山岭隧道受震损害类型与原因之案例研究
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摘要
以1999年台湾集集地震造成完工通车仅1 a的三义壹号铁路隧道损害为例,应用隧道受震数值分析成果及相关研究,探讨隧道受震损害的原因。研究成果显示,受震损害区段皆落于埋深接近0.25倍岩体波长的范围内,即隧道埋深与岩体特性的组合强化震波受地表自由面反射与隧道散射的效应,导致衬砌受震引起应力大幅增加而造成破坏。而衬砌损害可归纳为4种类型:纵向裂缝、环向裂缝或环向施工缝错动、环状剥落以及斜向裂缝与剥落。分析隧道施工地质记录及震后检测结果显示,衬砌纵向裂缝主要受地盘深处上传的S波垂直方向或45?入射导致衬砌轴力与弯矩受震增加而影响。环向裂缝或环向施工缝错动则受到水平方向P波造成的张力破坏以及乐夫波造成衬砌应力增加的影响。环状剥落系隧道承受较显著的水平方向应力下,S波45?入射导致衬砌应力增量以及避车洞开口结构配置的影响。而斜向裂缝则受S波通过软硬地盘互层的应变差异以及隧道衬砌结构刚度特性所致。研究成果表明隧道受震损害原因与影响因素,可为山岭隧道耐震分析与设计提供参考。
Taking the San-I No.1 tunnel damaged by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake for example,the associated failure mechanism is studied by means of numerical analysis and related investigation results.Numerical simulation results reveal that,in accordance with all depths of damage sections close to 0.25 wavelengths of incident waves;the combination of tunnel depth and wavelength causes wave reflection from ground surface and wave scattering from tunnel periphery,and leads to particularly pronounced amplification of earthquake-induced stress of lining,that results in lining damages.The four significant damage patterns of lining are also elucidated,including the longitudinal cracks,circumferential cracks or construction joint dislocation,circularity-spalling of lining concrete,as well as oblique cracks and associated spalling of lining concrete.The earthquake-induced exceeding axial-and flexural stresses caused by the S wave with vertical and 45? incident angle yield to the longitudinal cracks.The tensile failure caused by horizontally propagating P wave and the stress increment caused by Love wave dominate the circumferential cracks or construction joint dislocation.The stress increment caused by the S waves with 45? incident angle,occurred nearby opening refuges and amplified while a tunnel subjected to significantly horizontal stress results in the circularity-like spalling.The propagating S wave induced distinct strains in-between of the soft and hard rock layer lead to the oblique cracks and associated spalling.This study clarifies the earthquake-induced damage patterns of rock tunnels and associated affecting factors,which is conductive to aseismic design for tunnels.
Taking the San-I No.1 tunnel damaged by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake for example,the associated failure mechanism is studied by means of numerical analysis and related investigation results.Numerical simulation results reveal that,in accordance with all depths of damage sections close to 0.25 wavelengths of incident waves;the combination of tunnel depth and wavelength causes wave reflection from ground surface and wave scattering from tunnel periphery,and leads to particularly pronounced amplification of earthquake-induced stress of lining,that results in lining damages.The four significant damage patterns of lining are also elucidated,including the longitudinal cracks,circumferential cracks or construction joint dislocation,circularity-spalling of lining concrete,as well as oblique cracks and associated spalling of lining concrete.The earthquake-induced exceeding axial-and flexural stresses caused by the S wave with vertical and 45? incident angle yield to the longitudinal cracks.The tensile failure caused by horizontally propagating P wave and the stress increment caused by Love wave dominate the circumferential cracks or construction joint dislocation.The stress increment caused by the S waves with 45? incident angle,occurred nearby opening refuges and amplified while a tunnel subjected to significantly horizontal stress results in the circularity-like spalling.The propagating S wave induced distinct strains in-between of the soft and hard rock layer lead to the oblique cracks and associated spalling.This study clarifies the earthquake-induced damage patterns of rock tunnels and associated affecting factors,which is conductive to aseismic design for tunnels.
引文
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[12]HASHASH M A,HOOK J J,SCHMIDT B,et al.Seismic design and analysis of Underground Structures[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001,16(4):247–293.
