地震灾后生态系统重建中的植被恢复初探
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摘要
本文从地震对震区生态系统的破坏和退化出发,探讨了不同生态系统重建中植被恢复的技术和做法。大地震及其诱发的次生灾害毁坏了植被生存的土壤环境,致使土壤遭受重金属、有机物以及核辐射的污染,而植被可以修复退化的土壤生态系统。对于森林、草地、江河等自然生态系统,植被选择应以原生种类为主,以促进生态系统进行原生演替;而农田、城市绿地生态系统,植被恢复应以生产生活、景观营造、生物修复为目的,宜选择当地主要优势农作物、观赏性好、抗污染的植物,以控制生态系统次生演替的方向和速度。在各类生态系统重建中,应防止外来有害物种的入侵。
Based on the destroyed and degraded ecosystem by the powerful earthquake in seismic areas,vegetation restoration was discussed in reconstruction of different ecosystems.If the magnitude earthquake and its induced disaster had ruined the soil ecosystem of plant’s growth,resulting in pollution of heavy metals,organic substances and nuclear radiation,plants could be used to restore the degraded soil ecosystem.For forest,grassland and river ecosystems,phreatophyte should be applied to,promoting the primary succession of the ecosystem.For farm and urban ecosystems,the main crops and pollution-resisting ornamental plants should be selected for the purpose of agricultural production,landscapes construction and bioremediation so as to control the speed and direction of secondary succession of these ecosystems.During the reconstruction of various ecosystems,invasive alien species should be prevented.
Based on the destroyed and degraded ecosystem by the powerful earthquake in seismic areas,vegetation restoration was discussed in reconstruction of different ecosystems.If the magnitude earthquake and its induced disaster had ruined the soil ecosystem of plant’s growth,resulting in pollution of heavy metals,organic substances and nuclear radiation,plants could be used to restore the degraded soil ecosystem.For forest,grassland and river ecosystems,phreatophyte should be applied to,promoting the primary succession of the ecosystem.For farm and urban ecosystems,the main crops and pollution-resisting ornamental plants should be selected for the purpose of agricultural production,landscapes construction and bioremediation so as to control the speed and direction of secondary succession of these ecosystems.During the reconstruction of various ecosystems,invasive alien species should be prevented.
引文
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[6]Yu-pin Lin,Chen-fa wu,Te-chih Chiang,etal.Assessing impacts of typhoons and the Chi-Chi earthquake on Chenyulan watershed landscape pattern in central Taiwan using landscape metrics[J].Environmental management,2006,38(1):108-125.
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[8]范秀丽.城市与地震次生灾害[J].防灾博览,2002(2):30-31.
[9]秦媛.唐山地震次生灾难的防治[J].防灾博览,2002(4):12-13.
[10]廖旭,黄河,李东春.震时有毒有害气体泄漏危险性分析模型的研究[J].地震工程及工程震动,2003,23(2):165-169.
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[16]韩东银,魏英祖.西部生态系统震害及其基本防御措施[J].西北地震学报,2005,27(4):337-341.
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[19]Alongi DM.Mangrove forests:resilience,protection from tsunamis,and responses to global climate change[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 2007,71(1):1–13.
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[25]周光全,明伦,施伟华,等.1992～2005年云南地震灾害及其对农村民居的影响[J].地震研究,2006,29(4):407-410.
[26]楼炉焕.观赏树木学[M].中国农业出版社,2000.
[27]黄勇,郭庆荣,任海,等.城市土壤重金属污染研究综述[J].热带地理,2005,25(1):14-18.
[28]李明辉.城市绿地土壤的生态退化和恢复[J].广东园林,2005,29(3):19-21.
[29]FAO.20 things to know about the impact of salt water on agricultural lands in Aceh Province[EB/OL].Available from:http://www.fao.org/ag/tsunami/docs/saltwater-guide.pdf,2005.
[30]Jane C.Ingram,Guillermo Franco,Cristina Rumbaitis-del Rio,et al.ost-disaster recovery dilemmas:challenges in balancing short-term and long-term needs for vulnerability reduction[J].Environmental science&policy,2006,9:607-613.
[2]Chiung Pin Liu,Bor Han Sheu.Effects of the 921 earthquake on the water quality in the upper stream at the Guandaushi experimental forest[J].Water Air Soil Pollut,2007,179:19–27.
[3]李卫平,赵荣国.2007年世界灾害地震综述[J].国际地震动态,2008(2):36-40.
