地震期间电离层扰动现象研究
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摘要
介绍了大量的关于地震电离层扰动现象研究的最新进展,研究表明地震发生前的几天或者几个小时电离层扰动被观测到,电离层前兆是确实存在.但要将震前的电离层扰动作为地震短临预报的工具,还有许多值得我们去深入研究和解决的问题.应用空间技术开展大区域范围内电离层参数的实时观测,如用地震电磁卫星、GPS台网、并和地面电离层垂测仪观测相结合,建立“电离层地震前兆监测系统”,无疑会加速这项研究的进程.
This paper accumulates the recent advances in ionospheric disturbances of earthquake.The results brought out clearly that ionospheric disturbances appearing few days or hours prior to earthquakes can be observed.This means that ionospheric precursors do exist associated with earthquakes.However,if we take ionospheric variations as a tool for short-term predictions before earthquakes,we still have a long way to go.We should adopt space technologies in monitoring the spatial variations of plasma parameters and built the monitoring system of ionospheric precursors of earthquakes which consists of seismo-electromagnetic satellite,GPS network and ground-based ionosondes.These measures undoubtedly speed up the research of seismo-ionospheric precursors.
This paper accumulates the recent advances in ionospheric disturbances of earthquake.The results brought out clearly that ionospheric disturbances appearing few days or hours prior to earthquakes can be observed.This means that ionospheric precursors do exist associated with earthquakes.However,if we take ionospheric variations as a tool for short-term predictions before earthquakes,we still have a long way to go.We should adopt space technologies in monitoring the spatial variations of plasma parameters and built the monitoring system of ionospheric precursors of earthquakes which consists of seismo-electromagnetic satellite,GPS network and ground-based ionosondes.These measures undoubtedly speed up the research of seismo-ionospheric precursors.
引文
[1]刘光鼎.回顾与展望——21世纪的固体地球物理[J].地球物理学进展,2002,17(2):191~197.Liu G D.Review and prospect—21st century solid geophys-ics[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2002,17(2):191~197.
[2]陈顒,李娟.2001年地球物理学的一些进展[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(1):1~4.Chen Y,Li J.Advances of geophysics in 2001[J].Progressin Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(1):1~4.
[3]滕吉文.21世纪地球物理学的机遇和挑战[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):208~215.Teng J W.Opportunity challenge and developing frontiers:geophysics in 21st century[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chi-nese),2004,19(2):208~215.
[4]滕吉文.当代中国地球物理学向何处去[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):327~339.Teng J W.Where is the contemporary geophysics of Chinagoing[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2):327~339.
[5]Barnes R A,Leonard R S.Observations of ionospheric dis-turbances following the Alaska earthquake[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1965,70:1250~1253.
[6]Furumoto A S,Pr lss G W,Weaver P F,et al.Acoustic cou-pling into the ionosphere from seismic waves of the earthquakeat Kurile Islands on Augest 11,1969[J].Nature,1971,226:1239~1241.
[7]Datchenko E A,Ulomov V I,Chernyshova C P.Electron den-sity anomalies as the possible precursor of Tashkent earth-quake[J].Dokl.Uzbek.Acad.Sci.,1972,No.12:30~32.
[8]Gokhberg M B,Pilipenko V A,Pokhotelov O A.On the seis-mic precursors within the ionosphere[J].Izvestiya Acad.Sci.USSR,Series Physics of the Earth,1983,No.10:17~21.
[9]Fatkullin M N,Zelenova N I,Legenka A D.On the iono-spheric effects of earthquakes[J].Phys.Earth.Planet.Inter,1989,57:82~85.
[10]Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Karpachev A T,et al.Theearthquakes prediction possibility on the base of topsidesounding data[J].IZMIRAN preprint N 34a(981),1991,25.
[11]Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Zelenova T I.Dependence ofthe seismo-ionospheric variations in the F-layer maximum onthe local time[J].Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,1998,38(3):188~193.
[12]Pulinets S A,Strong earthquakes prediction possibility withthe help of topside sounding from satellites[J].Advances inSpace Research,1998,21(3):455~458.
[13]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,et al.Seismo-ionosphericsignatures prior to M?6:0 Taiwan earthquakes[J].Geo-physical Research Letters,2000,27(19):3113~3116.
