时移地震监测天然气水合物开采可行性分析
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摘要
时移地震储藏监测是一种提高油气采收率的有效技术,但该技术应用需要满足一定的储藏条件,因此时移地震的可行性研究非常有必要.天然气水合物的开采过程,主要是通过有关措施(加温、降压、注入化学材料等)使沉积物中的固态水合物变成气体开采出来,这将改变水合物储层的物理性质和地震反射特性,原理上为进行时移地震监测提供了条件.本文通过数值模拟分析发现:扩散型水合物藏在开采过程中有明显的地震信号变化,可以用时移地震对这类水合物藏的开采进行监测;渗漏型水合物藏的时移地震监测是否可行与其所含气体含量大小有关,气体含量低的可以用时移地震进行检测,气体含量高的是否能用时移地震进行检测要视具体情况而定.
Time-lapse seismic monitoring has been proved an effective tool for enhanced oil recovery.But this technology requires certain reservoir conditions, so it's rather necessary to study its feasibility before application.In the process of extracting gas hydrate, the solid hydrate in sediments is transformed into gas and extracted mainly through the relevant measures (heating, decompression, injection of chemical materials, etc.).This can change the physical properties of the hydrate reservoir and its seismic reflection character, so it's possible to carry out time-lapse seismic monitoring in principle.In this paper, we found significant change of seismic signal in the process of extracting seeping type hydrates by the analysis of numerical simulation, so time-lapse seismic technology monitoring can be used in extracting this gas hydrate.For diffusing type hydrates, the feasibility of time-lapse seismic technology monitoring is influenced by its gas content.The hydrates of low gas content can be detected using time-lapse seismic, but for the hydrates of high gas content it depends on the actual situation.
Time-lapse seismic monitoring has been proved an effective tool for enhanced oil recovery.But this technology requires certain reservoir conditions, so it's rather necessary to study its feasibility before application.In the process of extracting gas hydrate, the solid hydrate in sediments is transformed into gas and extracted mainly through the relevant measures (heating, decompression, injection of chemical materials, etc.).This can change the physical properties of the hydrate reservoir and its seismic reflection character, so it's possible to carry out time-lapse seismic monitoring in principle.In this paper, we found significant change of seismic signal in the process of extracting seeping type hydrates by the analysis of numerical simulation, so time-lapse seismic technology monitoring can be used in extracting this gas hydrate.For diffusing type hydrates, the feasibility of time-lapse seismic technology monitoring is influenced by its gas content.The hydrates of low gas content can be detected using time-lapse seismic, but for the hydrates of high gas content it depends on the actual situation.
引文
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[28] Dvorkin J,Prasad M,Sakai A,Lavoie D.Elasticity of marine sediments:rock physics modeling.Geophysical Research Letters,1999,26:1781～1784
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[35] Helgerud B H.Wave speed in gas hydrate and sediments containing gas hydrate:A laboratory and modeling study[Ph.D.Thesis].Stanford University,Stanford,California,2001
[36] Batzle M,Wang Z.Seismic properties of pore fluids.Geophysics,1992,57:1396～1408
[37] 苏正,陈多福.海洋环境甲烷水合物溶解度及其对水合物发育特征的控制.地球物理学报,2007,50(5) :1518～1526 Su Z,Chen D F.Calculation of methane hydrate solubility in marine environment and its constraints on gas hydrate occurrence.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(5) :1518～1526
[38] Chen D F,Su Z,Cathles L M.Types of gas hydrates in marine environments and their thermodynamic characteristics.Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,2006,17(4) :723～737
[39] 关进安,樊栓狮,梁德青等.南海琼东南盆地渗漏系统甲烷水合物生长速度.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :765～775 Guan J A,Fan S S,Liang D Q,et al.Methane hydrate growth velocity in seepage system of Qiongdongnan Basin,South Chinese Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :765～775
[40] Trehu A M,Bohrmonn G,Torres M E,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program initial reports.2003． 204
[2] Tréhu A M,Ruppel C,Holland M,et al.Gas hydrates in marine sediments:Lessons from Scientific Ocean Drilling.Oceanography,2006,19(4) :124～142
[3] Bily C,Dick J W L.Naturally occurring gas hydrates in the Mackenzie Delta,N.W.T.Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology,1974,22:340～352
[4] Uchida T,Dallimore S,Nixon M,et al.Occurrences of gas hydrates obtained from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 research well.Proceedings of the International Symposium on Methane Hydrates:Resources in the Near Future,1998． 371～378
[5] Klauda J B,Sandler S I.Global distribution of methane hydrates in ocean sediment.Energy & Fuels,2005,19(2) :459～470
[6] Kvenvolden K A.Gas hydrate as a potential energy resource:a review of their methane content.In:Howell D G ed.The Future of Energy Gases.Geology Survey Professional Paper.US,1993,1570:555～561
[7] Kvenvolden K A.International conference on natural gas hydrate.Acad.Sci,1994,715:232～246
[8] Ginsburg G D,Soloviev V A.On quantitative evaluation of suber-marine gas hydrates,geology and mineral resources of the world ocean.St.Petersburg VNIIOK Eangelolgia,1995
