地震电磁卫星的发展与思考
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摘要
大量的震例表明,地震与电离层之间存在一定的耦合关系,这为地震电磁卫星的发展提供了理论依据.文章分析了各国地震电磁卫星的发展动态和发展趋势,对日前地震电磁卫星研究工作提出了建议,建立多种类型、多种手段、多颗卫星组成的综合卫星星座观测是实现地震预报的必要手段.
A lot of examples indicate that there is interrelation between earthquake and ionosphere, which is the theoretic element for development of earthquake electromagmetic satellite.In this paper, development and trend of earthquake electromagmetic satellite of some countries are analyzed and some proposals for research on it at present are put forward.As conclusion,it may be necessity to build an integrative constellation composed of electromagmetic,InSar,gravity,IR and other satellite to realize earthquake prediction.
A lot of examples indicate that there is interrelation between earthquake and ionosphere, which is the theoretic element for development of earthquake electromagmetic satellite.In this paper, development and trend of earthquake electromagmetic satellite of some countries are analyzed and some proposals for research on it at present are put forward.As conclusion,it may be necessity to build an integrative constellation composed of electromagmetic,InSar,gravity,IR and other satellite to realize earthquake prediction.
引文
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[3]Chen J L,Wilson C R,Tapley B D et al.GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Geophys.Res.Left., 2007,34,L13302,doi:10.1029/2007GL030356
[4]ΓорныйВи.Earth thermo-infrared radiation indica- tor of seismicity.Interpret.Seism.Geology,1988,12 (2):38-39.in Chinese (ΓорныйВи.地球热红外辐射-地震活动性的标志．地震地质译丛，1990，12(2)：38—39)
[5]Qiang Zuji,Xu Xiudeng,Lin Changgong.Satellite in- frared thermo-anomaly Earthquake Imminent Precursor. Chin.Sci.Bull.,1990,35(17):1324-1327.in Chinese (强祖基，徐秀登，赁常恭．卫星热红外异常-临震前兆．科学通报，1990，35(17)：1324-1327)
[6]Qiang Zuji,Lin Changgong.Satellite infrared brightness temperature anomaly-impending earthquake precursor. Chin.Sci.Bull.(D):Earth Sci.,1998,28(6):564-573. in Chinese(强祖基，赁常恭．卫星热红外图像亮温异常-临震前兆．中国科学(D辑)，1998，28(6)：564-573)
[7]Tronin A,Andrew A.Satellite Thermal Survey Applica- tion for Earthquake Prediction,Atmospheric and Iono- spheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquake.Tokyo:Terra Scientific Publishing Com- pany (TERRAPUB),1999.717-746
[8]Deng Zhihui,Wang Yu,Xu Haoming et al.On the anomaly of satellite infrared temperature before strong earthquake in Yunnan,China.EOS Ame.Geophys. Union,2000,81(22):139-142
[9]Yin Jingyuan,Fang Zongfei,Qian Jiadong et al.Re- search on the application of infrared remote sensing in earth-quake prediction and its physical mechanism. Earthq.Res.China,2000,16(2):140-148.in Chinese (尹京苑，房宗绯，钱家栋等．红外遥感用于地震预测及其物理机理研究．中围地震，2000，16(2)：140—148)
[10]Liu Defu.Abnormal detection on satellite remote sens- ing OLR before ChiChi earthquakes.Geo-Inf.Sci., 2000,2(1):33-36.in Chinese(刘德富．台湾集集强震前的卫星遥感长波辐射场变异分析．地球信息科学，2000，2(1)：33—36)
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[13]Deng Zhihui,Wang Yu,Chen Meihua et al.Satellite in- frared anomaly of several strong earthquakes in China mainland.Seismol.Geology,2003,25(2):327-337.in Chinese(邓志辉，王煜，陈梅花等．中国大陆几次强地震活动的卫星红外异常分析．地震地质，2003，25(2)：327-337)
[14]Guo Xiao,Zhang Yuansheng,Zhong Meijiao.Study on thermal infrared data of satellite remote sensing applied to earthquake prediction.Northw.Seismol.J.,2004, 26(4)：357-361．in Chinese(郭晓，张元生，钟美娇．星热红外遥感在地震预报中的应用与研究进展．西北地震学报，2004，26(4)：357—361)
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[18]Galper A M,Koldashov S V,Voronov S A.High energy particle flux variations as earthquake predictors.Adv. Space Res.,1995,15:131-134
