特大地震灾害的应对周期
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摘要
地震灾害有其独特的周期性特征和模式,突出表现为突发性、危害重、冲击强、影响大、范围广等特点,在不同的自然地理环境条件下又形成不同的次生灾害,人们很难事先完全预知,更难以准确预测。地震灾害危机和人类应对灾害过程可以概括为五个阶段,即灾害发生期、灾民安置期、重建恢复期、灾后建设期和现代发展期。汶川地区地貌与地质构造复杂、人口密集等特点,造成人员大量伤亡和救灾救援十分困难。汶川地震发生之后,被迅速、果断地确定为一级,属于特别严重的应急事件,政府全面部署当前抗震救灾工作,全力抢救受伤人员。这标志着应对汶川地震进入第一个阶段,也明确提出了这一阶段的首要目标,从而动员全国各方面力量投入抗震救灾,显示出中国政府在处理重大自然灾害危机时的政治优势、组织优势、宣传优势和举国体制优势。这次危机不仅将大幅度增强中华民族凝聚力、提高政府的"公信力"和领导人的威望,还将配合《国家"十一五"规划纲要》对空间布局和人口分布的新战略、新思想,在优化的基础上重新寻求发展和提高的机会。
The earthquake is unique and periodic. It happens unexpectedly and produces strong impact on a great number of areas with serious destructions. Under different natural, geographical and environmental conditions, an earthquake can cause different secondary disasters. It is quite difficult for people to foreknow an earthquake completely, nor is it easy to forecast it accurately. The earthquake crisis and the human process to combat the disaster can be summarized into five stages, namely, occurrence of the disaster, placement of the victims, restoration and reconstruction, post-disaster construction and the development in the present time. The complex landforms and geological structure in the densely populated Wenchuan have caused great casualties and lots of difficulties in the disaster-relief work. The government has made an all-round arrangement of the present earthquake-relief work and has gone all out to rescue the wounded people. It marks the beginning of the first stage in combating the earthquake in Wenchuan, and the primary objectives in this stage have been clearly set forth to mobilize all walks of life throughout China to combat the earthquake, showing China ’s political, organizational, propagandistic and countrywide advantages in fighting serious natural disasters. Not only will the earthquake greatly enhance the cohesiveness among the Chinese nation, increase the "public creditability" of the government and improve the prestige of the government leaders, but will also provide the chances for us to re-seek the development and improvement on the basis of optimization and in line with the new strategies and new ideas put forward in China ’s National 11th Five-year Plan Programme on spatial layout and on population distribution.
The earthquake is unique and periodic. It happens unexpectedly and produces strong impact on a great number of areas with serious destructions. Under different natural, geographical and environmental conditions, an earthquake can cause different secondary disasters. It is quite difficult for people to foreknow an earthquake completely, nor is it easy to forecast it accurately. The earthquake crisis and the human process to combat the disaster can be summarized into five stages, namely, occurrence of the disaster, placement of the victims, restoration and reconstruction, post-disaster construction and the development in the present time. The complex landforms and geological structure in the densely populated Wenchuan have caused great casualties and lots of difficulties in the disaster-relief work. The government has made an all-round arrangement of the present earthquake-relief work and has gone all out to rescue the wounded people. It marks the beginning of the first stage in combating the earthquake in Wenchuan, and the primary objectives in this stage have been clearly set forth to mobilize all walks of life throughout China to combat the earthquake, showing China ’s political, organizational, propagandistic and countrywide advantages in fighting serious natural disasters. Not only will the earthquake greatly enhance the cohesiveness among the Chinese nation, increase the "public creditability" of the government and improve the prestige of the government leaders, but will also provide the chances for us to re-seek the development and improvement on the basis of optimization and in line with the new strategies and new ideas put forward in China ’s National 11th Five-year Plan Programme on spatial layout and on population distribution.
引文
[1]薛澜等人把危机管理过程划分为五个阶段:危机预警和危机管理阶段;识别危机阶段;隔离危机阶段性;管理危机阶段;危机后处理阶段。他们提出,根据不同阶段的特征采取相应的危机管理策略和措施,准确地估计危机形势,尽可能把危机事态控制在某一特定的阶段,以免进一步恶化。参见薛澜、张强、钟开斌:《危机管理——转型期中国面临的挑战》,北京:清华大学出版社,2003年,第45—47、56页。
[1]中共中央文献研究室编:《十六大以来重要文献选编》(中),北京:中共中央文献出版社,2006年,第837—847页。
[1]中共中央文献研究室编:《十六大以来重要文献选编》(中),北京:中共中央文献出版社,2006年,第837—847页。
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