中国自然灾害减灾救灾标准的演变特点
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摘要
厘清现有自然灾害相关标准的现状、分析现行标准中存在的不足及其标准颁布的时空格局对完善国家减灾救灾标准体系具有重要的参考价值。分析了中国现有自然灾害防灾减灾相关标准的现状及标准颁布的时空特点,以中国现有自然灾害减灾救灾相关的标准为数据基础,基于标准化三维空间体系理论,构建了中国减灾救灾标准化三维空间体系。结果表明:中国的自然灾害相关标准数量多、灾种全;现有与自然灾害相关的标准在数量上存在较大的差异,地震灾害相关的标准较多,海洋、森林草原火灾相关的标准较少;近40年,中国每年平均颁布21.6条自然灾害相关的标准;中国已有29个省(市、区)参与了自然灾害相关标准的研制,主要集中于北京、河北、陕西等北方地区;大多数灾害相关标准的研制集中于20世纪90年代。
Analyzing the status quo of the relevant disaster standards and its problems and the spatiotemporal distribution of the standard issue could provide an important reference for the improvement of the disaster mitigation and relief standard system.In this paper,the standardized three-dimensional system of China's disaster mitigation and relief was constructed and the status and shortcomings of the disaster related standards was investigated based on the current standard data and the basic principles of the standardized three-dimensional space.The results showed that the disaster related standards is large in amount and disasters are various in type.The number of the earthquake-related standards is abundant,while standard for marine disasters and forest and grassland fires is scarce.China promulgated approximate twenty disaster-related standards each year.Most of provinces in China participated in the development of the disaster-related standards and most of the development concentrated in the 1990s.
Analyzing the status quo of the relevant disaster standards and its problems and the spatiotemporal distribution of the standard issue could provide an important reference for the improvement of the disaster mitigation and relief standard system.In this paper,the standardized three-dimensional system of China's disaster mitigation and relief was constructed and the status and shortcomings of the disaster related standards was investigated based on the current standard data and the basic principles of the standardized three-dimensional space.The results showed that the disaster related standards is large in amount and disasters are various in type.The number of the earthquake-related standards is abundant,while standard for marine disasters and forest and grassland fires is scarce.China promulgated approximate twenty disaster-related standards each year.Most of provinces in China participated in the development of the disaster-related standards and most of the development concentrated in the 1990s.
引文
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[14]张培震.中国地震灾害与防震减灾[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):577-583.ZHANG Peizhen.Earthquake disaster and its reduction in China[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):577-583.(in Chinese)
[15]夏敬源.我国重大农业生物灾害爆发现状与防控成效[J].中国植保导刊,2008,28(1):5-9.XIA Jingyuan.Outbreaks of major agricultural pests and the control achievements in China[J].China Plant Protection,2008,28(1):5-9.(in Chinese)
[16]李媛,孟晖,董颖,等.中国地质灾害类型及其特征——基于全国县市地质灾害调查成果分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2004,15(2):29-34.LI Yuan,MENG Hui,DONG Ying,et al.Main Types and characteristics of geo-hazard in China-Based on the results of geo-hazard surveyin 290 counties[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2004,15(2):29-34.(in Chinese)
[17]叶涛,郭卫平,史培军.1990年以来中国海洋灾害系统风险特征分析及其综合风险管理[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(6):65-70.YE Tao,GUO Weiping,SHI Peijun.Characteristic analysis and integrated management of oceanic disaster system risk in China since 1990[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2005,14(6):65-70.(in Chinese)
[2]中华人民共和国民政部《国家综合防灾减灾规划(2011-2015年)》[EB/OL].(2011-12-08).[2012-2-20]http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-12/08/content_2015178.htmMinistry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China.National Comprehensive Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Plan(2011-2015)[EB/OL].(2011-12-08)[2012-2-20].http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-12/08/content_2015178.htm(in Chinese)
