地震烈度异常研究的若干进展
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摘要
首先总结了地震烈度及其异常的特点;其次在分析多个烈度异常区震害资料的基础上,从地形条件、土层特性、断层、土层结构及地下水位等五方面详细分析和总结了烈度异常的形成原因和分布规律;最后从宏观考察、现场测试,强震记录分析,以及数值模拟三方面对烈度异常的研究进展进行了系统总结.总的来说,现阶段对烈度异常现象的研究还不全面,大多是基于宏观震害资料、区域地质构造及局部场地条件等方面的研究,研究成果不能全面充分地解释烈度异常的原因,且对异常现象的定性分析较多,缺少一定的定量分析,特别是缺乏基于强震记录的定量分析.文中对进一步研究烈度异常的形成原因、分布规律及震害影响提出了建议,对下一步开展地震烈度异常方面的研究工作具有重要的参考价值.
This paper firstly summarized the characteristics of seismic intensity and its abnormality. Then, based on the analysis on the damage information of several intensity abnormal regions, the paper made a detailed summary of the abnormal intensity's formation mechanism and distribution rule associated with terrain feature, soil characteristics, faults, soil structure and underground water level. Finally, the paper made a systematical summary on the abnormal intensity research progress from macro-inspection, field testing, seismic record analysis and numerical simulation. In general, at present stage the research on intensity anomaly has not been comprehensive, mostly based on macroscopic seismic damage data, regional geological structure and local site conditions. The research results can not fully explain the causes of abnormal intensity, being mostly qualitative, instead of quantitative, analysis, especially lacking of strong motion record analysis. This paper has put forward a proposal to develop further research on the abnormal intensity's formation mechanism, distribution law and damage effect.
This paper firstly summarized the characteristics of seismic intensity and its abnormality. Then, based on the analysis on the damage information of several intensity abnormal regions, the paper made a detailed summary of the abnormal intensity's formation mechanism and distribution rule associated with terrain feature, soil characteristics, faults, soil structure and underground water level. Finally, the paper made a systematical summary on the abnormal intensity research progress from macro-inspection, field testing, seismic record analysis and numerical simulation. In general, at present stage the research on intensity anomaly has not been comprehensive, mostly based on macroscopic seismic damage data, regional geological structure and local site conditions. The research results can not fully explain the causes of abnormal intensity, being mostly qualitative, instead of quantitative, analysis, especially lacking of strong motion record analysis. This paper has put forward a proposal to develop further research on the abnormal intensity's formation mechanism, distribution law and damage effect.
引文
薄景山,李秀领,李山有.2003.场地条件对地震动影响研究的若干进展[J].世界地震工程,19(2):11--15.
薄景山,齐文浩,刘红帅,刘博,刘德东,孙有为.2009.汶川特大地震汉源烈度异常原因的初步分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,29(6):53--64.
陈达生.1981.几次大地震烈度异常概况[R].哈尔滨:中国科学院工程力学研究所:1--14.
陈国达.1938.民国25年4月1日广东灵山地震记略[J].地质评论,3(4):427--448.
陈国兴,陈继华.2004.软弱土层的厚度及埋深对深厚软弱场地地震效应的影响[J].世界地震工程,20(3):66--73.
刁桂苓,李钦祖.2006.邢台地震的科学研究[J].华北地震科学,24(2):341--346.
高孟潭,陈学良,俞言祥,雷建成.2008.“5·12”汶川8.0级地震汉源烈度异常机理的初步探讨[J].震害防御技术,3(3):216--223.
国家地震局震害防御司.1990.中国地震烈度表(1980).地震工作手册[M].北京:地震出版社:285--287.
韩新民,周瑞琦.1997.丽江7.0级地震的烈度分布[J].地震研究,20(1):35--45.
胡聿贤,孙平善,章在墉,田启文.1980.场地条件对震害和地震动的影响[J].地震工程与工程振动,试(1):35--41.
胡聿贤.2006.地震工程学[M].第二版.北京:地震出版社:44--66.
胡元鑫,刘新荣,罗建华,张梁,葛华.2011.汶川震区地震动三维地形效应的谱元法模拟[J].兰州大学学报,47(4):23--31.
李山有,王学良,金星,杨柏坡,孙平善.2003a.团树断层场地地震反应的数值模拟[J].地震工程与工程振动,23(4):17--21.
李山有,马强,武东坡,杨柏坡.2003b.断层场地地震反应特征研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,23(5):32--37.
李秀领.2003.土层结构对地表地震动参数影响的研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所:8--13.
