典型地区地震山地灾害分布对环境本底因素响应机制研究——以绵竹市为例
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摘要
通过对汶川地震灾区的调查和遥感解译,详细分析了绵竹市地震山地灾害的特点,在G IS平台上对297个典型灾害点的环境本底因素进行分析,研究灾害分布对地震烈度、距断裂带距离、岩性、高程、河流、坡度和坡向的响应机制。得出以下结论:1)距中央断裂的距离是汶川大地震山地灾害分布规律的主导因素,灾害在距中央断裂0~8 km范围内响应明显,上盘发育程度明显高于下盘,下盘灾害点分布的变化规律受前山断裂破裂的影响;2)山地灾害在硬质岩层中最为发育,灾害发育密度随坡度的增加而增大;3)地形和河流共同制约着坡体卸荷和地震能量的释放,山地灾害对海拔较高、坡度陡峭、切割强烈和河网密度大的区域响应更为明显;4)当区域地势变化方向和坡向与地震断裂破裂方向一致时,有利于地震能量的传播,灾害更容易发生。
297 earthquake-induced mountain hazards of Mianzhu county were obtained with field investigation and interpretation of remote-sensing images,GIS technique was used to finish the statistical data which were about the relationship between distribution of hazards and environmental factors,including distance from seismogenic faults,lithology,altitude,river,slope and aspect of slope.And research on the responsive mechanism between the distribution of hazards and factors.The main results of the study can be summarized as follows.1)The distance from seismogenic faults was the leading factor for the distribution of earthquake-induced mountain hazards.The high density of earthquake-induced mountain hazards was distributed within 8 km from seismogenic faults,and the density in hangingwall of seismogenic faults was obviously higher than that in footwall.The density of hazards in the footwall of seismogenic faults decreased within 10 km and increased from 10 km to 14 km and decreased again from 14 km to 16 km,which was affected by secondary seismogenic faults.2)Hard rocks were well developed with the highest density of earthquake-induced mountain hazards,and the density increased with the slope of mountain.3)The release of seismic energy was restricted by landform and river.The high density of earthquake-induced mountain hazards was in the high altitude,steep slope,intense incision and high drainage density.4)The earthquake-induced mountain hazards occurred in higher probability if the ruptured direction of faults was consistent with the gradient direction of topography and the aspect of slope,which was convenient for seismic energy transmitting.
297 earthquake-induced mountain hazards of Mianzhu county were obtained with field investigation and interpretation of remote-sensing images,GIS technique was used to finish the statistical data which were about the relationship between distribution of hazards and environmental factors,including distance from seismogenic faults,lithology,altitude,river,slope and aspect of slope.And research on the responsive mechanism between the distribution of hazards and factors.The main results of the study can be summarized as follows.1)The distance from seismogenic faults was the leading factor for the distribution of earthquake-induced mountain hazards.The high density of earthquake-induced mountain hazards was distributed within 8 km from seismogenic faults,and the density in hangingwall of seismogenic faults was obviously higher than that in footwall.The density of hazards in the footwall of seismogenic faults decreased within 10 km and increased from 10 km to 14 km and decreased again from 14 km to 16 km,which was affected by secondary seismogenic faults.2)Hard rocks were well developed with the highest density of earthquake-induced mountain hazards,and the density increased with the slope of mountain.3)The release of seismic energy was restricted by landform and river.The high density of earthquake-induced mountain hazards was in the high altitude,steep slope,intense incision and high drainage density.4)The earthquake-induced mountain hazards occurred in higher probability if the ruptured direction of faults was consistent with the gradient direction of topography and the aspect of slope,which was convenient for seismic energy transmitting.
引文
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[11]Yu Yanxiang,Gao Mengtan.Effects of the hangingwall andfootwall on peak acceleration during the Chi-Chi earth-quake,Taiwan[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(6):615-621.[俞言祥,高孟潭.台湾集集地震近场地震动的上盘效应[J].地震学报,2001,23(6):615-621.]
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[14]Li Haibing,Wang Zongxiu,Fu Xiaofang.The surface rup-ture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake(Ms8.0)happened on May 12th,2008[J].Geology in China,2008,35(5):803-813.[李海兵,王宗秀,付小方.2008年5月12日汶川地震(Ms8.0)地表破裂带的分布特征[J].中国地质,2008,35(5):803-813.]