[9] Claypool G E,Presley B J,Kaplan I R.In initial report of the Deep Sea Drilling Project.Government Printing Office,Washington,U S,1973． 19
[10] Kvenvolden K A.Worldwide distribution of subaquatic gas hydrate.Geo-Marine Letters,V B,1993． 21～40
[11] 姚伯初.南海北部陆缘天然气水合物初探.海洋地质与第四纪地质,1998,18(4) :11～18 Yao B C.Preliminary exploration of gas hydrate in the northern margin of the South China Sea.Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology(in Chinese),1998,18(4) :11～18
[12] Macdonald G.Role of methane clathrates on past and future climate.Climatic Change,1990,16:247～281
[13] Kvenvolden K A.Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change.Reviews of Geophysics,1993,31 :173～187
[l4] Carpenter G.Coincident sediment slump/clathrate complexes on the US Atlantic continental slope.Geo-Marine Letters,1981,1:29～32
[15] Bugge T,Belderson R H,Kenyon N H.The storegga slide.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,1988,A325:357～388
[16] Paull C K,BuelowWJ,Ussler W,Borowski W S.Increased continental margin slumping frequency during sea-level lowstands above gas hydrate-bearing sediments.Geology,1996,24:143～146
[17] Popenoe P,Schmuck E A,Dillon W P.The cape fear landslide:slope failure associated with salt diapirism and gas hydrate decomposition.In:Schwab W C et al.eds.Submarine Landslides:Selective Studies in the U.S.Exclusive Economic Zone.U.S.G.S.Bulletin,1993,2002:41～68
[18] 宋海斌.天然气水合物体系动态演化研究(Ⅱ):海底滑坡.地球物理学进展,2003,18(3) :503～511 Song H B.Researches on dynamic evolution of gas hydrate system(Ⅱ):Submarine slides.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2003,18(3) :503～511
[19] Anderson R N,Boulanger A,He Wei,et al.4-D seismic:The fourth dimension in reservoir management,Part 1 :What is 4-D and how does it improve recovery efficiency.World Oil,1997,218(3) :43～49
[20] Hampton M A,Lee H J,Beard R M.Geological interpretation of cone penetrometer tests in Norton Sound,Alaska.Geo-MarineLetter,1982,2:223～231
[21] Laberg J S,Vorren T O.A late Pleistocene submarine slide on the Bear Island Trough Mouth Fan.Geo-Marine Letters,1993,13:227～234
[22] Kayen R E,Lee H J.Pleistocene slope instability of gas hydrate-laden sediment on the Beaufort Sea margin.Marine Geotechnology,1991,10:125～141
[23] Paull C K,Buelow W J,Ussler Ⅲ W,et al.Increased continental-margin slumping frequency during sea-level lowstands above gas hydrate-bearing sediments.Geology,1996,24:143～146
[24] Popenoe P,Schmuck E A,Dillon W P.The Cape Fear landslide:slope failure associated with salt diapirism and gas hydrate decomposition.USGS Bulletin,1993,2002:4～53
[25] Batzle M ,Wang Zhijing.Seismic properties of pore fluids.Geophysics,1992,57(11) :1396～1408
[26] Nur A.Four dimensional seismology and(ture)direct detection of hydrocarbons:The petrophysical basis.The Leading Edge,1989,8(9) :30～36
[27] Wang Z.Feasibility of time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring:The physical basis.The Leading Edge,1997,16(9) :1327～1329
[28] Dvorkin J,Prasad M,Sakai A,Lavoie D.Elasticity of marine sediments:rock physics modeling.Geophysical Research Letters,1999,26:1781～1784
[29] Gassmann F.Elasticity of porous media:Uber die elastizitat poroser medien.Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesselschaft,1951,96:1～23
[30] Nur A,Mavko G,Dvorkin J,et al.Critical porosity:A key to relating physical properties to porosity in rocks.The Leading Edge,1998,17:357～362
[31] Mindlin R D.Compliance of elastic bodies in contact.Journal of Applied Mechanics,1949,16:259～268
[32] Dvorkin J,Nur A.Elasticity of high-porosity sandstones:Theory for two north sea datasets.Geophysics,1996,61:1363～1370
[33] Mavko G,Mukerji T,Dvorkin J.The Rock Physics Handbook.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,1998
[34] Hill R.The elastic behavior of crystalline aggregate.Proceedings of the Physical Society,London,1952,A65:349～354
[35] Helgerud B H.Wave speed in gas hydrate and sediments containing gas hydrate:A laboratory and modeling study[Ph.D.Thesis].Stanford University,Stanford,California,2001
[36] Batzle M,Wang Z.Seismic properties of pore fluids.Geophysics,1992,57:1396～1408
[37] 苏正,陈多福.海洋环境甲烷水合物溶解度及其对水合物发育特征的控制.地球物理学报,2007,50(5) :1518～1526 Su Z,Chen D F.Calculation of methane hydrate solubility in marine environment and its constraints on gas hydrate occurrence.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(5) :1518～1526
[38] Chen D F,Su Z,Cathles L M.Types of gas hydrates in marine environments and their thermodynamic characteristics.Terrestrial,Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,2006,17(4) :723～737
[39] 关进安,樊栓狮,梁德青等.南海琼东南盆地渗漏系统甲烷水合物生长速度.地球物理学报,2009,52(3) :765～775 Guan J A,Fan S S,Liang D Q,et al.Methane hydrate growth velocity in seepage system of Qiongdongnan Basin,South Chinese Sea.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(3) :765～775
[40] Trehu A M,Bohrmonn G,Torres M E,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program initial reports.2003． 204
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