[13]曾威量.山岭隧道受集集地震损害分析[硕士学位论文][D].台北:台湾大学,2002.(ZENG Weiliang.Analysis of damages of rock tunnel caused by Chi-Chi earthquake[M.S.Thesis][D].Taipei:Taiwan University,2002.(in Chinese))
[14]陈正勋,黄灿辉.山岭隧道受震之破坏型态及其机制初探[C]//第五届海峡两岸隧道与地下工程学术与技术研讨会论文集.台北:[s.n.],2006:1–8.(CHEN Chenghsun,HUANG Tsanhwei.Preliminary study on the failure pattern and mechanisms for mountain tunnels[C]//The Fifth Session of Two Sides Across the Taiwan Strait Tunnel and under Structure Work Academic and Technical Seminar.Taipei:[s.n.],2006:1–8.(in Chinese))
[15]CHEN C H,WANG T T,JENG F S,et al.Mechanisms causing seismic damage of tunnels at different depths[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2010.(to be Pressed)
[16]黄茂松,曹杰.隧道地震响应简化分析与动力离心试验验证[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):271–280.(HUANG Maosong,CAO Jie.Simplified analysis of tunnel earthquake response and centrifuge modeling calibration[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):271–280.(in Chinese))
[17]李锦发.三义断层及其在新构造上的意义[J].地质,1994,14(1):73–96.(LEE Jinfa.Sani fault and their neotectonic significance[J].Geology,1994,14(1):73–96(in Chinese))
[18]陈文山,陈于高,刘聪桂,等.921集集大地震的地震断层特性与构造意义[J].地质调查所特刊,2000,(12):139–154.(CHEN Wenshan,CHEN Yuegau,LIU Tsungkwei et al.Characteristics of the Chi-Chi earthquake ruptures[J].Special Publication of the Central Geological Survey,2000,(12):139–154.(in Chinese))
[19]石同生,陈柏村,刘彦求,等.活动断层调查报告——三义断层[R].台北:地质调查所,2007.(SHIH Tungsheng,CHEN Potsun,LIU Yenchiu et al.Report of active faults investigation-The Sanyi Fault[R].Taipei:Central Geological Survey,2007.(in Chinese))
[20]联合大地工程顾问公司.三义壹号隧道新建工程地质记录分析分析总结报告[R].台北:荣民工程事业管理处,1997.(United Geotech.,Inc.Final report of geological investigation,interpretation and evaluation for construction stage of San-I No.1 tunnel[R].Taipei:Ret-Ser Engineering Agency,1997.(in Chinese))
[21]联合大地工程顾问公司.三义壹号隧道新建工程安全检测工作总结报告[R].台北:荣民工程事业管理处,1997.(United Geotech.Inc.Final report of safety monitoring for construction stage of San-I No.1 tunnel[R].Taipei:Ret-Ser Engineering Agency,1997.(in Chinese))
[22]王文礼,王泰典.集集大地震三义壹号铁路隧道震害因素探讨[C]//中华技术学院庆祝改制周年论文发表研讨会.台北:[s.n.],2000:279–288.(WANG Wenli,WANG Taitien.Study on seismic damage of San-I No.1 railway tunnel caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake[C]//Proceedings Celebrating the Upgrading of China University of Science and Technology.Taipei:[s.n.],2000:279–288.(in Chinese))
[23]BARTON N.Some new Q-value correlations to assist in site characterisation and tunnel design[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2002,39(2):185–216.
[24]孙琪,王文礼,王泰典,等.集集大地震三义壹号铁路隧道震害与修复[J].台铁资料,2001,306:93–130.(SUN Chi,WANG Wenli,WANG Taitien,et al.Seismic damage of Sun-I No.1 railway tunnel caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake and associated repairing[J].Taiwan Railway Journal,2001,306:93–130.(in Chinese))
[2]SHARMA S,JUDD W R.Underground opening damage from earthquakes[J].Engineering Geology,1991,30(3–4):263–276.
[3]WANG W L,WANG T T,SU J J,et al.Assessment of damages in mountain tunnels due to the Taiwan Chi-Chi Earthquake[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001,16(3):133–150.
[4]朝仓俊弘,志波由纪夫,松冈茂,等.山岭隧道之地震灾害及其发生机制[C]//岩盘工程研讨会.台北:[s.n.],2008:20–36.(ASAKURA T,SHIBA Y,MATSUOKA S,et al.Damage to mountain tunnel by earthquake and its mechanism[C]//Proceedings of Taiwan Rock Engineering Symposium.Taipei:[s.n.],2008:20–36.(in Chinese))
[5]YASHIRO K,KOJIMA Y,SHIMIZU M.Historical earthquake damage to tunnels in Japan and case studies of railway tunnels in the 2004 Niigataken-Chuetsu earthquake[J].Quarterly Report of Railway Technical Research Institute,2007,48(3):136–141.
[6]日本土木学会隧道工学委员会.新潟県中越冲地震调査特别小委员会报告书[R].东京:日本土木学会,2008.(Tunnel Engineering Committee,Japan Society of Civil Engineers.Special investigation committee's report for the Niigataken Chuetsu-oki earthquake in 2007[R].Tokyo:Japan Society of Civil Engineers,2008.(in Chinese))
[7]吉随旺,唐永建,胡德贵,等.四川省汶川地震灾区干线公路典型震害特征分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1 250–1 260.(JI Suiwang,TANG Yongjian,HU Degui,et al.Analysis of typical seismic damages of highways in Wenchuan earthquake-induced hazard areas in Sichuan province[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(6):1 250–1 260.(in Chinese))
[8]WANG Z Z,GAO B,JIANG Y J,et al.Investigation and assessment on mountain tunnels and geotechnical damage after the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Science in China Series E:Technological Sciences,2009,52(2):546–558.
