利用背景噪声进行地震成像的新方法
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摘要
利用背景地震噪声提取格林函数,即通过一对台站记录的地震噪声进行互相关计算,来近似台站间的格林函数,并进一步通过地震成像获取地下结构的认识,成为最近跨学科研究的热点问题之一.本文首先叙述了其发展背景及过程,然后分别从四个角度,简要介绍了目前对其物理原理的解释.如果该方法能得到进一步的发展,将不再依赖于天然地震以及人工地震,而仅仅利用地震台站记录的地震噪声便可获取高分辨率的地下成像.该方法将会大大促进地震学的发展.
Recently,one of the hotly discussed problems in multidisciplinary fields is to use ambient seismic noise to extract the Green's function,i.e.,cross-correlating the seismic noise recorded by two stations to get the Green's function between these two stations,thus to improve our knowledge about subsurface structures by use of seismic imaging.In this paper,the developing background and process of this new method will be introduced firstly.And then its physical principle will be also shown from four different viewpoints.If this method could be developed more,seismic images with high resolution will be acquired without natural earthquakes or artificial explosions,but just the seismic ambient noise.This new method may greatly advance the development of seismology.
Recently,one of the hotly discussed problems in multidisciplinary fields is to use ambient seismic noise to extract the Green's function,i.e.,cross-correlating the seismic noise recorded by two stations to get the Green's function between these two stations,thus to improve our knowledge about subsurface structures by use of seismic imaging.In this paper,the developing background and process of this new method will be introduced firstly.And then its physical principle will be also shown from four different viewpoints.If this method could be developed more,seismic images with high resolution will be acquired without natural earthquakes or artificial explosions,but just the seismic ambient noise.This new method may greatly advance the development of seismology.
引文
[1]陈凤,李金宗,黄建明,李冬冬.利用数字图像处理技术提地震剖面图像信噪比[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(4):758~764.
[2]王典,刘财,刘洋,王培茂,许卓.反射法地震勘探噪声消除技术研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(3):957~970.
[3]苑益军,周芝旭,牛滨华,王焕弟.刘爱香.浅谈地震资料处理中的提高信噪比处理技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(2):168~171.
[4]Peter B.IASPEI new manual of seismological observatorypractice[M].Geo Forschungs Zentrum Potsdam,2002.
[5]Rickett J,Claerbout J.Acoustic daylight imaging via spectralfactorization:helioseismology and reservoir monitoring[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18:957~960.
[6]Weaver R L,Lobkis O I.Ultrasonic without a source:ther-mal fluctuation correlations at MHz frequencies[J].PhysicalReview Letters,2001,87(13):134301.
[7]Lobkis O I,Weaver R L.On the emergence of the Green'sfunction in the correlations of a diffuse field[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2001,110(6):3011~3017.
[8]Weaver R L,Lobkis O I.Elastic wave thermal fluctuations,ultrasonic waveforms by correlation of thermal phonons[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2003,113:2611~2621.
[9]Derode A,Larose E,Campillo M,et al.How to estimate theGreen’s function of a heterogeneous medium between two pas-sive sensors?Application to acoustic waves[J].Appl.Phys.Letts.,2003,83(15):3054~3056.
[10]Malcolm A E,Scales J A,Tiggelen B A.Retrieving theGreen function from diffuse,equipartitioned waves[J].PhysRev E,2004,70:015601(R).
[11]Roux P,Fink M.Green’s function estimation using seconda-ry sources in a shallow water environment[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2003,113:1406~1416.
[12]Roux P,Kuperman W A.Extracting coherent waveformsfrom ocean noise[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2004,116:1995~2003.
[13]Sabra K G,Roux P,Kuperman W A.Arrival-time structureof the time-averaged ambient noise cross-correlation functionin an oceanic waveguide[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2005,117:164~174.
[14]Campillo M,Paul A.Long-range correlations in the diffuseseismic coda[J],Science,2003,299:547~549.
[15]Wapenaar K,Thorbecke J,Draganov D.Relations betweenreflection and transmission responses of three-dimensional in-homogeneous media[J].Geophysical Journal International,2004,156:179~194.
