地震导致河流改道与古蜀文明的变迁
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摘要
对三星堆文明的突然消亡,至今没有令人信服的解释,而岷江支流雁门沟,沱江支流湔江及其上游支流白水河的特殊河流地貌,尚未引起人们的重视。实地考察雁门沟、白水河及湔江,通过其河流地貌特征推断白水河和湔江为断头河,雁门沟为反向河;再利用3S技术,找到了光光山一带大规模滑坡遗迹,从而判定岷江曾在今汶川雁门向东南流,穿越光光山,沿今白水河、湔江流向沱江。岷江及其支流杂谷脑河、雁门沟、文政沟的纵剖面特征,也反映出河流曾发生过大的变迁。结合三星堆、金沙遗址考古资料以及历史文献的进一步论证,最终得出发生于1099B.C.的地震引起山崩、滑坡堵江,进而引起河流改道,并导致三星堆文明的消亡和金沙文明的传承,以及杜宇时代的严重水灾。
No convi1ncing explanations has been figured out on the sudden extinction of Sanxingdui Civilization currently,while insufficient attention has been paid to the special geomorphologic characters of Yanmen Ravine (a tributary of Minjiang River),Jianjiang River and Baishui River (a tributary of Jianjiang River).According to the field investigations conducted in Yanmen Ravine,Baishui River and Jianjiang River,it proves that Baishui River and Jianjiang River are beheaded rivers and Yanmen Ravine is a reversed river.Applying 3S technology,relic of massive landslide was found.All the demonstrations above prove that Minjiang River once flowed southeast in Yanmen at Wenchuan County into Tuojiang River through Mount Guangguang along Baishui River and Jianjiang River.The profiles of Minjing River,Zagunao River,Yanmen Ravine and Wenzheng Ravine also demonstrate that avulsion once happened.In line with historic record and archaeological materials,it is concluded that great earthquake in 1099 B.C.triggered landslide,Minjiang River was dammed and avulsion happened.The avulsion resulted in the subsequent extinction of the Sanxingdui Civilization and the heritage of Jinsha Civilization;as well as the serious floods in Duyu Kingdom Periods.
No convi1ncing explanations has been figured out on the sudden extinction of Sanxingdui Civilization currently,while insufficient attention has been paid to the special geomorphologic characters of Yanmen Ravine (a tributary of Minjiang River),Jianjiang River and Baishui River (a tributary of Jianjiang River).According to the field investigations conducted in Yanmen Ravine,Baishui River and Jianjiang River,it proves that Baishui River and Jianjiang River are beheaded rivers and Yanmen Ravine is a reversed river.Applying 3S technology,relic of massive landslide was found.All the demonstrations above prove that Minjiang River once flowed southeast in Yanmen at Wenchuan County into Tuojiang River through Mount Guangguang along Baishui River and Jianjiang River.The profiles of Minjing River,Zagunao River,Yanmen Ravine and Wenzheng Ravine also demonstrate that avulsion once happened.In line with historic record and archaeological materials,it is concluded that great earthquake in 1099 B.C.triggered landslide,Minjiang River was dammed and avulsion happened.The avulsion resulted in the subsequent extinction of the Sanxingdui Civilization and the heritage of Jinsha Civilization;as well as the serious floods in Duyu Kingdom Periods.
引文
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[27]Yuan Zuliang.General history of disasters in China(Volume of Pre-Qin Dynasty)[M].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University Press,2008)[袁祖亮.中国灾害通史先秦卷[M].郑州:郑州大学出版社,2008]
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[29]Gu Hao.China’s Water Governance in Historical Perspective(Second Edition)[M].Beijing:China Hydropower Press,2006[顾浩.中国治水史鉴(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006]
[2]Li SJ."Icons of Human-Symbolizing-god"and"Magnifying Hu-man Nature Through God Icons":the Aesthetic Features of the Hu-man Icons of Sanxingdui Culture Relics[A].In:20089th Interna-tional Conference on Computer-Aided Industrial Design&Concep-tual Design(CAID/CD)[C].Kunming,China,2008:1174～1179
[3]Liu Xingshi.Sanxingdui Civilization and ancient geographic environ-ment[J].Journal ofChengdu University ofTechnology(Social Sci-ences),2005,13(1):1～6[刘兴诗.三星堆文明与古地理环境[J].成都理工大学学报(社会科学版),2005,13(1):1～6]
[4]Fu Shun,Wang Chenshan,Liu Xingshi,et al.Study on Sanxingdui Civilization’s mysterious disappearance from environment changes[J].Journal ofChengdu UniversityofTechnology(Social Sciences),2003,11(1):1～6[傅顺,王成善,刘兴诗.等.三星堆古文明神秘消失的环境演化研究[J].成都理工大学学报(社会科学版),2003,11(1):1～6]
[5]Ren Mei-e.The great earthquake in4280a B.P.and early course of the Lower YellowRiver,China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(5):543～545[任美锷.4280a B.P.太行山大地震与大禹治水后(4070a B.P.)的黄河下游河道[J].地理科学,2002,22(5):543～545]
[6]Wang Ruobai.Northward removal channels of the Huanghe River and prehistoric disaster event—Discussion with Mr.Ren Mei-e[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2005,25(3):294～298[王若柏.黄河北流河道变迁与史前的灾害事件[J].地理科学,2005,25(3):294～298]