[19]Hegai V V,Kim V P,Nikiforova L I.A possible gener- ation mechanism of acoustic-gravity waves in the iono- sphere before strong earthquakes.J.Earthq.Predict. Res.,1997,6:584-589
[20]Hegai V V,Kin V P,Liu J Y.The ionospheric effect of ztmospheric gravity wave escited prioe to strong earth- quake.Adv.Space Res.,2006,37:653-659
[21]Molchanov O A,Hayakawa M et al.Possible influ- ence of seismicity by gravity wave on ionospheric equa- torial anomaly from data of IK-24 satellite.Search for idea of seimo-ionosphere coupling.In:Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A ed.Seismo-Electromagnetics:Li- thosphere-Atmospere-Ionosphere Coupling.Terrapub, Tokyo,2002.275-285
[22]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Theoreti- cal model of DC electric field formation in the ionosphere stimulated by seismic activity.J.Atmos.Solar-Terr. Phys.,2005,67:1259-1268
[23]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K,Possible D C.Electric field in the ionosphere related to seismicity. Adv.Space Res.,2006,37:666-670
[24]Datehenko E A,Uiomov V I,Chernyshova C P.Electron density anomalies as the possible precursor of Tashkent earthquake.Dokl.Uzbek.Acad.Sci.,1972,12:30-32
[25]Calais and Minster.GPS detection of ionospheric TEC perturbations following the January 17,1994,northirdge earthquake.Geophys.Res.Left.,1995,22:1045-1048
[26]Zaslavski Y Met al.Analysis of TEC measurements above active seismic regions.Phys.Earth.Planet.Int., 1998,105:219-228
[27]Pulinets S A,Legenka A D.Spatial-temporal character- istics of the large scale disturbances of electron concen- tration observed in the F-region of the ionosphere before strong earthquakes.Costa.Res.,2003,41:221-229
[28]Liu J Y,Chao Y J,Shan S Jet al.Pre-earthquake iono- spheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements.Ann.Geophys.,2004,22:1585-1593
[29]Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Shan S Jet al.Seismo-ionospheric anomalies monitored by GPS TEC.Ann.Geophys., 2004,22:1585-1593
[30]Wu Yun,Qiao Xuejun,Zhou Yiyan.Preseismic iono- pheric TEC anomaly detected by groud-based GPS.J. Geod.Geodyn.,2005,25(2):36-40.in Chinese(吴云，乔学军，周义炎．利用地震GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常．大地测量与地球动力学，2005，25(2)：36-40)
[31]Pulinets S A,Contreras A L,Bisiacchi-Giraldi Get al. Total electron content variations in the ionosphere be- fore the Colima,Mexico,earthquake of 21 January 2003. Geophys.Int.,2005,44(4):369-377
[32]Liu J Y,Tsai Y B,Ma K F et al.Ionospheric GPS total electron content (TEC) disturbances triggered by the 26 December 2004 Indian Oean tsunami.J.Geophys Res., 2006,111,A05303,doi:10.1029/2005JA011200
[33]Larkinal V I,Naiivayko A V,Gershenzon N I et al.Ob- servations of VLF emission related with seismic activity on the Interkosmos-19 satellite.Geomagn.Aeron.,1983, 23:684-687
[34]Fraser-Smith A C,Bernardi A,McGill P R et al.Low frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicen- ter of the Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake.Geophys Res. Lett.,1990,17:1465-1468
[35]Parrot M,Achache J,Berthelier J Jet al.High frequency seismo-electromagnetic effects.Phys.Earth Planet Int., 1993,77:65-83
[36]Parrot M.Use of satellites to detect seismo-electro- magnetic effects.Adv.Space Res.,1995,15(11):27-35
[37]koshevaya S V,Perez-Enriqucz R,Kotsarenko N Y.The detection of electromagnetic processes in the ionosphere caused by the seismic activity.Geofis.Int.,1997,36:1-9
[38]Chmyrev V Met al.Small-scale plasma inhomogeneities and correlated ELF emissions in the ionosphere over an earthquake region.J.Atmos.Solar-Terr.Phys.,1997, 59:967-974
[39]Molchanov O,Hayakawa M.Subionospheric VLF signal perturbations possibly related to earthquakes.J.Geo- phys.Res.,1998,103(17):17 489-17 504