[14]Silina A S,Liperovskaya E V,Liperovsky V A,et al.Iono-spheric phenomena before strong earthquakes[J].NaturalHazards and Earth System Sciences,2001,1:113~118.
[15]Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,Kamogawa M,et al.The anomalies inthe f0Es prior to M?6.0 Taiwan earthquakes[A].SeismoElectromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere cou-pling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp309~312.
[16]蔡军涛,陈小斌,赵国泽,等.地震前兆:电离层F2层异常.(待刊).CAI Jun-tao,CHEN Xiao-bin,ZHAO Guo-ze,etc.Earth-quake precursor:the anomalies in the ionosphericF2region.In press.
[17]黄捷.电波大气折射误差修正[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1999.Huang J.Correction for atmospheric refractive error of radiowave[M].Beijing:National Defence Industry Press,1999.
[18]Calais E,M.GPS detection of ionospheric TEC perturbationsfollowing the January 17,1994,Northirdge Earthquake[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22,1045~1048.
[19]Liu J Y,Tsai H F,Jung T K.Total electron content ob-tained by using the global positioning system[J].Terr.At-mos.Oceanic Sci.,1996,7:107~117.
[20]Zaslavski Y,Parrot M,Blanc E.Analysis of TEC Measure-ments Above Active Seismic Regions[J].Phys.Earth Plan-et.Int.,1998,105:219~228.
[21]Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Chen Y I.Ionospheric GPS TEC pertur-bations prior to the 20 September 1999,Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,7,1383~1386.
[22]卓裕荣.电离层地震前兆之研究[D].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所,2002.Chuo Y J.A study of seismo-ionospheric precursor[D].Tai-wan:NCU Institute of Space Science,2002.
[23]Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Shan S J,et al.Pre-earthquake iono-spheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC meas-urement[J].Annales Geophysicae,2004:1585~1593.
[24]林玉翔.利用全球定位系统观测电离层地震前兆[D].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所,2004.Lin Y H.Monitoring seismo-ionospheric preuror using theGlobal Positioning[D].Taiwan:NCU Institute of Space Sci-ence,2004.
[25]Trigunait A,Parrot M,Pulinets S A,et al.Variations ofthe ionospheric electron density during the Bhuj seismic event[J].Annales Geophysicae,2004,22:4123~4131.
[26]Pulinets S A,Leyva Contreras,Bisiacchi-Giraldi,et al.To-tal electron content variations in the ionosphere before theolima,Mexico,earthquake of 21 January 2003[J].GeofísicaInternacional,2005,44(4):369~377.
[27]吴云,乔学军,周义炎.利用地基GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):36~40.Wu Y,Qiao X J,Zhou Y Y.Preseismic ionospheric TEC a-nomaly detected by ground-based GPS[J].Journal of Geode-sy and Geodynamics,2005,25(2):36~40.
[28]Hajj George A,Larry J Romans.Ionospheric eleetron densityprofiles obtained with the Global Positioning Sestem:Resultsfrom the GPS/MET experiment[J].Radio Science,1998,33(1):175~190.
[29]周义炎,吴云,乔学军,等.GPS掩星技术和电离层反演[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):29~35.Zhou Y Y,Wu Y,Qiao X J,et al.GPS occultation tech-nique and ionospheric inversion[J].Journal of Geodesy andGeodynamics,2005,25(2):29~35.
[30]熊皓.电磁波传播与空间环境[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.Xiong H.Electromagnetic wave dissemination and spatial en-vironment[M].Beijing:Electronics Industry PublishingHouse,2004.
[31]Davies K.Ionospheric Radio[M].Pter Peregrinus Ltd,1990.
[32]Parrot M J,Achache J,Berthelier E,et al.High-frequencyseismo-electromagnetic effects[J].Phys.Earth Planet.In-ter,1993,77:65~83.
[33]Pulinets S A,Legen’ka A D,Alekseev V A.On the possiblemechanism of the seismo-ionospheric coupling,in Dusty andDirty Plasmas,Noise and Chaos in Space and in the Labora-tory[M].Plenum Press Publishing,New York,1994,545~557.
[34]Ondoh T.Ionospheric disturbances associated with greatearthquake of Hokkaido southwest coast,Japan of July 12,1993[J].Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1998,105:261~269.