[7]Yang XY,Xia ZK,Ye ML.Prehistoric disasters at Lajia Site,Qinghai,China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2003,48(17):1877～1881[夏正楷,杨晓燕,叶茂林.青海喇家遗址史前灾难事件[J].科学通报,2003,48(11):1200～1204]
[8]Wu Q L,Zhang P Z,Zhang HP,et al.A Palaeo-Earthquake in-duced damming and bursting of YellowRiver and the abnormal flood that destroyed Lajia Relic[J].Sci China Ser D-Earth Sci,2009,39(8):1148～1159[吴庆龙,张培震,张会平,等.黄河上游积石峡古地震堰塞溃决事件与喇家遗址异常古洪水灾害[J].中国科学,2009,39(8):1148～1159]
[9]Hong Qingyu.Annual of Yangtze River(Volume of Programming)[M].Beijing:China Hydropower Press,2007:210～213[洪庆余.长江志.规划[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007:210～213]
[10]Hong Qingyu.Annual of Yangtze River(Volume of Project Geolo-gy Reconnaissance)[M].Beijing:China Hydropower Press,2007:102～107[洪庆余.长江志.工程地质勘查[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007:102～107]
[11]Hong Qingyu.Annual of Yangtze River(Volume of River Sys-tems)[M].Beijing:China Hydropower Press,2007[洪庆余.长江志.水系[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2007]
[12]Yu Linqing,Cai Qing’e.Experimental investigation of anchorage engineering on glacial till slope[J].Journal ofMountain Science,2007,25(1):99～102[喻林青,蔡庆娥.冰碛物滑坡中的锚固工程试验[J].山地学报,2007,25(1):99～102]
[13]Liu Xingshi.Quaternary deposits of Sichuan Basin[M].Chengdu:Sichuan Scientific Technology Press,1983:98～140[刘兴诗.四川盆地的第四系[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1983:98～140]
[14]Cheng Qiangong,Zhang Zhuoyuan,Huang Runqiu.Study on dy-namics of rock avalanches state of the art report[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2007,25(1):99～102[程谦恭,张倬元,黄润秋.高速远程崩滑动力学的研究现状及发展趋势[J].山地学报,2007,25(1):72～84]
[15]Schuster RL,Alford D.Usoi landslide dam and Lake Sarez,Pamir Mountains,Tajikistan[J].Environmental&Engineering Geosci-ence,2004,10(2):151～168
[16]Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun Li Tianbin.Basic characteristics and formation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguangbao occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal ofEngi-neering Geology,2008,16(6):730～741[黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):730～741]
[17]Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Zhang Weifeng,et al.Further ex-amination on characteristics and formulation mechanism of Da-guangbao landslide[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2009,17(6):725～736[黄润秋,裴向军,张伟锋,李世贵,李必良.再论大光包滑坡特征与形成机制[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):725～736]
[18]Robert B.Ancient Sichuan:Treasures from a Lost Civilization[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2001
[19]Li Xiang.FromSanxingdui to Jinsha-Looking for disappeared Sanx-ingdui Civilization[J].Chinese Literature and History,2006,(8):122～127[林向.从三星堆到金沙——寻找失落的三星堆古城[J].文史知识,2006,(8):122～127]
[20]Xu PengZhang.Corpus of History and Archaeology in Sichuan[M].Chengdu:Sichuan University Press.2005[徐鹏章.四川历史考古文集[M].成都:四川大学出版社,2005]
[21]Fu Shun,Ye Qingpei,Wang Chengshan,et al.On environmental evolution of disappearance of Sanxingdui Civilization[J].Geolog-ical Science and Technology Information,2005,24(3):43～47[付顺,叶青培,王成善等.三星堆文明消失原因的古环境因素探讨[J].地质科技情报,2005,24(3):43～47]
[22]Peng Shuming,Xiao Fan,Tan Xuming.History of Dujiang Weir[M].Beijing:China Science Press,2004[彭述明,肖帆,谭徐明.都江堰史[M].北京:科学出版社,2004]
[23]Pen Bangben.A primarily study of ancient hydraulic conception-on the point of regulating flood in ancient Shu and its influence[A].In:Proceedings of the commemoration of Dujiang Weir’s building for2260Years International Forum[C].Beijing:China Hydropower Press,2005:146～152[彭邦本.从大禹到李冰:上古水利理念初探——以古蜀治水史迹及其影响为中心[A].见:纪念都江堰建堰2260周年国际学术论坛论文选编[C].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005:146～152]
[24]Arie S.Issar.Climate Changes during the Holocence and their Im-pact on Hydrological Systerms[M].Cambridge:Cambridge Uni-versity Press,2003:61～80
[25]Yancheva,G,Nowaczyk,NR;Mingram,J,et al.Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East Asian monsoon[J].Nature,2007,445(4):74～77
[26]Zhang,D;Lu,LH.Anti-correlation of summer/winter monsoons-[J].Nature,2007,450(15):E7～E8
[27]Yuan Zuliang.General history of disasters in China(Volume of Pre-Qin Dynasty)[M].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University Press,2008)[袁祖亮.中国灾害通史先秦卷[M].郑州:郑州大学出版社,2008]
[28]Jin Jingfang,Lv Shaogang.Newexplanation of“Shangshu(Volume of Yuxiashu)”[M].Shenyang:Liaoning Ancient Books Press,1996[金景芳,吕绍纲.《尚书.虞夏书》新解[M].沈阳:辽宁古籍出版社,1996]
[29]Gu Hao.China’s Water Governance in Historical Perspective(Second Edition)[M].Beijing:China Hydropower Press,2006[顾浩.中国治水史鉴(第二版)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006]
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