[3]高怀友,刘凤枝,赵玉杰.中国农产品产地环境标准中存在的问题与对策研究[J].生态环境,2004,13(4):691-693,701.GAO Huaiyou,LIU Fengzhi,ZHAO Yujie.The status and related countermeasures research of the environmental standards for the agriculturalproducing areas in China[J].Ecology and Environment,2004,13(4):691-693,701.(in Chinese)
[4]刘小明,任福田,段海林.平面交叉口交通冲突技术标准化研究[J].北京工业大学学报,1997,23(3):43-50.Liu Xiaoming,Ren Futian,Duan Hailin.Research on definition and estimation of traffic conflict at intersections[J].Journal of BeijingPolytechnic University,1997,23(3):43-50.(in Chinese)
[5]张灵光.我国农业标准化的现状与对策[J].中国标准化,2001(1):6-7.ZHANG Lingguang.Current situation and strategy of agricultural standardization in China[J].China Standardization,2001(1):6-7.(in Chinese)
[6](印)魏尔曼(C.Verman).标准化是一门新学科[M].苏锡田等译.北京:科学技术文献出版社,1980.Verman C.Standardization is a New Discipline[M].Beijing:Science and Technology Literature Publishing House,1980.(in Chinese)
[7]谭福有.标准的种类和分级[J].信息技术与标准化,2006(1/2):53-56.TAN Fuyou.The type of classification of the standard[J].Information technology and standardization,2006(1/2):53-56.(in Chinese)
[8]陈颙,陈棋福,张尉.中国的海啸灾害[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(2):1-6.CHEN Yong,Chen Qifu,ZHANG Wei.Tsunami disaster in China[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2007,16(2):1-6.(in Chinese)
[9]刘兴朋,张继权,范久波.基于历史资料的中国北方草原火灾风险评价[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(1):61-65.LIU Xingpeng,ZHANG Jiquan,FAN Jiubo.Historical data based risk assessment of fire in grassland of northern China[J].Journal of NaturalDisasters,2007,16(1):61-65.(in Chinese)
[10]史培军.中国自然灾害,减灾建设与可持续发展[J].自然资源学报,1995,10(3):267-278.SHI Peijun.The Natural disasters,constructions works for disaster reduction and sustainable development of China[J].Journal of NaturalResources,1995,10(3):267-278.(in Chinese)
[11]袁艺,马玉玲.近30年我国自然灾害灾情时间分布特征分析[J].灾害学,2011,26(3):65-68,82.YUAN Yi,MA Yuling.Analysis on temporal distribution characteristics of natural disaster losses in China in the recent three decades[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2011,26(3):65-68,82.(in Chinese)
[12]张鹏,李宁,范碧航,等.近30年中国灾害法律法规文件颁布数量与实践演变研究[J].灾害学,2011,26(3):109-114.ZHANG Peng,LI Ning,FANG Bihang,et al.The evolution of quantity and enact time of disaster laws and regulations in recent 30 years in China[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2011,26(3):109-114.(in Chinese)
[13]郭进修,李泽椿.我国气象灾害的分类与防灾减灾对策[J].灾害学,2005,20(4):106-110.GUO Jinxiu,LI Zechun.Classification of meteorological disasters and strategies for hazard prevention and reduction in China[J].Journal ofCatastrophology,2005,20(4):106-110.(in Chinese)
[14]张培震.中国地震灾害与防震减灾[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):577-583.ZHANG Peizhen.Earthquake disaster and its reduction in China[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):577-583.(in Chinese)
[15]夏敬源.我国重大农业生物灾害爆发现状与防控成效[J].中国植保导刊,2008,28(1):5-9.XIA Jingyuan.Outbreaks of major agricultural pests and the control achievements in China[J].China Plant Protection,2008,28(1):5-9.(in Chinese)
[16]李媛,孟晖,董颖,等.中国地质灾害类型及其特征——基于全国县市地质灾害调查成果分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2004,15(2):29-34.LI Yuan,MENG Hui,DONG Ying,et al.Main Types and characteristics of geo-hazard in China-Based on the results of geo-hazard surveyin 290 counties[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2004,15(2):29-34.(in Chinese)
[17]叶涛,郭卫平,史培军.1990年以来中国海洋灾害系统风险特征分析及其综合风险管理[J].自然灾害学报,2005,14(6):65-70.YE Tao,GUO Weiping,SHI Peijun.Characteristic analysis and integrated management of oceanic disaster system risk in China since 1990[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2005,14(6):65-70.(in Chinese)
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