[4]米宏亮,李洋,侯建盛.2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评[J].国际地震动态,2008(2):41-45.
[5]G.Bouckovalas,A.Anagnostopoulos,A.Kapenis,etal.Analysis of soil effects and distribution of damage from the Pyrgos 1993(Greece)earthquake[J].Geotechnical and eological Engineering,1996,14:111-128.
[6]Yu-pin Lin,Chen-fa wu,Te-chih Chiang,etal.Assessing impacts of typhoons and the Chi-Chi earthquake on Chenyulan watershed landscape pattern in central Taiwan using landscape metrics[J].Environmental management,2006,38(1):108-125.
[7]汤木生.试论地震次生灾害的预防与控制[J].城市煤气,1999(2):19-22.
[8]范秀丽.城市与地震次生灾害[J].防灾博览,2002(2):30-31.
[9]秦媛.唐山地震次生灾难的防治[J].防灾博览,2002(4):12-13.
[10]廖旭,黄河,李东春.震时有毒有害气体泄漏危险性分析模型的研究[J].地震工程及工程震动,2003,23(2):165-169.
[11]吴建华.地震与生态环境关系初探[J].山西地震,2000(4):32-34.
[12]韩东银,魏英祖.生态系统地震灾害及其深层机制[J].国际地震动态,2007(1):16-24.
[13]Eskil Mattsson,Madelene Ostwald,S.P.Nissanka,etal.Recovery and protection of coastal ecosystems after tsunami event and potential for participatory forestry CDM–Examples from Sri Lanka[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2009,52:1-9.
[14]Weerakkody WAP,Hemachanda KS,Nissanka SP,etal.Soorasena JM.Post-tsunami relief aids and rehabilitation program in Sri Lanka:situation assessment[R].Sri Lanka:Agribusiness Center,Faculty of Agriculture,University of Peradeniya;2005.
[15]喻晓钢.德阳市地震在后生态恢复重建对策研究[J].四川林勘设计,2008(4):34-36.
[16]韩东银,魏英祖.西部生态系统震害及其基本防御措施[J].西北地震学报,2005,27(4):337-341.
[17]FAO.Wood fuel surveys,FAO forestry for local community developmentprogramme.GCP/INT/365/SWE[R].Rome:Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations;1983.
[18]Palo M,Uusivuori J,Mery G.World forests,markets and policies[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers;2001.
[19]Alongi DM.Mangrove forests:resilience,protection from tsunamis,and responses to global climate change[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 2007,71(1):1–13.
[20]Kathiresan K,Rajendran N.Coastal mangrove forests mitigated tsunami,estuarine[J].Coastal and Shelf Science,2005,65(3):601–606.
[21]UNFCCC.Implications of possible changes to the limit for small-scale afforestation and reforestation clean development mechanism project activities[R].Decision paper CMP,2007.
[22]Sangeeta Sonak,Prajwala Pangam,Asha Giriyan.Green reconstruction of the sunami-affected areas in India using the integrated coastal zone management concept[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2008,89:14-23.
[23]UNEP report After the tsunami:rapid environmental assessment report prepared by United Nations Environment Program[EB/OL].Http//www.unep.org.2005.
[24]Whistler WA,Elevitch CR.Casuarina equisetifolia(beach she-oak)and C.cunninghamiana(river she-oak),ver.2.1.In:Elevitch CR,editor.Species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry[M].H_olualoa,Hawai’i:Permanent Agriculture Resources(PAR),2006.
[25]周光全,明伦,施伟华,等.1992～2005年云南地震灾害及其对农村民居的影响[J].地震研究,2006,29(4):407-410.
[26]楼炉焕.观赏树木学[M].中国农业出版社,2000.
[27]黄勇,郭庆荣,任海,等.城市土壤重金属污染研究综述[J].热带地理,2005,25(1):14-18.
[28]李明辉.城市绿地土壤的生态退化和恢复[J].广东园林,2005,29(3):19-21.
[29]FAO.20 things to know about the impact of salt water on agricultural lands in Aceh Province[EB/OL].Available from:http://www.fao.org/ag/tsunami/docs/saltwater-guide.pdf,2005.
[30]Jane C.Ingram,Guillermo Franco,Cristina Rumbaitis-del Rio,et al.ost-disaster recovery dilemmas:challenges in balancing short-term and long-term needs for vulnerability reduction[J].Environmental science&policy,2006,9:607-613.
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