借鉴美国减灾型社区经验提升我国社区应急力
|
摘要
社区灾害应急力水平直接影响到全社会自然灾害应急水平,影响到我国经济社会的稳定与发展。汶川地震和玉树地震中暴露出我国社区群众应急意识和能力不高、自组织功能单一,应急预案不够完善、社区参与应急机制发育缓慢,应急组织体系缺乏灵活性、与社区自组织合作有待加强等问题,亟须从国外吸取有益经验,提高我国社区应急力水平。美国和我国都自然灾害多发,尽管我国实行的是全政府模式的应急管理体制,但美国减灾型社区建设的成功实践经验对我国社区应急力建设具有重要的借鉴意义。为此,文章对美国减灾型社区建设中的成功经验进行分析,并结合我国的实际提出一些启示。
The capability of the emergency in community directly affects the entire social disaster emergency level and the economic and social stability and development of China.There are some problems in the process of the emergency rescue in Wenchuan earthquake and Yushu earthquake,such as the lack of emergency awareness and ability,the single function of community organization,imperfectness in emergency management planning,slow development of the mechanism of full participation,the lack of flexibility in the coordination mechanism.We urgently need to learn from the successful experience of foreign countries to improve the capability of the emergency in community in China.America and China are both prone to natural disasters,although China has adopted the government-wide management system model,but there is still some experience we can learn from USA to improve the capability of the emergency mechanism in community.Thus,this paper analyzes the successful experiences of American disaster reduction community,and puts forward some enlightenment in combination with the reality of our country.
The capability of the emergency in community directly affects the entire social disaster emergency level and the economic and social stability and development of China.There are some problems in the process of the emergency rescue in Wenchuan earthquake and Yushu earthquake,such as the lack of emergency awareness and ability,the single function of community organization,imperfectness in emergency management planning,slow development of the mechanism of full participation,the lack of flexibility in the coordination mechanism.We urgently need to learn from the successful experience of foreign countries to improve the capability of the emergency in community in China.America and China are both prone to natural disasters,although China has adopted the government-wide management system model,but there is still some experience we can learn from USA to improve the capability of the emergency mechanism in community.Thus,this paper analyzes the successful experiences of American disaster reduction community,and puts forward some enlightenment in combination with the reality of our country.
引文
[1]民政部.5.12汶川地震[EB/OL].(2008-05-12)[2012-02-14].http://baike.baidu.com/view/1587399.htm#1.
[2]陈国洲.玉树地震遇难人数上升至2220人[EB/OL].(2010-04-26)[2012-02-14].http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/10_04/26/1272243657725.html.
[3]施雪华,邓集文.目前中国危机管理存在的问题与解决方法——以汶川地震为个案所作的一项分析[J].社会科学研究,2009(3):8.
[4]RosenthalUriel,RArjenBion,LouiseKComfort.ManagingCri sis:Threat,Dilemmas,Opportunities[M].Spring Field:Charles C.Thomas,2001.
[5]罗伯特.希斯.危机管理[M].北京:中信出版社,2004:22.
[6]杨万国.汶川经验在玉树被检视,国民自救能力有待提高[EB/OL].(2010-04-29)[2012-02-14].http://news.qq.com/a/20100429/000111_1.htm.
[7]中华人民共和国民政部.民政事业统计季报(2011年4季度)[EB/OL].(2012-01-31)[2012-02-14].http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201202/20120209154838112.htm.
[8]刘俊.摸着汶川的石头,趟过玉树的河——被地震倒逼的救援进化[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.infzm.com/content/44475.
[9]陈江.喇嘛救援队:玉树救灾中的特殊存在[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.infzm.com/content/44165.
[10]沙勇忠,刘海娟.美国减灾型社区建设及对我国应急管理的启示[J].兰州大学学报,2010(3):73-75.
[11]FEMA.Project Impact:Building A Disaster-Resistant Com munity[EB/OL].(2003-12-08)[2012-02-14].http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=8895.
[12]FEMA.Are You Ready?An In-depth Guide to Citizen Pre paredness[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.citizencorps.gov/ready/.
[13]Walia A.Community Based Disaster Preparedness:Need for a Standardized Training Module[J].The Australian Journal of Emergency Management,2008(2):68-72.
[14]CERT.Community Emergency Response Teams(CERT)[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.citizen corps.gov/cert/.
[15]Marcus Cecily,Covert-Vail,Lucinda,et al.NYU21st Centu ry Library Project:Designing a Research Library of the Fu ture for New York University.Maruary2007[EB/OL].(2010-02-18)[2012-02-14].http://library.nyu.edu/strate gicplan/readings.html.
[16]王宏伟.美国的应急协调:联邦体制、碎片化与整合[J].国家行政学院学报,2010(3):125-128.
[17]姚国璋.美国《国家应急计划》(之二)[J].电子政务,2006(7):33.
[18]William L Waugh,Jr Kathleen Tierney.Emergency Manage ment:Principles and Practice for Local Government[R].By the International City/County Management Association,2007.
[19]FEMA.PartnerProgramsandAffiliates[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.citizencorps.gov/partnersandaffili ates/.
[20]邓仕伦.美国应急管理体系及其启示[J].国家行政学院学报,2008(3):102-104.