[35]Ondoh T,Hayakawa M.Anomalous occurrence of sporadicE-layers before the Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake,M 7.2 ofJanuary 17,1995[A].Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electro-magnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes[C].Ter-ra Scientific Publishing company,Tokyo,1999,pp629~639.
[36]Ondoh T,Hayakawa M.Seismo discharge model of anoma-lous sporadic E ionization before great earthquakes[A].Seis-mo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionospherecoupling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp385~390.
[37]Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,Kamogawa M,et al.The anomalies inthe f0Es prior to M≥6.0 Taiwan earthquakes[A].SeismoElectromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere cou-pling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp309~312.
[38]Bowman G G.Some aspects of mid-latitude spread Es and itsrelationship with spread F[J].Planet.Space Sci.,1985,33(9):1081~1089.
[39]Whitehead J D.Recent work on mid-latitude and equatorialsporadic-E[J].J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,1989,51(5):401~424.
[40]Barnes R I.An investigation into the horizontal structure ofspread-Es[J].J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,1992,54(4):391~399.
[41]Mathews J D.Sporadic E:current views and recent progress[J].J.Atmos.and Solar-Terr.Phys.,1998,60(4):413~435.
[42]Alimov O A,Gokhberg M B,Liperovskaya E V,et al.A-nomalous characteristicsof the middle latitude Es-layer be-fore earthquakes[J].Phys.Earth and Planet.Inter,1989,57:76~81.
[43]Liperovsky V A,Pokhotelov O A,Liperovskaya E V,et al.Modification of sporadic E-layers caused by seismic activity[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2000,21:449~486.
[44]Silina A S,Liperovskaya E V,Liperovsky V A,et al.Iono-spheric phenomena before strong earthquakes[J].Nat.Haz.Earth Sys.Sc.,2001,1:1~6.
[45]Liperovsky V A,Meister C V,Liperovskaya E V,et al.Onspread-Es effects in the ionosphere before earthquakes[J].Nat.Haz.Earth Sys.Sc.,2005,5:59~62.
[46]Pulinets S A,Legen’ka A D,Gaivoronskaya TV,et al.Mainphenomenological features of ionospheric precursors of strongearthquakes[J].J.Atm.Solar Terr.Phys.,2003,65:1337~1347.
[47]Hegai V V,Kim V P,Nikiforova L I.A possible mechanismof acoustic-gravity waves in the ionosphere[J].Journal ofEarthquake Predictions Research,1997,6:584~589.
[48]BoSskovTa J,Smilauer J,JiSrTUScek F,et al.Is the ioncomposition of outer ionosphere related to seismic activity[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,1993,55(13):1689~1695.
[49]Smith P A,Kaiser B A.Estimates of ionospheric compositionand temperature derived from topside sounder electron scaleheight data[J].Journal of Atmospheric and TerrestrialPhysics,1967,29(11):1345~1353.
[2]陈顒,李娟.2001年地球物理学的一些进展[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(1):1~4.Chen Y,Li J.Advances of geophysics in 2001[J].Progressin Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(1):1~4.
[3]滕吉文.21世纪地球物理学的机遇和挑战[J].地球物理学进展,2004,19(2):208~215.Teng J W.Opportunity challenge and developing frontiers:geophysics in 21st century[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chi-nese),2004,19(2):208~215.
[4]滕吉文.当代中国地球物理学向何处去[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2):327~339.Teng J W.Where is the contemporary geophysics of Chinagoing[J].Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2006,21(2):327~339.
[5]Barnes R A,Leonard R S.Observations of ionospheric dis-turbances following the Alaska earthquake[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1965,70:1250~1253.
[6]Furumoto A S,Pr lss G W,Weaver P F,et al.Acoustic cou-pling into the ionosphere from seismic waves of the earthquakeat Kurile Islands on Augest 11,1969[J].Nature,1971,226:1239~1241.
[7]Datchenko E A,Ulomov V I,Chernyshova C P.Electron den-sity anomalies as the possible precursor of Tashkent earth-quake[J].Dokl.Uzbek.Acad.Sci.,1972,No.12:30~32.