[40]Vershinin E F et al.Correlations of seismic activity with electromagnetic emissions and variations in Kam- chatka region. In:Hayakawa M ed.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes,TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1999.513-517
[41]Nagao T,Enomoto Y,Fujinawa Yet al.Electromag- netic anomalies associated with 1995 KOBE earthquake. J.Geodyn.,2002,33:401-411
[42]Ding Jianhai,Shuo Yucheng,Yu Surong et al.Compari- son study on short-term anomalies of ionosphere and ge- omagnetic field before Kunlunshan MS 8.1 earthquake. Earthquake,2004,24(1):104-112.in chinese(丁鉴海，索玉成，余素荣等．昆仑山口西8．1级地震前电离层与磁场短期异常对比研究．地震，2004，24(1)：104—112)
[43]Parrot M.The Micro-satellite Demeter:Data registra- tion and Data Processing.In:Seismo Electromagnetics Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.Tokya: Terra Science,Publishing Company,2002.391-395
[44]Yu Surong,Ding Jianhai,Suo Yucheng.Research on anomaly characteristics of geomagnetic field and iono- sphere before Mani MsT.5 earthquake.Earthquake,2004, 24(Supp.):77-83.in Chinese(余素荣，丁鉴海，索玉成．玛尼7．5级地震前磁场与电离层异常特征研究．地震，2004，24(增刊)：77—83)
[45]Leonard R S,Barnes R A.Observation of ionospheric dis* turbances following the Alaska.earthquake.J.Geophys. Res.,1965,70:1250-1253
[46]Gaivoronskaya T V.The seismic activity effects on the ionosphere.Rev.Prep.Izm.Mos.,1991,25(36): 983-991
[47]Kim V P,Hegai V V.On possible changes in the mid- latitude upper ionosphere before strong earthquakes.J. Earthq.Predict.Res.,1997,6:275-280
[48]Davies J B,Archambeau C B.Modeling of atmo- spheric and ionospheric disturbances from shallow seis- mic sources.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1998, 105:183-199
[49]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S Aet al.Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M >6.0 Taiwan earthquakes.Geo- phys.Res.Lett.,2000,27:3113-3116
[50]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Hayakawa M.The forma- tion of ionosphere magnetosphere ducts over the seismic zone.Planet Space Sci.,2000,48:175-180
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[2]Liu Jiahang,Wang Changlin,Ma Jin et al.Extract- ing co-seismic deformation of the 1997 Mani earthquake with differential InSAR.Acta Seismolog.Sinica,2002, 24(4):413-420.in Chinese(柳稼航，王长林，马瑾等．利用差分干涉雷达测量技术(D-InSAR)提取同震形变场．地震学报，2002，24(4)：413-420)
[3]Chen J L,Wilson C R,Tapley B D et al.GRACE detects coseismic and postseismic deformation from the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Geophys.Res.Left., 2007,34,L13302,doi:10.1029/2007GL030356
[4]ΓорныйВи.Earth thermo-infrared radiation indica- tor of seismicity.Interpret.Seism.Geology,1988,12 (2):38-39.in Chinese (ΓорныйВи.地球热红外辐射-地震活动性的标志．地震地质译丛，1990，12(2)：38—39)
[5]Qiang Zuji,Xu Xiudeng,Lin Changgong.Satellite in- frared thermo-anomaly Earthquake Imminent Precursor. Chin.Sci.Bull.,1990,35(17):1324-1327.in Chinese (强祖基，徐秀登，赁常恭．卫星热红外异常-临震前兆．科学通报，1990，35(17)：1324-1327)
[6]Qiang Zuji,Lin Changgong.Satellite infrared brightness temperature anomaly-impending earthquake precursor. Chin.Sci.Bull.(D):Earth Sci.,1998,28(6):564-573. in Chinese(强祖基，赁常恭．卫星热红外图像亮温异常-临震前兆．中国科学(D辑)，1998，28(6)：564-573)
[7]Tronin A,Andrew A.Satellite Thermal Survey Applica- tion for Earthquake Prediction,Atmospheric and Iono- spheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquake.Tokyo:Terra Scientific Publishing Com- pany (TERRAPUB),1999.717-746
[8]Deng Zhihui,Wang Yu,Xu Haoming et al.On the anomaly of satellite infrared temperature before strong earthquake in Yunnan,China.EOS Ame.Geophys. Union,2000,81(22):139-142