[21]EMAC.Emergency Management Assistance Compact[EB/OL].(2010-02-29)[2012-02-14].http://emacweb.org/.
[22]Richard Sylves.Disaster Policy&Politics[M].CQ Press,2008:133.
[23]Citizen Corps.Citizen Corps.About Us:History of Citizen Corps[EB/OL].(2012-01-25)[2012-02-14].http://www.citizencorps.gov/about/.
[24]Mc Entire David.Disaster Response and Recovery:Strate gies and Tactics for Resilience[M].John Wiley&Sonsm Inc,2007:295-296.
[25]Kapucu N.Public-nonprofit partnerships for collective ac tion in dynamic contexts[J].Public Administration:An Inter national Quarterly,2006(1):200-205.
[26]CNN.Weather:hurricane season.Hurricane Charley blamed for25th Florida death and hurricane season.Florida cleans up after Frances[EB/OL].(2004-08-21)[2012-02-14].http://www.cnn.com.
[27]Naim Kapucu.Culture of preparedness:household disaster preparedness[J].Disaster Prevention and Management,2008(4):526-535.
[28]张沁.美国应急反应体系的特点和启示[J].宏观经济管理,2008(12):69-70.
[2]陈国洲.玉树地震遇难人数上升至2220人[EB/OL].(2010-04-26)[2012-02-14].http://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/10_04/26/1272243657725.html.
[3]施雪华,邓集文.目前中国危机管理存在的问题与解决方法——以汶川地震为个案所作的一项分析[J].社会科学研究,2009(3):8.
[4]RosenthalUriel,RArjenBion,LouiseKComfort.ManagingCri sis:Threat,Dilemmas,Opportunities[M].Spring Field:Charles C.Thomas,2001.
[5]罗伯特.希斯.危机管理[M].北京:中信出版社,2004:22.
[6]杨万国.汶川经验在玉树被检视,国民自救能力有待提高[EB/OL].(2010-04-29)[2012-02-14].http://news.qq.com/a/20100429/000111_1.htm.
[7]中华人民共和国民政部.民政事业统计季报(2011年4季度)[EB/OL].(2012-01-31)[2012-02-14].http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201202/20120209154838112.htm.
[8]刘俊.摸着汶川的石头,趟过玉树的河——被地震倒逼的救援进化[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.infzm.com/content/44475.
[9]陈江.喇嘛救援队:玉树救灾中的特殊存在[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.infzm.com/content/44165.
[10]沙勇忠,刘海娟.美国减灾型社区建设及对我国应急管理的启示[J].兰州大学学报,2010(3):73-75.
[11]FEMA.Project Impact:Building A Disaster-Resistant Com munity[EB/OL].(2003-12-08)[2012-02-14].http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=8895.
[12]FEMA.Are You Ready?An In-depth Guide to Citizen Pre paredness[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.citizencorps.gov/ready/.
[13]Walia A.Community Based Disaster Preparedness:Need for a Standardized Training Module[J].The Australian Journal of Emergency Management,2008(2):68-72.
[14]CERT.Community Emergency Response Teams(CERT)[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.citizen corps.gov/cert/.
[15]Marcus Cecily,Covert-Vail,Lucinda,et al.NYU21st Centu ry Library Project:Designing a Research Library of the Fu ture for New York University.Maruary2007[EB/OL].(2010-02-18)[2012-02-14].http://library.nyu.edu/strate gicplan/readings.html.
[16]王宏伟.美国的应急协调:联邦体制、碎片化与整合[J].国家行政学院学报,2010(3):125-128.
[17]姚国璋.美国《国家应急计划》(之二)[J].电子政务,2006(7):33.
[18]William L Waugh,Jr Kathleen Tierney.Emergency Manage ment:Principles and Practice for Local Government[R].By the International City/County Management Association,2007.
[19]FEMA.PartnerProgramsandAffiliates[EB/OL].(2010-04-28)[2012-02-14].http://www.citizencorps.gov/partnersandaffili ates/.
[20]邓仕伦.美国应急管理体系及其启示[J].国家行政学院学报,2008(3):102-104.
[21]EMAC.Emergency Management Assistance Compact[EB/OL].(2010-02-29)[2012-02-14].http://emacweb.org/.
[22]Richard Sylves.Disaster Policy&Politics[M].CQ Press,2008:133.
[23]Citizen Corps.Citizen Corps.About Us:History of Citizen Corps[EB/OL].(2012-01-25)[2012-02-14].http://www.citizencorps.gov/about/.
[24]Mc Entire David.Disaster Response and Recovery:Strate gies and Tactics for Resilience[M].John Wiley&Sonsm Inc,2007:295-296.
[25]Kapucu N.Public-nonprofit partnerships for collective ac tion in dynamic contexts[J].Public Administration:An Inter national Quarterly,2006(1):200-205.
[26]CNN.Weather:hurricane season.Hurricane Charley blamed for25th Florida death and hurricane season.Florida cleans up after Frances[EB/OL].(2004-08-21)[2012-02-14].http://www.cnn.com.
[27]Naim Kapucu.Culture of preparedness:household disaster preparedness[J].Disaster Prevention and Management,2008(4):526-535.
[28]张沁.美国应急反应体系的特点和启示[J].宏观经济管理,2008(12):69-70.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心