[8]Gokhberg M B,Pilipenko V A,Pokhotelov O A.On the seis-mic precursors within the ionosphere[J].Izvestiya Acad.Sci.USSR,Series Physics of the Earth,1983,No.10:17~21.
[9]Fatkullin M N,Zelenova N I,Legenka A D.On the iono-spheric effects of earthquakes[J].Phys.Earth.Planet.Inter,1989,57:82~85.
[10]Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Karpachev A T,et al.Theearthquakes prediction possibility on the base of topsidesounding data[J].IZMIRAN preprint N 34a(981),1991,25.
[11]Pulinets S A,Legen'ka A D,Zelenova T I.Dependence ofthe seismo-ionospheric variations in the F-layer maximum onthe local time[J].Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,1998,38(3):188~193.
[12]Pulinets S A,Strong earthquakes prediction possibility withthe help of topside sounding from satellites[J].Advances inSpace Research,1998,21(3):455~458.
[13]Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,et al.Seismo-ionosphericsignatures prior to M?6:0 Taiwan earthquakes[J].Geo-physical Research Letters,2000,27(19):3113~3116.
[14]Silina A S,Liperovskaya E V,Liperovsky V A,et al.Iono-spheric phenomena before strong earthquakes[J].NaturalHazards and Earth System Sciences,2001,1:113~118.
[15]Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,Kamogawa M,et al.The anomalies inthe f0Es prior to M?6.0 Taiwan earthquakes[A].SeismoElectromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere cou-pling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp309~312.
[16]蔡军涛,陈小斌,赵国泽,等.地震前兆:电离层F2层异常.(待刊).CAI Jun-tao,CHEN Xiao-bin,ZHAO Guo-ze,etc.Earth-quake precursor:the anomalies in the ionosphericF2region.In press.
[17]黄捷.电波大气折射误差修正[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1999.Huang J.Correction for atmospheric refractive error of radiowave[M].Beijing:National Defence Industry Press,1999.
[18]Calais E,M.GPS detection of ionospheric TEC perturbationsfollowing the January 17,1994,Northirdge Earthquake[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,1995,22,1045~1048.
[19]Liu J Y,Tsai H F,Jung T K.Total electron content ob-tained by using the global positioning system[J].Terr.At-mos.Oceanic Sci.,1996,7:107~117.
[20]Zaslavski Y,Parrot M,Blanc E.Analysis of TEC Measure-ments Above Active Seismic Regions[J].Phys.Earth Plan-et.Int.,1998,105:219~228.
[21]Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Chen Y I.Ionospheric GPS TEC pertur-bations prior to the 20 September 1999,Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2001,7,1383~1386.
[22]卓裕荣.电离层地震前兆之研究[D].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所,2002.Chuo Y J.A study of seismo-ionospheric precursor[D].Tai-wan:NCU Institute of Space Science,2002.
[23]Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Shan S J,et al.Pre-earthquake iono-spheric anomalies registered by continuous GPS TEC meas-urement[J].Annales Geophysicae,2004:1585~1593.
[24]林玉翔.利用全球定位系统观测电离层地震前兆[D].台湾:国立中央大学太空科学所,2004.Lin Y H.Monitoring seismo-ionospheric preuror using theGlobal Positioning[D].Taiwan:NCU Institute of Space Sci-ence,2004.
[25]Trigunait A,Parrot M,Pulinets S A,et al.Variations ofthe ionospheric electron density during the Bhuj seismic event[J].Annales Geophysicae,2004,22:4123~4131.
[26]Pulinets S A,Leyva Contreras,Bisiacchi-Giraldi,et al.To-tal electron content variations in the ionosphere before theolima,Mexico,earthquake of 21 January 2003[J].GeofísicaInternacional,2005,44(4):369~377.
[27]吴云,乔学军,周义炎.利用地基GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):36~40.Wu Y,Qiao X J,Zhou Y Y.Preseismic ionospheric TEC a-nomaly detected by ground-based GPS[J].Journal of Geode-sy and Geodynamics,2005,25(2):36~40.
[28]Hajj George A,Larry J Romans.Ionospheric eleetron densityprofiles obtained with the Global Positioning Sestem:Resultsfrom the GPS/MET experiment[J].Radio Science,1998,33(1):175~190.