廖振鹏,李小军.1989.地表土层地震反应的等效线性化解法[C]∥地震小区划:理论与实践.北京:地震出版社:141--153.
刘洪兵,朱晞.1999.地震中地形放大效应的观测和研究进展[J].世界地震工程,15(3):20--25.
刘快胜.1979.地下水对震害影响的讨论[J].西北地震学报,1(1):82--85.
刘曾武,吕根盛,吴显德,王东强,杨光,董恩长.1984.唐山地震宁河烈度异常区场地影响的研究[R].哈尔滨:中国科学院工程力学研究所:1--14.
刘曾武.1994.考虑软弱夹层的影响对设计反应谱修正的简易方法[C]∥中国地震学会地震工程专业委员会,中国建筑学会抗震防灾研究会编.第四届全国地震工程会议论文集(一).哈尔滨:国家地震局工程力学研究所:86--91.
齐文浩,薄景山,郭讯,刘德东,刘奇斌.2010.汶川地震中一个特殊场地研究初探[J].地震工程与工程振动,30(4):53--58.
孙若昧,Vaccari F,Panza G F.2000.局部地质条件对强地面运动影响的剪切波模拟[J].地球物理学报,43(1):81--89.
田启文,孙平善,邹夕林,田洪清.1981.唐山地震玉田低烈度异常区调查报告[R].哈尔滨:中国科学院工程力学研究所:1--8.
王海云,谢礼立.2010.自贡市西山公园地形对地震动的影响[J].地球物理学报,53(7):1631--1638.
王海云.2011.渭河盆地中土层场地对地震动的放大作用[J].地球物理学报,54(1):137--150.
王伟.2011.地震动的山体地形效应[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所:1--22.
王钟琪,谢君斐,石兆吉.1983.地震工程地质导论[M].北京:地震出版社:152--195.
谢毓寿.1957.新的中国地震烈度表[J].地球物理学报,6(1):35--47.
杨光,刘曾武.1994.场地指数与地震动参数的关系[J].华北地震科学,12(3):43--52.
姚振兴,陈培善,肖承邺,徐国明.1974.1966年邢台地震的烈度异常[J].地球物理学报,17(2):106--120.
俞维贤,谷一山,毛玉平,赵曲东.1994.耿马县城烈度异常的地震地质及场地地质条件分析[J].地震研究,17(2):177--182.
袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐,陈龙伟.2009.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,28(6):1288--1296.
张国庆,朱秀岗.1981.玉田低烈度异常的地质分析[J].地震,1(3):27--30.
张立,陈清军.2007.场地地震反应的比较研究[J].四川建筑科学研究,33(1):137--141.
张敏政.2010.地震烈度及其评定[J].防灾科技学院学报,12(1):1--6.
中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.2008.中国地震烈度表(GB/T17742-2008)[S].北京:中国标准化出版社:1--4.
周锡元,王广军,苏经宇.1991.场地·地基·设计地震[M].北京:地震出版社:1--22.
周正华,张艳梅,孙平善,杨柏坡.2003.断层对震害影响的研究[J].自然灾害学报,12(4):20--24.
Andrews D J.1986.Objective determination of source parameters and similarity of earthquakes of different size[C]∥DasS,Boatwright J,Scholz C H eds.Earthquake Source Mechanics.Washington D C:American Geophysical Union:259--268.
Bonilla L F,Steidl J H,Lindley G T,Tumarkin A G,Archuleta R J.1997.Site amplification in the San Fernando Val-ley,California:Variability of site-effect estimation using the S-wave,Coda,and H/V methods[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,87(3):710--730.
Boore D M.1972.A note on the effect of simple topography on seismic SH waves[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,62(1):275--284.
Borcherdt R D.1970.Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco bay[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,60(1):26--61.
Celebi M.1991.Topographical and geological amplification-case studies and engineering implications[J].StructuralSafety,10:199--217.
Dezfulian H,Seed H B.1970.Seismic response of soil deposits underlain by sloping rock boundaries[J].Journal of theSoil Mechanics and Foundations Division,96(6):1893--1916.
Dezfulian H,Seed H B.1971.Response of nonuniform soil deposits to travelling seismic waves[J].Journal of the SoilMechanics and Foundation Division,97(SM1):27--46.
Geli L,Bard P Y,Jullin B.1988.The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion:A review and new results[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,78:42--63.
Graves R W,Pitarka A,Somerville P G.1998.Ground-motion amplification in the Santa Monica area:Effects of shallowbasin-edge structure[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(5):1224--1242.
Kawase H.1996.The cause of the damage belt in Kobe:The basin-edge effect,constructive interference of the direct Swave with the basin induced diffracted/Rayleigh waves[J].Seism Res Lett,67(5):25--34.