[9]Yin Jingyuan,Fang Zongfei,Qian Jiadong et al.Re- search on the application of infrared remote sensing in earth-quake prediction and its physical mechanism. Earthq.Res.China,2000,16(2):140-148.in Chinese (尹京苑，房宗绯，钱家栋等．红外遥感用于地震预测及其物理机理研究．中围地震，2000，16(2)：140—148)
[10]Liu Defu.Abnormal detection on satellite remote sens- ing OLR before ChiChi earthquakes.Geo-Inf.Sci., 2000,2(1):33-36.in Chinese(刘德富．台湾集集强震前的卫星遥感长波辐射场变异分析．地球信息科学，2000，2(1)：33—36)
[11]Andrew A T,Masashi H,Oleg A M.Thermal IR satel- lite data application for earthquake research in Japan and China.2002.J.Geodyn.,33:519-534
[12]Pulinets S A et al.Ionospheric and thermal precursors of Colima earthquake of 22 January 2003.Ann.Meet. Mex.Geophys.Union,GEOS 23,170
[13]Deng Zhihui,Wang Yu,Chen Meihua et al.Satellite in- frared anomaly of several strong earthquakes in China mainland.Seismol.Geology,2003,25(2):327-337.in Chinese(邓志辉，王煜，陈梅花等．中国大陆几次强地震活动的卫星红外异常分析．地震地质，2003，25(2)：327-337)
[14]Guo Xiao,Zhang Yuansheng,Zhong Meijiao.Study on thermal infrared data of satellite remote sensing applied to earthquake prediction.Northw.Seismol.J.,2004, 26(4)：357-361．in Chinese(郭晓，张元生，钟美娇．星热红外遥感在地震预报中的应用与研究进展．西北地震学报，2004，26(4)：357—361)
[15]Sharma D K,Rai J,Chand R et al.Effect of seismic ac- tivities on ion temperature in the F2 region of the iono- sphere.Atmosfera,2006,19(1):1-7
[16]Molchanov O A.Wave and Plasma Phenomena In- side the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere Associated with Earthquakes.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1993. 591-600
[17]Boskova J,Smilauer J,Triska P et al.Anomalous be- haviour of plasma parameters as observed by the in- tercosmos 24 satellite prior to the iranian earthquake of 20 June,1990.Studia Geophys.Geodaet.,1994, 38(2):213-220
[18]Galper A M,Koldashov S V,Voronov S A.High energy particle flux variations as earthquake predictors.Adv. Space Res.,1995,15:131-134
[19]Hegai V V,Kim V P,Nikiforova L I.A possible gener- ation mechanism of acoustic-gravity waves in the iono- sphere before strong earthquakes.J.Earthq.Predict. Res.,1997,6:584-589
[20]Hegai V V,Kin V P,Liu J Y.The ionospheric effect of ztmospheric gravity wave escited prioe to strong earth- quake.Adv.Space Res.,2006,37:653-659
[21]Molchanov O A,Hayakawa M et al.Possible influ- ence of seismicity by gravity wave on ionospheric equa- torial anomaly from data of IK-24 satellite.Search for idea of seimo-ionosphere coupling.In:Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A ed.Seismo-Electromagnetics:Li- thosphere-Atmospere-Ionosphere Coupling.Terrapub, Tokyo,2002.275-285
[22]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K.Theoreti- cal model of DC electric field formation in the ionosphere stimulated by seismic activity.J.Atmos.Solar-Terr. Phys.,2005,67:1259-1268
[23]Sorokin V M,Chmyrev V M,Yaschenko A K,Possible D C.Electric field in the ionosphere related to seismicity. Adv.Space Res.,2006,37:666-670
[24]Datehenko E A,Uiomov V I,Chernyshova C P.Electron density anomalies as the possible precursor of Tashkent earthquake.Dokl.Uzbek.Acad.Sci.,1972,12:30-32
[25]Calais and Minster.GPS detection of ionospheric TEC perturbations following the January 17,1994,northirdge earthquake.Geophys.Res.Left.,1995,22:1045-1048
[26]Zaslavski Y Met al.Analysis of TEC measurements above active seismic regions.Phys.Earth.Planet.Int., 1998,105:219-228
[27]Pulinets S A,Legenka A D.Spatial-temporal character- istics of the large scale disturbances of electron concen- tration observed in the F-region of the ionosphere before strong earthquakes.Costa.Res.,2003,41:221-229
[28]Liu J Y,Chao Y J,Shan S Jet al.Pre-earthquake iono- spheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements.Ann.Geophys.,2004,22:1585-1593
[29]Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Shan S Jet al.Seismo-ionospheric anomalies monitored by GPS TEC.Ann.Geophys., 2004,22:1585-1593