[15]Yan Tongzhen.Foundation of prognosis for landslides anddetermination of characteristics of main sliding rock groupsin China[J].Earth Science,1985,10(1):9-19.[晏同珍.滑坡预测预报的基础及我国主要滑坡岩组特征的确定[J].地球科学,1985,10(1):9-19.]
[16]Wang Yunsheng,Luo Yonghong,Ji Fen.Analysis of thecontrolling factors on geohazards in mountainous epiceenterzones of the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineer-ing Geology,2008,16(6):759-763.[王运生,罗永红,吉峰.汶川大地震山地灾害发育的控制因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):759-763.]
[2]Keefer D V.Statistical analysis of an earthquake-inducedlandslide distribution-the 1989 Loma Prieta,California event[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3/4):231-249.
[3]Romeor.Seismically induced landslide displacements:apredictive model[J].Engineering Geology,2000,58(3-4):337-351.
[4]Papadopoulos G A,Plessa A.Magnitude-distance relationsfor earthquake-induced landslide in Greece[J].EngineeringGeology,2000,58(3-4):377-386.
[5]Kong Jiming.The non-computation method to differentiatethe stability of slope[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2001,19(5):446-451.[孔纪名.滑坡稳定性判别的非计算方法[J].山地学报,2001,19(5):446-451.]
[6]Huang Jianliang,Wang Weizhong,Xue Hongjiao.Dynamicanalysis of seismic stability of slopes[J].Earthquake Engi-neering and Engineering Vibration,1997,17(4):113-122.[黄建梁,王威中,薛宏交.坡体地震稳定性的动态分析[J].地震工程与工程震动,1997,17(4):113-122.]
[7]Xin Hongbo,Wang Yuqing.Earthquake-induced landslideand avalanche[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engi-neering,1999,21(5):591-594.[辛鸿博,王余庆.岩土边坡地震崩滑及其初判准则[J].岩土工程学报,1999,21(5):591-594.]
[8]Zhou Bengang,Zhang Yuming.Some characteristics ofearthquake-induced landslide in southwestern China[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1994,16(1):95-103.
[9]Chen Yuntai.On the magnitude and the fault length of thegreat Wenchuan earthquake[J].Science and TechnologyReview,2008,26(10):26-27.[陈运泰.汶川特大地震的震级和断层长度[J].科技导报,2008,26(10):26-27.]
[10]Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Dong Shunli.Surface rupture,thrusting and strike-slippling in the Wenchuan earthquake ofSichuan,China[J].Journal of Chengdu university of tech-nology:Science and Technology Edition,2008,35(4):404-412.[李勇,周荣军,董顺利.汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用[J].成都理工大学学报:自然科学版,2008,35(4):404-412.]
[11]Yu Yanxiang,Gao Mengtan.Effects of the hangingwall andfootwall on peak acceleration during the Chi-Chi earth-quake,Taiwan[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2001,23(6):615-621.[俞言祥,高孟潭.台湾集集地震近场地震动的上盘效应[J].地震学报,2001,23(6):615-621.]
[12]Boore D M,Joyner W B,Fumal T E.Equations for esti-mating horizontal response spectra and peak accelerationfrom western North American earthquakes:a summary of re-cent work[J].Seismological Research Letters,1997,68(1):128-153.
[13]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development anddistribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earth-quake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Me-chanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.[黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.]
[14]Li Haibing,Wang Zongxiu,Fu Xiaofang.The surface rup-ture zone distribution of the Wenchuan earthquake(Ms8.0)happened on May 12th,2008[J].Geology in China,2008,35(5):803-813.[李海兵,王宗秀,付小方.2008年5月12日汶川地震(Ms8.0)地表破裂带的分布特征[J].中国地质,2008,35(5):803-813.]
[15]Yan Tongzhen.Foundation of prognosis for landslides anddetermination of characteristics of main sliding rock groupsin China[J].Earth Science,1985,10(1):9-19.[晏同珍.滑坡预测预报的基础及我国主要滑坡岩组特征的确定[J].地球科学,1985,10(1):9-19.]
[16]Wang Yunsheng,Luo Yonghong,Ji Fen.Analysis of thecontrolling factors on geohazards in mountainous epiceenterzones of the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineer-ing Geology,2008,16(6):759-763.[王运生,罗永红,吉峰.汶川大地震山地灾害发育的控制因素分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):759-763.]
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