
聂新旺,王益柏,孙守勋,等.2012.应用Models-3/CMAQ对2011年3月日本福岛核泄漏的数值研究.气象,38(10):1182-1188.
乔方利,王关锁,赵伟,等.2011.2011年3月日本福岛核泄漏物质输运扩敝路径的情景模拟和预测.中国科学.56(12):887-894.
石二为,崔勇,张谦,等.2012.日本福岛核事故对辽宁省局部地区环境放射性水平的影响.中华放射医学与防护杂志,32(2):137-140.
孙明华,宋振鑫,吕终亮,等.2010.区域大气环境应急响啦数值预报系统.气象科技,38(5):635-641.
Arvela H,Markkanen H,Lemmela H.1990.Mobile survey of environmental gamma radiation and fallout level in Finland afterChernobyl accident.Radial Prot Dosimo32(3):177-184.
Baeza A,Corbacho J A,Rodringuez A,et al.2012.Influence of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident on Spanish environmental radioactivity levels.J Environ Radioac.doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.03.001.
Biegalske S R,Bowyer T W,Eslinger P W,et al.2012.Analysis of data from sensitive U.S.monitoring stations for the Fukushima Daiiehi nuclear reactor accident.J Environ Radioae,102,1-7.
Bikit I,Mrda D,Todorovic N,et al.2012.Airborne radioiodine in northern Serbia from Fukushima.J Environ Radioac.doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.01.020.
Bolsunovsky A,Dementyev D.2011.Evidence of the radioactive fallout in the center of Asia(Russia)following the Fukushima Nuclear Accident.J Environ Radioae,102:1062-1064.
Chino M,Nakayama H,Nagai H,et al.2011.Preliminary estimation of release amounts of~(131)I and~(137)accidentally discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into atmosphere.J Nucl Sci Teehno,48(7):1129-1134.
Cleveland B T,Duncan F A,Lawson I T,et al.2012.Ateivities ofγ-ray emitting isotopes in rainwater from Greater Sudbury.Can J Phys,90(6):599-603.
De Cort M.1998.Atlas of cesium deposition on Europe after the Chernobyl accident:office for official publications of the European Communities.ECSC-EEC-EAEC,Brussels-Luxemburg.
Draxler R R,Hess G D.1998.An overview of the HYSPLIT_4modelling system for trajectories,dispersion and deposition.Aust Meteoro Mag,47(4):295-308.
Draxler R R,Stunder B,Rolph G,et al.1997.HYSPLIT 4 User's Guide,via NOAA ARL.http://www,arl.noaa.gov/documents/reports/HYSPLIT_use_guide.
Hsu S C,Huh C A,Chan C Y,et al.2012.Hemispheric dispersion of radioactive plume laced with fission nuclides from the Fukushims nuclear event.Geophy Res Lett,39,doi:10.1029/2011GL049986.
Karats G,Ota M,Terada H,et al.2012a.Atmospheric dischargeand dispersion of radionuclides during the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear PowerPlant accident.Part I:source term estimation and local-scale atmospheric dispersion in early phase of the accident.J Environ Radioactiv,109:103-113.
Katata G,Terada H,Nagai H,et al.2012b.Numerical reconstruction of highdose rate zones due to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident.J Environ Radioactiv,111:2-12.
Kim C K,Byun J I,Chae J S.2011.Radiological impact in Korea following the Fukushima nuclear accident.J Environ Radioactiv,doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.018.
Leon J D,Jaffe D A,Kaspar J,et al.2012.Arrival time and magnitude of airborne fission products from the Fukushima.japan,reactor incident as measured in Seattle,WA,USA.J Environ Radioactiv.102:1032-1038.
Long N Q,Truong Y,Hien P D,et al.2012.Atmospheric radionuelides from the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear reactor accident observed in Vietnam.J Environ Radioactiv,doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.11.018.
Lozano R L,Hernandez-Ceballos M A,Adame J A,et al.2011.Radioactive impact of Fukushima accident on the Iberian Peninsula:Evolution and plume previous pathway.Environ Int,37(7):1259-1264.
Manolopoulou M,Vagena E,Stoulos S,et al.2012.Radioiodine and radiocesium in Thessaloniki,Northern Greece due to the Fukushims nuclear accident.J Environ Radioactiv,102:796-797.
Masson O.Baeza A,Bieringer J,et al.2011.Tracking of Airborne Radionuclides from the Damaged Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Reactors by European Networks.Environ Sci Technol,45(18):7670-7677.
Melgunov M S,Pokhilenko N P,Straknovenko V D,et al.2012.Fallout traces of the Fukushima NPP accident in southern West Siberia(Novosibirsk,Russia).Environ Sci Pollut Res.19(4):1323-1325.
NEA.2002.Chernobyl-Assessment of Radiological and Health Impacts.Update of Chernobyl:Ten Years On.Paris:Nuclear Energy Agency,Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
NISA.2011a.Abstracts of the cross check analysis on the evaluation of the cores of Unit 1,2 and 3 of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP reported by TEPCO.
NISA.201lb.INES(the InternationalNuclear and Radiological Event Scale)Rating on the Events in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station.www.hiss.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110412-4,pdf.
NSC.2011.Trail estimation of emission of radioactive materials(I-131,Cs-137)into the atmosphere from Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station.http://www,rise.go.jp/.
Pittauerova D,Hettwig B,Fischer H W,et al.2011.Fukushima fallout in Northwest German environmental media.J Environ Radioac,102:877-880.
Potiriadis C,Kolovou M,Clouvas A,et al.2012.Environmental radioactivity measurements in Greece following the Fukushima Daichi nuclear accident.Radiat Prot Dosimetry,150(4):441-447.
Sinclair L E,Seywerd H C J,Fortin R,et al.2011.Aerial measurement of radioxenon concentration off the west coast of Vancouver Island following the Fukushima reactor accident.J Environ Radioac,102:1018-1023.
Stohl A,Seibert P,Wotawa G,et al.2011.Xenon-133 and caesium-137 releases into the atmosphere from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant:determination of the source term,atmospheric dispersion,and deposition.Atmos Chem Phys,11(10):28319-28394.
TEPCO.2011.IAEA issued May 30,2012.Status of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP and related environmental conditions.
Terada H,Katata G,Chino M,et al.2012.Atmospheric discharge and dispersion of radionuclides during the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident,PartⅡverification of the source term and analysis of regional-scale atmospheric dispersion.J Environ Radioac,112:141-154.
Thakur P,Bsllard S,Nelson R.2012.Radioactive fallout in the United States due to the Fukushima nuclear plantacciden.J Environ Monitor,14(5):1317-1324.
①http://www.mep.gov.cn/ztbd/rdzl/dzhaq/xwfb/index_4.htm
②www.pnri.dolt.gov.pb
③http://www.mep.gov.cn/ztbd/rdzl/dzhaq/xwfb/index.htm
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