[30]Wu Yun,Qiao Xuejun,Zhou Yiyan.Preseismic iono- pheric TEC anomaly detected by groud-based GPS.J. Geod.Geodyn.,2005,25(2):36-40.in Chinese(吴云，乔学军，周义炎．利用地震GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常．大地测量与地球动力学，2005，25(2)：36-40)
[31]Pulinets S A,Contreras A L,Bisiacchi-Giraldi Get al. Total electron content variations in the ionosphere be- fore the Colima,Mexico,earthquake of 21 January 2003. Geophys.Int.,2005,44(4):369-377
[32]Liu J Y,Tsai Y B,Ma K F et al.Ionospheric GPS total electron content (TEC) disturbances triggered by the 26 December 2004 Indian Oean tsunami.J.Geophys Res., 2006,111,A05303,doi:10.1029/2005JA011200
[33]Larkinal V I,Naiivayko A V,Gershenzon N I et al.Ob- servations of VLF emission related with seismic activity on the Interkosmos-19 satellite.Geomagn.Aeron.,1983, 23:684-687
[34]Fraser-Smith A C,Bernardi A,McGill P R et al.Low frequency magnetic field measurements near the epicen- ter of the Ms 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake.Geophys Res. Lett.,1990,17:1465-1468
[35]Parrot M,Achache J,Berthelier J Jet al.High frequency seismo-electromagnetic effects.Phys.Earth Planet Int., 1993,77:65-83
[36]Parrot M.Use of satellites to detect seismo-electro- magnetic effects.Adv.Space Res.,1995,15(11):27-35
[37]koshevaya S V,Perez-Enriqucz R,Kotsarenko N Y.The detection of electromagnetic processes in the ionosphere caused by the seismic activity.Geofis.Int.,1997,36:1-9
[38]Chmyrev V Met al.Small-scale plasma inhomogeneities and correlated ELF emissions in the ionosphere over an earthquake region.J.Atmos.Solar-Terr.Phys.,1997, 59:967-974
[39]Molchanov O,Hayakawa M.Subionospheric VLF signal perturbations possibly related to earthquakes.J.Geo- phys.Res.,1998,103(17):17 489-17 504
[40]Vershinin E F et al.Correlations of seismic activity with electromagnetic emissions and variations in Kam- chatka region. In:Hayakawa M ed.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes,TERRAPUB,Tokyo,1999.513-517
[41]Nagao T,Enomoto Y,Fujinawa Yet al.Electromag- netic anomalies associated with 1995 KOBE earthquake. J.Geodyn.,2002,33:401-411
[42]Ding Jianhai,Shuo Yucheng,Yu Surong et al.Compari- son study on short-term anomalies of ionosphere and ge- omagnetic field before Kunlunshan MS 8.1 earthquake. Earthquake,2004,24(1):104-112.in chinese(丁鉴海，索玉成，余素荣等．昆仑山口西8．1级地震前电离层与磁场短期异常对比研究．地震，2004，24(1)：104—112)
[43]Parrot M.The Micro-satellite Demeter:Data registra- tion and Data Processing.In:Seismo Electromagnetics Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling.Tokya: Terra Science,Publishing Company,2002.391-395
[44]Yu Surong,Ding Jianhai,Suo Yucheng.Research on anomaly characteristics of geomagnetic field and iono- sphere before Mani MsT.5 earthquake.Earthquake,2004, 24(Supp.):77-83.in Chinese(余素荣，丁鉴海，索玉成．玛尼7．5级地震前磁场与电离层异常特征研究．地震，2004，24(增刊)：77—83)
[45]Leonard R S,Barnes R A.Observation of ionospheric dis* turbances following the Alaska.earthquake.J.Geophys. Res.,1965,70:1250-1253
[46]Gaivoronskaya T V.The seismic activity effects on the ionosphere.Rev.Prep.Izm.Mos.,1991,25(36): 983-991
[47]Kim V P,Hegai V V.On possible changes in the mid- latitude upper ionosphere before strong earthquakes.J. Earthq.Predict.Res.,1997,6:275-280
[48]Davies J B,Archambeau C B.Modeling of atmo- spheric and ionospheric disturbances from shallow seis- mic sources.Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1998, 105:183-199
[49]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S Aet al.Seismo-ionospheric signatures prior to M >6.0 Taiwan earthquakes.Geo- phys.Res.Lett.,2000,27:3113-3116
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