Nakamura Y.1989.A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground sur-face[J].QR of RTRI,30(1):25--33.
Olsen K B.2000.Site amplification in the Los Angeles basin from three-dimensional modeling of ground motion[J].BullSeism Soc Amer,90(6B):S77--S94.
Parolai S,Bindi D,Baumbach M,Grosser H,Milkereit C,Karakisa S,Zunbul S.2004.Comparison of different site re-sponse estimation techniques using aftershocks of the1999Izmit earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,94(3):1096--1108.
Pitarka A,Irikura K,Iwata T,Sekiguchi H.1998.Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu(Kobe),Japan,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(2):428--440.
Somerville P G.1998.Emerging art:earthquake ground motion[C]∥Dakoulas P,Yegian M,Holtz D eds.GeotechnicalEarthquake Engineering and Soil DynamicsⅢ.Reston,Virginia:American Society of Civil Engineers,Geotechni-cal Special Publications,2(75):1--38.
Wood H O.1908.Distribution of apparent intensity in San Francisco in the California earthquake of April18,1906[R]∥Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission.Washington,D C:Carnegie Institution of WashingtonPublication:220--245.
薄景山,齐文浩,刘红帅,刘博,刘德东,孙有为.2009.汶川特大地震汉源烈度异常原因的初步分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,29(6):53--64.
陈达生.1981.几次大地震烈度异常概况[R].哈尔滨:中国科学院工程力学研究所:1--14.
陈国达.1938.民国25年4月1日广东灵山地震记略[J].地质评论,3(4):427--448.
陈国兴,陈继华.2004.软弱土层的厚度及埋深对深厚软弱场地地震效应的影响[J].世界地震工程,20(3):66--73.
刁桂苓,李钦祖.2006.邢台地震的科学研究[J].华北地震科学,24(2):341--346.
高孟潭,陈学良,俞言祥,雷建成.2008.“5·12”汶川8.0级地震汉源烈度异常机理的初步探讨[J].震害防御技术,3(3):216--223.
国家地震局震害防御司.1990.中国地震烈度表(1980).地震工作手册[M].北京:地震出版社:285--287.
韩新民,周瑞琦.1997.丽江7.0级地震的烈度分布[J].地震研究,20(1):35--45.
胡聿贤,孙平善,章在墉,田启文.1980.场地条件对震害和地震动的影响[J].地震工程与工程振动,试(1):35--41.
胡聿贤.2006.地震工程学[M].第二版.北京:地震出版社:44--66.
胡元鑫,刘新荣,罗建华,张梁,葛华.2011.汶川震区地震动三维地形效应的谱元法模拟[J].兰州大学学报,47(4):23--31.
李山有,王学良,金星,杨柏坡,孙平善.2003a.团树断层场地地震反应的数值模拟[J].地震工程与工程振动,23(4):17--21.
李山有,马强,武东坡,杨柏坡.2003b.断层场地地震反应特征研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,23(5):32--37.
李秀领.2003.土层结构对地表地震动参数影响的研究[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所:8--13.
廖振鹏,李小军.1989.地表土层地震反应的等效线性化解法[C]∥地震小区划:理论与实践.北京:地震出版社:141--153.
刘洪兵,朱晞.1999.地震中地形放大效应的观测和研究进展[J].世界地震工程,15(3):20--25.
刘快胜.1979.地下水对震害影响的讨论[J].西北地震学报,1(1):82--85.
刘曾武,吕根盛,吴显德,王东强,杨光,董恩长.1984.唐山地震宁河烈度异常区场地影响的研究[R].哈尔滨:中国科学院工程力学研究所:1--14.
刘曾武.1994.考虑软弱夹层的影响对设计反应谱修正的简易方法[C]∥中国地震学会地震工程专业委员会,中国建筑学会抗震防灾研究会编.第四届全国地震工程会议论文集(一).哈尔滨:国家地震局工程力学研究所:86--91.
齐文浩,薄景山,郭讯,刘德东,刘奇斌.2010.汶川地震中一个特殊场地研究初探[J].地震工程与工程振动,30(4):53--58.
孙若昧,Vaccari F,Panza G F.2000.局部地质条件对强地面运动影响的剪切波模拟[J].地球物理学报,43(1):81--89.
田启文,孙平善,邹夕林,田洪清.1981.唐山地震玉田低烈度异常区调查报告[R].哈尔滨:中国科学院工程力学研究所:1--8.
王海云,谢礼立.2010.自贡市西山公园地形对地震动的影响[J].地球物理学报,53(7):1631--1638.
