基于GIS的城市地震次生火灾蔓延初步研究——以福州市区为例
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摘要
以W Arcview/GIS为工具 ,结合传统的火焰蔓延数学模型 ,发展了复杂系统条件下城市地震次生火灾蔓延的计算机仿真模型 ,并结合福州市主要建筑物结构类型的具体情况 ,提出了根据建筑物类型来区分不同可燃物类型的划分方案。结合火源、风向风力、可燃物分布等因素 ,该模型在地震时可用以判定某一时段内可能的延烧区域 ,估计地震次生火灾的灾害程度及其直接经济损失
In the light of traditional fire spreading theory, we develop an Arcview/GIS based visual model to simulate the spreading process of urban earthquake induced fire. The basic constitutional law is from traditional equation: ρv 0 Δ H=Q , in which ρ = density of combustible material; v 0 = fire spreading velocity;Δ H = entropy increment from initial temperature T 0 to final temperature T i for unit mass; Q = fire thermal velocity. There are also three other factors involved in this model: 1) seasonal dominant wind direction; 2) possible explosive site; 3) results of seismic vulnerability evaluation. Basing on the previous studies of the relation between damage degree and induced fire probability, we calculate the possible number of fire events under different seismic hazards (seismic intensity of ⅩⅠ, ⅩⅡ, ⅩⅢ, and Ⅸ). If the hazard vulnerability analysis indicates that the buildings have "no major damage", then the fire probability is taken as the annual average numbers of normal fire. The width of the fire lane is determined in accordance to the specific case of Fuzhou City as follows: 13m for distance between high storied buildings; 9m for distance between high storied building and 1 st class or 2 nd class private house; 11m for distance between high storied building and 3 rd class or 4 th class private house. Taking Fuzhou City as an example, we propose a method to classify the types of building combustibility based on different constructions of the buildings, and realize the visual and dynamic computer simulation under different damage conditions caused by earthquake. Under consideration of possible fire source, wind direction, wind speed, and spatial distribution of combustible materials, this model can be utilized to estimate the fire extent and damage degree at a specific time after induced fire caused by a strong earthquake, and is useful for economic loss assessment and hazard mitigation decision making. In normal times, this model can also be used as a tool to provide valuable information for the study of urban fire spreading, and for urban firefighting countermeasures.
In the light of traditional fire spreading theory, we develop an Arcview/GIS based visual model to simulate the spreading process of urban earthquake induced fire. The basic constitutional law is from traditional equation: ρv 0 Δ H=Q , in which ρ = density of combustible material; v 0 = fire spreading velocity;Δ H = entropy increment from initial temperature T 0 to final temperature T i for unit mass; Q = fire thermal velocity. There are also three other factors involved in this model: 1) seasonal dominant wind direction; 2) possible explosive site; 3) results of seismic vulnerability evaluation. Basing on the previous studies of the relation between damage degree and induced fire probability, we calculate the possible number of fire events under different seismic hazards (seismic intensity of ⅩⅠ, ⅩⅡ, ⅩⅢ, and Ⅸ). If the hazard vulnerability analysis indicates that the buildings have "no major damage", then the fire probability is taken as the annual average numbers of normal fire. The width of the fire lane is determined in accordance to the specific case of Fuzhou City as follows: 13m for distance between high storied buildings; 9m for distance between high storied building and 1 st class or 2 nd class private house; 11m for distance between high storied building and 3 rd class or 4 th class private house. Taking Fuzhou City as an example, we propose a method to classify the types of building combustibility based on different constructions of the buildings, and realize the visual and dynamic computer simulation under different damage conditions caused by earthquake. Under consideration of possible fire source, wind direction, wind speed, and spatial distribution of combustible materials, this model can be utilized to estimate the fire extent and damage degree at a specific time after induced fire caused by a strong earthquake, and is useful for economic loss assessment and hazard mitigation decision making. In normal times, this model can also be used as a tool to provide valuable information for the study of urban fire spreading, and for urban firefighting countermeasures.
引文
①中国地震局地质研究所,2000,福州市区震害预测及减灾对策。
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白方舟,张雷.1998.定性仿真导论〔M〕.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社.
BAIFang zhou,ZHANGLei.1998.IntroductiontoQualitativeEmulation〔M〕.PublishingHouseofUniversityofSciencesandTechnologyofChina,Hefei(inChinese).
国家科委国家计委国家经贸委自然灾害综合研究组.1988.中国自然灾害区划研究进展〔M〕.北京:海洋出版社.
StateNaturalDisasterResearchGroup,NationalScience,PlanningandTradeCommittee.1988.RecentProgressonNaturalDisasterZonationinChina〔M〕.MarinePublishingHouse,Beijing(inChinese).
胡聿贤.1988.地震工程学〔M〕.北京:地震出版社.
HUYu xian.1988.EarthquakeEngineering〔M〕.SeismologicalPress,Beijing(inChinese).
姜冯辉,沈才康.1996.双室火灾烟气特性的实验研究〔J〕.火灾科学,5(1):20—27.
JIANGFeng hui,SHENCaiKang.1996.Experimentalstudyoffiresmokecharacteristicsindualroom〔J〕.FireSciences,5(1):20—27(inChiese).
刘钊,程锦,张远智.2000.基于GIS的城市火灾信息管理与分析系统〔J〕.灾害学,15(1):11—15.
LIUZhao,CHENJin,ZHANGYuan zhi.2000.UrbanfireinformationmanagementandanalysissystembasedonGIS〔J〕.JournalofCatastrophology,15(1):11—15(inChinese).
王景来,杨子汉.1988.云南自然灾害与减灾研究:献给国际减灾十年〔M〕.昆明:云南大学出版社.
WANGJing lai,YANGZi han.1988.StudyofNaturalDisastersandHazardMitigationinYunnanProvince:Dedi catedtoInternationalHazardMitigationDecade〔M〕.YunnanUniversityPress,Kunming(inChinese).袁理明,
范维澄.1998.大空间建筑火灾中热烟气层发展规律的理论分析〔J〕.自然灾害学报,7(1):21—26.
YUANLi ming,FANWei cheng.1998.Theoreticalanalysisofhotsmokelayerdevelopmentinlargespacebuildingfires〔J〕.JournalofNaturalDisasters,7(1):21—26(inChinese).
张树平,郝邵润,陈怀德编著.1995.现代高层建筑防火设计与施工〔M〕.北京:中国建筑工业出版社.
ZHANGShu ping,HAOShao run,CHENHuai de.1995.Anti fireDesignandConstructionofModernHighBuild ing〔M〕.ChinaConstructionIndustryPress,Beijing(inChinese).
朱煌武,朱霁平,谢庆胜,等.1999.基于地理信息系统的森林火灾扑救辅助决策系统的研究〔J〕.自然灾害学报,8(1):60—71.
ZHUHuang wu,ZHUJi ping,XIEQing sheng,etal.1999.AdecisionmakingsystembasedonGISforforestfire fighting〔J〕.JournalofNaturalDisasters,8(1):60—71(inChinese).
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