[16]Shapiro N M,Campillo M.Emergence of broadband Rayleighwaves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise[J].Ge-ophysical Research Letters,2004,31,L07614,doi:10.1029/2004GL019491.
[17]Snieder R.Extracting the Green’s function from the correla-tion of coda waves:A derivation based on stationary phase[J].Physical Review E,2004,69,046610.
[18]Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.High-resolutionsurface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise[J].Science,2005,307:1615~1618.
[19]Roux P,Sabra K G,Gerstoft P,et al.P-waves from cross-correlation of seismic noise[J].Geophysical Research Let-ters,2005,32,L19303,doi:10.1029/2005GL023803.
[20]Passive seismic and drill-bitexperiments using 2-D arrays byCole(1995 doctoral dissertation,Stanford University;ht-tp://sepwww.stanford.edu/public/docs/sep86/).
[21]Duvall T L,Jefferies S M,Harvey J W,et al.Time-distancehelioseismology[J].Nature,1993,362:430~432.
[22]Larose E,Derode A,Campillo M,et al.Imaging from one-bit correlations of wideband diffuse wave fields[J].Journalof Applied Physics,2004,95:8393~8399.
[23]Hennino R,Tregoures N,Shapiro N M,et al.Observationof equipartition of seismic waves[J].Physical Review Let-ters,2001,86:3447~3450.
[24]Friedrich A,Kruger F,Klinge K.Ocean-generated micro-seismic noise located with the Grafenberg array[J].J.Seis-mol.,1998,2:47~64.
[25]Lognonne P,Clevede E,Kanamori H.Computation of seis-mograms and atmospheric oscillations by normal-mode sum-mation for a spherical Earth model with realistic atmosphere[J].Geophys.J.Int.,1998,135:388~406.
[26]Tanimoto T.Excitation of normal modes by atmospheric tur-bulence:Source of long-period seismic noise[J].Geophys.J.Int.,1999,136:395~402.
[27]Stehly L,Campillo M,Shapiro N M.Origin of the seismicnoise investigated from its correlation properties.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[28]Fry B,Stehly L,Campillo M,et al.Surface wave tomo-graphy of the central alps:merging traditional source andnon-traditional noise dispersion measurements.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[29]Takagi N,Sato H,Nishimura T,et al.Group velocitymeasurement of Rayleigh and Love waves in northeastern Ja-pan on the basis of the cross-correlation analysis of micro-seisms.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Sup-pl.
[30]Yao H,de Hoop M D.High resolution surface-wave tomo-graphy in SE tibet from ambient seismic noise and a two-sta-tion method.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[31]Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,et al.Exten-ding ambient noise surface wave tomography to continentalscales:application across the united states.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[32]Ritzwoller M H,Yang Y,Shapiro N M,et al.Broad-bandambient noise surface wave tomography across eurasia:earlyresults.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Sup-pl.
[33]Campillo M,Stehly L,Shapiro N.Absolute time measure-ments from seismic noise:monitoring temporal velocitychanges and correction of station clock drifts.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[34]Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,et al.Exten-ding ambient noise surface wave tomography to continentalscales:application across the united states.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[35]Weaver R L.Information from Seismic Noise[J].Science,2005,307:1568~1569.
[36]van Tiggelen B A.Green function retrieval and time reversalin a disordered world[J].Physical Review Letters,2003,91:243904.
[37]Derode A,Larose E,Tanter M,et al.Recovering theGreen’s function from field-field correlations in an open scat-tering medium[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2003,113(6):2973~2976.
[38]Derode A,Tourin A,Fink M.Random multiple scattering ofultrasound.Ⅱ.Is time-reversal a self-averaging process?[J].Phys.Rev.E,2001,64(3):036606~036618.
[39]Cassereau D,Fink M.Time-reversal of ultrasonic fields-PartIII:theory of the closed time-reversal cavity[J].IEEETrans.Ultrason.,Ferroelectr.Freq.Control,1992,39(5):579~592.
[40]Roux P,Sabra K G,Kuperman W A,et al.Ambient noisecross correlation in free space:Theoretical approach[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2005,117:79~84.