王海云.2011.渭河盆地中土层场地对地震动的放大作用[J].地球物理学报,54(1):137--150.
王伟.2011.地震动的山体地形效应[D].哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所:1--22.
王钟琪,谢君斐,石兆吉.1983.地震工程地质导论[M].北京:地震出版社:152--195.
谢毓寿.1957.新的中国地震烈度表[J].地球物理学报,6(1):35--47.
杨光,刘曾武.1994.场地指数与地震动参数的关系[J].华北地震科学,12(3):43--52.
姚振兴,陈培善,肖承邺,徐国明.1974.1966年邢台地震的烈度异常[J].地球物理学报,17(2):106--120.
俞维贤,谷一山,毛玉平,赵曲东.1994.耿马县城烈度异常的地震地质及场地地质条件分析[J].地震研究,17(2):177--182.
袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐,陈龙伟.2009.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,28(6):1288--1296.
张国庆,朱秀岗.1981.玉田低烈度异常的地质分析[J].地震,1(3):27--30.
张立,陈清军.2007.场地地震反应的比较研究[J].四川建筑科学研究,33(1):137--141.
张敏政.2010.地震烈度及其评定[J].防灾科技学院学报,12(1):1--6.
中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.2008.中国地震烈度表(GB/T17742-2008)[S].北京:中国标准化出版社:1--4.
周锡元,王广军,苏经宇.1991.场地·地基·设计地震[M].北京:地震出版社:1--22.
周正华,张艳梅,孙平善,杨柏坡.2003.断层对震害影响的研究[J].自然灾害学报,12(4):20--24.
Andrews D J.1986.Objective determination of source parameters and similarity of earthquakes of different size[C]∥DasS,Boatwright J,Scholz C H eds.Earthquake Source Mechanics.Washington D C:American Geophysical Union:259--268.
Bonilla L F,Steidl J H,Lindley G T,Tumarkin A G,Archuleta R J.1997.Site amplification in the San Fernando Val-ley,California:Variability of site-effect estimation using the S-wave,Coda,and H/V methods[J].Bull Seism SocAmer,87(3):710--730.
Boore D M.1972.A note on the effect of simple topography on seismic SH waves[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,62(1):275--284.
Borcherdt R D.1970.Effects of local geology on ground motion near San Francisco bay[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,60(1):26--61.
Celebi M.1991.Topographical and geological amplification-case studies and engineering implications[J].StructuralSafety,10:199--217.
Dezfulian H,Seed H B.1970.Seismic response of soil deposits underlain by sloping rock boundaries[J].Journal of theSoil Mechanics and Foundations Division,96(6):1893--1916.
Dezfulian H,Seed H B.1971.Response of nonuniform soil deposits to travelling seismic waves[J].Journal of the SoilMechanics and Foundation Division,97(SM1):27--46.
Geli L,Bard P Y,Jullin B.1988.The effect of topography on earthquake ground motion:A review and new results[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,78:42--63.
Graves R W,Pitarka A,Somerville P G.1998.Ground-motion amplification in the Santa Monica area:Effects of shallowbasin-edge structure[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(5):1224--1242.
Kawase H.1996.The cause of the damage belt in Kobe:The basin-edge effect,constructive interference of the direct Swave with the basin induced diffracted/Rayleigh waves[J].Seism Res Lett,67(5):25--34.
Nakamura Y.1989.A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground sur-face[J].QR of RTRI,30(1):25--33.
Olsen K B.2000.Site amplification in the Los Angeles basin from three-dimensional modeling of ground motion[J].BullSeism Soc Amer,90(6B):S77--S94.
Parolai S,Bindi D,Baumbach M,Grosser H,Milkereit C,Karakisa S,Zunbul S.2004.Comparison of different site re-sponse estimation techniques using aftershocks of the1999Izmit earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,94(3):1096--1108.
Pitarka A,Irikura K,Iwata T,Sekiguchi H.1998.Three-dimensional simulation of the near-fault ground motion for the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu(Kobe),Japan,earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,88(2):428--440.
Somerville P G.1998.Emerging art:earthquake ground motion[C]∥Dakoulas P,Yegian M,Holtz D eds.GeotechnicalEarthquake Engineering and Soil DynamicsⅢ.Reston,Virginia:American Society of Civil Engineers,Geotechni-cal Special Publications,2(75):1--38.
Wood H O.1908.Distribution of apparent intensity in San Francisco in the California earthquake of April18,1906[R]∥Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission.Washington,D C:Carnegie Institution of WashingtonPublication:220--245.
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