[9]BRANDL J,NEUGEBAUER E.Turkish motorway network–challenges to tunnel design[J].FELSBAU,2002,20(2):24–33.
[10]OWEN G N,SCHOLL R E.1985 Rapid Excavation Tunneling Conference proceedings[J].Sco of Mining Engineering of AIME,1985:63–70.
[11]WANG H,TAKEMIYA H.Dynamic response of tunnels to incident in plane seismic waves in layered half space by hybrid method[M].Berlin,Germany:A A Balkema,1994.
[12]HASHASH M A,HOOK J J,SCHMIDT B,et al.Seismic design and analysis of Underground Structures[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2001,16(4):247–293.
[13]曾威量.山岭隧道受集集地震损害分析[硕士学位论文][D].台北:台湾大学,2002.(ZENG Weiliang.Analysis of damages of rock tunnel caused by Chi-Chi earthquake[M.S.Thesis][D].Taipei:Taiwan University,2002.(in Chinese))
[14]陈正勋,黄灿辉.山岭隧道受震之破坏型态及其机制初探[C]//第五届海峡两岸隧道与地下工程学术与技术研讨会论文集.台北:[s.n.],2006:1–8.(CHEN Chenghsun,HUANG Tsanhwei.Preliminary study on the failure pattern and mechanisms for mountain tunnels[C]//The Fifth Session of Two Sides Across the Taiwan Strait Tunnel and under Structure Work Academic and Technical Seminar.Taipei:[s.n.],2006:1–8.(in Chinese))
[15]CHEN C H,WANG T T,JENG F S,et al.Mechanisms causing seismic damage of tunnels at different depths[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,2010.(to be Pressed)
[16]黄茂松,曹杰.隧道地震响应简化分析与动力离心试验验证[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(2):271–280.(HUANG Maosong,CAO Jie.Simplified analysis of tunnel earthquake response and centrifuge modeling calibration[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(2):271–280.(in Chinese))
[17]李锦发.三义断层及其在新构造上的意义[J].地质,1994,14(1):73–96.(LEE Jinfa.Sani fault and their neotectonic significance[J].Geology,1994,14(1):73–96(in Chinese))
[18]陈文山,陈于高,刘聪桂,等.921集集大地震的地震断层特性与构造意义[J].地质调查所特刊,2000,(12):139–154.(CHEN Wenshan,CHEN Yuegau,LIU Tsungkwei et al.Characteristics of the Chi-Chi earthquake ruptures[J].Special Publication of the Central Geological Survey,2000,(12):139–154.(in Chinese))
[19]石同生,陈柏村,刘彦求,等.活动断层调查报告——三义断层[R].台北:地质调查所,2007.(SHIH Tungsheng,CHEN Potsun,LIU Yenchiu et al.Report of active faults investigation-The Sanyi Fault[R].Taipei:Central Geological Survey,2007.(in Chinese))
[20]联合大地工程顾问公司.三义壹号隧道新建工程地质记录分析分析总结报告[R].台北:荣民工程事业管理处,1997.(United Geotech.,Inc.Final report of geological investigation,interpretation and evaluation for construction stage of San-I No.1 tunnel[R].Taipei:Ret-Ser Engineering Agency,1997.(in Chinese))
[21]联合大地工程顾问公司.三义壹号隧道新建工程安全检测工作总结报告[R].台北:荣民工程事业管理处,1997.(United Geotech.Inc.Final report of safety monitoring for construction stage of San-I No.1 tunnel[R].Taipei:Ret-Ser Engineering Agency,1997.(in Chinese))
[22]王文礼,王泰典.集集大地震三义壹号铁路隧道震害因素探讨[C]//中华技术学院庆祝改制周年论文发表研讨会.台北:[s.n.],2000:279–288.(WANG Wenli,WANG Taitien.Study on seismic damage of San-I No.1 railway tunnel caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake[C]//Proceedings Celebrating the Upgrading of China University of Science and Technology.Taipei:[s.n.],2000:279–288.(in Chinese))
[23]BARTON N.Some new Q-value correlations to assist in site characterisation and tunnel design[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2002,39(2):185–216.
[24]孙琪,王文礼,王泰典,等.集集大地震三义壹号铁路隧道震害与修复[J].台铁资料,2001,306:93–130.(SUN Chi,WANG Wenli,WANG Taitien,et al.Seismic damage of Sun-I No.1 railway tunnel caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake and associated repairing[J].Taiwan Railway Journal,2001,306:93–130.(in Chinese))
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