[41]Claerbout J F.Synthesis of a layered medium from its acous-tic transmission response[J].Geophysics,1968,33:264~269.
[42]Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H,Bensen G D.Locating theSource of the Twenty-six-second Microseism by Cross-corre-lating Records of Ambient Seismic Noise.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[43]Krüger F,Pedersen H A.Influence of the seismic noise char-acteristics on noise correlations.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[44]Larose E,Khan A,Nakamura Y,et al.Lunar subsurface in-vestigated from correlation of seismic noise[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32,L16201,doi:10.1029/2005GL023518.
[45]陈颙,陈龙生,于晟.城市地球物理学发展展望[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2003,23(4):1~4.
[46]Folger D S,Doser D,Velasco I,et al.Determining subsur-face structure from microtremors using a passive circular ar-ray.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[2]王典,刘财,刘洋,王培茂,许卓.反射法地震勘探噪声消除技术研究[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(3):957~970.
[3]苑益军,周芝旭,牛滨华,王焕弟.刘爱香.浅谈地震资料处理中的提高信噪比处理技术[J].石油地球物理勘探,2005,40(2):168~171.
[4]Peter B.IASPEI new manual of seismological observatorypractice[M].Geo Forschungs Zentrum Potsdam,2002.
[5]Rickett J,Claerbout J.Acoustic daylight imaging via spectralfactorization:helioseismology and reservoir monitoring[J].The Leading Edge,1999,18:957~960.
[6]Weaver R L,Lobkis O I.Ultrasonic without a source:ther-mal fluctuation correlations at MHz frequencies[J].PhysicalReview Letters,2001,87(13):134301.
[7]Lobkis O I,Weaver R L.On the emergence of the Green'sfunction in the correlations of a diffuse field[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2001,110(6):3011~3017.
[8]Weaver R L,Lobkis O I.Elastic wave thermal fluctuations,ultrasonic waveforms by correlation of thermal phonons[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2003,113:2611~2621.
[9]Derode A,Larose E,Campillo M,et al.How to estimate theGreen’s function of a heterogeneous medium between two pas-sive sensors?Application to acoustic waves[J].Appl.Phys.Letts.,2003,83(15):3054~3056.
[10]Malcolm A E,Scales J A,Tiggelen B A.Retrieving theGreen function from diffuse,equipartitioned waves[J].PhysRev E,2004,70:015601(R).
[11]Roux P,Fink M.Green’s function estimation using seconda-ry sources in a shallow water environment[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2003,113:1406~1416.
[12]Roux P,Kuperman W A.Extracting coherent waveformsfrom ocean noise[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2004,116:1995~2003.
[13]Sabra K G,Roux P,Kuperman W A.Arrival-time structureof the time-averaged ambient noise cross-correlation functionin an oceanic waveguide[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2005,117:164~174.
[14]Campillo M,Paul A.Long-range correlations in the diffuseseismic coda[J],Science,2003,299:547~549.
[15]Wapenaar K,Thorbecke J,Draganov D.Relations betweenreflection and transmission responses of three-dimensional in-homogeneous media[J].Geophysical Journal International,2004,156:179~194.
[16]Shapiro N M,Campillo M.Emergence of broadband Rayleighwaves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise[J].Ge-ophysical Research Letters,2004,31,L07614,doi:10.1029/2004GL019491.
[17]Snieder R.Extracting the Green’s function from the correla-tion of coda waves:A derivation based on stationary phase[J].Physical Review E,2004,69,046610.
[18]Shapiro N M,Campillo M,Stehly L,et al.High-resolutionsurface-wave tomography from ambient seismic noise[J].Science,2005,307:1615~1618.
[19]Roux P,Sabra K G,Gerstoft P,et al.P-waves from cross-correlation of seismic noise[J].Geophysical Research Let-ters,2005,32,L19303,doi:10.1029/2005GL023803.
[20]Passive seismic and drill-bitexperiments using 2-D arrays byCole(1995 doctoral dissertation,Stanford University;ht-tp://sepwww.stanford.edu/public/docs/sep86/).
[21]Duvall T L,Jefferies S M,Harvey J W,et al.Time-distancehelioseismology[J].Nature,1993,362:430~432.