[29]周义炎,吴云,乔学军,等.GPS掩星技术和电离层反演[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):29~35.Zhou Y Y,Wu Y,Qiao X J,et al.GPS occultation tech-nique and ionospheric inversion[J].Journal of Geodesy andGeodynamics,2005,25(2):29~35.
[30]熊皓.电磁波传播与空间环境[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2004.Xiong H.Electromagnetic wave dissemination and spatial en-vironment[M].Beijing:Electronics Industry PublishingHouse,2004.
[31]Davies K.Ionospheric Radio[M].Pter Peregrinus Ltd,1990.
[32]Parrot M J,Achache J,Berthelier E,et al.High-frequencyseismo-electromagnetic effects[J].Phys.Earth Planet.In-ter,1993,77:65~83.
[33]Pulinets S A,Legen’ka A D,Alekseev V A.On the possiblemechanism of the seismo-ionospheric coupling,in Dusty andDirty Plasmas,Noise and Chaos in Space and in the Labora-tory[M].Plenum Press Publishing,New York,1994,545~557.
[34]Ondoh T.Ionospheric disturbances associated with greatearthquake of Hokkaido southwest coast,Japan of July 12,1993[J].Phys.Earth Planet.Inter.,1998,105:261~269.
[35]Ondoh T,Hayakawa M.Anomalous occurrence of sporadicE-layers before the Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake,M 7.2 ofJanuary 17,1995[A].Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electro-magnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes[C].Ter-ra Scientific Publishing company,Tokyo,1999,pp629~639.
[36]Ondoh T,Hayakawa M.Seismo discharge model of anoma-lous sporadic E ionization before great earthquakes[A].Seis-mo Electromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionospherecoupling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp385~390.
[37]Chuo Y J,Liu J Y,Kamogawa M,et al.The anomalies inthe f0Es prior to M≥6.0 Taiwan earthquakes[A].SeismoElectromagnetic:Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere cou-pling[C].TERRAPUB,2002,pp309~312.
[38]Bowman G G.Some aspects of mid-latitude spread Es and itsrelationship with spread F[J].Planet.Space Sci.,1985,33(9):1081~1089.
[39]Whitehead J D.Recent work on mid-latitude and equatorialsporadic-E[J].J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,1989,51(5):401~424.
[40]Barnes R I.An investigation into the horizontal structure ofspread-Es[J].J.Atmos.Terr.Phys.,1992,54(4):391~399.
[41]Mathews J D.Sporadic E:current views and recent progress[J].J.Atmos.and Solar-Terr.Phys.,1998,60(4):413~435.
[42]Alimov O A,Gokhberg M B,Liperovskaya E V,et al.A-nomalous characteristicsof the middle latitude Es-layer be-fore earthquakes[J].Phys.Earth and Planet.Inter,1989,57:76~81.
[43]Liperovsky V A,Pokhotelov O A,Liperovskaya E V,et al.Modification of sporadic E-layers caused by seismic activity[J].Surveys in Geophysics,2000,21:449~486.
[44]Silina A S,Liperovskaya E V,Liperovsky V A,et al.Iono-spheric phenomena before strong earthquakes[J].Nat.Haz.Earth Sys.Sc.,2001,1:1~6.
[45]Liperovsky V A,Meister C V,Liperovskaya E V,et al.Onspread-Es effects in the ionosphere before earthquakes[J].Nat.Haz.Earth Sys.Sc.,2005,5:59~62.
[46]Pulinets S A,Legen’ka A D,Gaivoronskaya TV,et al.Mainphenomenological features of ionospheric precursors of strongearthquakes[J].J.Atm.Solar Terr.Phys.,2003,65:1337~1347.
[47]Hegai V V,Kim V P,Nikiforova L I.A possible mechanismof acoustic-gravity waves in the ionosphere[J].Journal ofEarthquake Predictions Research,1997,6:584~589.
[48]BoSskovTa J,Smilauer J,JiSrTUScek F,et al.Is the ioncomposition of outer ionosphere related to seismic activity[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,1993,55(13):1689~1695.
[49]Smith P A,Kaiser B A.Estimates of ionospheric compositionand temperature derived from topside sounder electron scaleheight data[J].Journal of Atmospheric and TerrestrialPhysics,1967,29(11):1345~1353.
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