[22]Larose E,Derode A,Campillo M,et al.Imaging from one-bit correlations of wideband diffuse wave fields[J].Journalof Applied Physics,2004,95:8393~8399.
[23]Hennino R,Tregoures N,Shapiro N M,et al.Observationof equipartition of seismic waves[J].Physical Review Let-ters,2001,86:3447~3450.
[24]Friedrich A,Kruger F,Klinge K.Ocean-generated micro-seismic noise located with the Grafenberg array[J].J.Seis-mol.,1998,2:47~64.
[25]Lognonne P,Clevede E,Kanamori H.Computation of seis-mograms and atmospheric oscillations by normal-mode sum-mation for a spherical Earth model with realistic atmosphere[J].Geophys.J.Int.,1998,135:388~406.
[26]Tanimoto T.Excitation of normal modes by atmospheric tur-bulence:Source of long-period seismic noise[J].Geophys.J.Int.,1999,136:395~402.
[27]Stehly L,Campillo M,Shapiro N M.Origin of the seismicnoise investigated from its correlation properties.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[28]Fry B,Stehly L,Campillo M,et al.Surface wave tomo-graphy of the central alps:merging traditional source andnon-traditional noise dispersion measurements.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[29]Takagi N,Sato H,Nishimura T,et al.Group velocitymeasurement of Rayleigh and Love waves in northeastern Ja-pan on the basis of the cross-correlation analysis of micro-seisms.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Sup-pl.
[30]Yao H,de Hoop M D.High resolution surface-wave tomo-graphy in SE tibet from ambient seismic noise and a two-sta-tion method.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[31]Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,et al.Exten-ding ambient noise surface wave tomography to continentalscales:application across the united states.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[32]Ritzwoller M H,Yang Y,Shapiro N M,et al.Broad-bandambient noise surface wave tomography across eurasia:earlyresults.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Sup-pl.
[33]Campillo M,Stehly L,Shapiro N.Absolute time measure-ments from seismic noise:monitoring temporal velocitychanges and correction of station clock drifts.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[34]Bensen G D,Ritzwoller M H,Shapiro N M,et al.Exten-ding ambient noise surface wave tomography to continentalscales:application across the united states.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[35]Weaver R L.Information from Seismic Noise[J].Science,2005,307:1568~1569.
[36]van Tiggelen B A.Green function retrieval and time reversalin a disordered world[J].Physical Review Letters,2003,91:243904.
[37]Derode A,Larose E,Tanter M,et al.Recovering theGreen’s function from field-field correlations in an open scat-tering medium[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2003,113(6):2973~2976.
[38]Derode A,Tourin A,Fink M.Random multiple scattering ofultrasound.Ⅱ.Is time-reversal a self-averaging process?[J].Phys.Rev.E,2001,64(3):036606~036618.
[39]Cassereau D,Fink M.Time-reversal of ultrasonic fields-PartIII:theory of the closed time-reversal cavity[J].IEEETrans.Ultrason.,Ferroelectr.Freq.Control,1992,39(5):579~592.
[40]Roux P,Sabra K G,Kuperman W A,et al.Ambient noisecross correlation in free space:Theoretical approach[J].J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,2005,117:79~84.
[41]Claerbout J F.Synthesis of a layered medium from its acous-tic transmission response[J].Geophysics,1968,33:264~269.
[42]Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H,Bensen G D.Locating theSource of the Twenty-six-second Microseism by Cross-corre-lating Records of Ambient Seismic Noise.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[43]Krüger F,Pedersen H A.Influence of the seismic noise char-acteristics on noise correlations.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
[44]Larose E,Khan A,Nakamura Y,et al.Lunar subsurface in-vestigated from correlation of seismic noise[J].Geophys.Res.Lett.,2005,32,L16201,doi:10.1029/2005GL023518.
[45]陈颙,陈龙生,于晟.城市地球物理学发展展望[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2003,23(4):1~4.
[46]Folger D S,Doser D,Velasco I,et al.Determining subsur-face structure from microtremors using a passive circular ar-ray.Eos Trans.AGU,2005,86(52),Fall Meet.Suppl.
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