地震岩石物理研究进展
|
摘要
地震岩石物理(Seismic Rock Physics)是研究岩石物理性质与地震响应之间关系的一门学科,旨在通过研究不同温度压力条件下岩性、孔隙度、孔隙流体等对岩石弹性性质的影响,分析地震波传播规律,建立各岩性参数、物性参数与地震速度、密度等弹性参数之间的关系,本文主要论述了半个多世纪以来,国内外地震岩石物理在岩石、流体基础研究、烃类检测等方面取得的主要进展,并分析目前国内岩石物理的研究现状、存在的问题、最新研究动向及展望。
Seismic rock physics carefully and purposefully uses rock physics data and theory in the interpretation of seismic observations. Its purposes are to show the impacts of porosity, fluids in pores and lithology on the rock elasticity under the situ pressures and temperatures, to help to characterize the seismic wave propagation, and to establish the relationship between the lithology, property parameters, seismic wave velocity, density and some other elastic parameters. This paper will discuss the main progresses of seismic rock physics in theory, empirical relationship, models and the applications in the fields of seismic exploration and reservoir characterization. And the paper will also discuss the difficulties faced in seismic exploration, some application conditions and limitations of rock physics theory, the latest study trend and prospects of seismic rock physics.
Seismic rock physics carefully and purposefully uses rock physics data and theory in the interpretation of seismic observations. Its purposes are to show the impacts of porosity, fluids in pores and lithology on the rock elasticity under the situ pressures and temperatures, to help to characterize the seismic wave propagation, and to establish the relationship between the lithology, property parameters, seismic wave velocity, density and some other elastic parameters. This paper will discuss the main progresses of seismic rock physics in theory, empirical relationship, models and the applications in the fields of seismic exploration and reservoir characterization. And the paper will also discuss the difficulties faced in seismic exploration, some application conditions and limitations of rock physics theory, the latest study trend and prospects of seismic rock physics.
引文
[1] King M S. Wave velocities in rocks as a function of changes in overburden pressure and pore fluid saturates [J]. Geophysics, 1966, 31: 50-73．
[2] Winkler K W, Plona T J. Technique for measuring ultrasonic velocity and attenuation spectra in rocks under pressure [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1982, 87: 10776-10780．
[3] Bourbie T, Coussy O,Zinszner B. Acoustics of porous media [A]. Editions Technique, 1987．
[4] Wang Z J,Nur A, Dispersion analysis of acoustic velocities in rocks [J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1990, 87: 2384-2395．
[5] Wang Z J. Seismic and acoustic velocities in reservoir rocks [J]. 1992, Vol. 2: SEG Geophysics Reprint Series No. 10．
[6] Wang Z J, Ken S. Rock physics lithology and porosity prediction in carbonate reservoir [J]. SEG Meeting, 1999．
[7] Wang Z J. Fundamentals of seismic rock physics [J]. Geophysics, 2001, 66(2) : 398-412．
[8] Gary M, Tapan M, Jack D. The rock physics handbook-Tools for seismic analysis in porous media [M]. Cambridge university press, 1998．
[9] Michael A Z, Manika P, Gary M. Empirical velocity-pressure and porosity-pressure trends in unconsolidated sands [R]. SEG Int'l Exposition and 72nd Annual Meeting * Salt Lake City, Utah * October 6-11, 2002．
[10] Han D H, Batzle M. Diag nosis of "fizz gas" and gas reservoirs in deep-water environment, SEG. Expanded Abstracts, 2000,24:1327．
[11] Ostrander W J. Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at nonnormal angles of incidence [J]. Geophysics, 1984, 49: 1637-1648
[12] Jan L F, George C S, Peter J V, et al. Detection of gas in sandstone reservoirs using AVO analysis: A 3-D seismic case history using the Geostack technique [J]. Geophysics, 1994, VOL. 59: 1362-1376．
[13] Bill G, Chen T W, Pan C P, Jon D. Improved AVO fluid detection and lithology discrimination using Lame petrophysical parameters [A]; SEG Expanded Abstracts, 1997, 16: 183-186．
[14] Liu X Z, Xu W L, Chen Q. Reservoir rock-fluid equilibration and seismic petrophysics [A]. SEG Expanded Abstracts, 1998．
[15] James G B. Origin of gassmann's equations [J]. Geophysics, 1999, 64(5) : 1627-1629．
[16] Sverre S, Blangy J P. Integrated reservoir characterization of a field from the north sea: part I. the rock physics model [A]. SEG Expanded Abstracts, 1991: 1023-1026．
[17] Erik D, Per A. Interpretation of elastic inversion result using rock physics templates [A], EAGE 65th Conference & Exhibition, 2003
[18] Per A, Aart-Jan van W, Gary M, Tor A J. Combined porosity, saturation and net-to-gross estimation from rock physics templates [A]. 1963
[19] Cao H, Yang Z F, Li Y G. Elastic impedance coefficient (EC) for lithology discrimination and gas detection [C]. Challenges in Seismic Rock Physics-SEG Summer Workshop, 2007．
[20] Charlotte F A, Aart-Jan van W. Interpretation of 4D AVO Inversion results using Rock Physics Templates and Virtual Reality visualization [A]. North Sea examples, SEG Meeting 2007．
[21] Tokoz M N, Jackson D H, Timur A. Attenuation of seismic wave in dry and saturated rocks: Part ? Laboratory measurements [J]. Geophysics, 1979, 44(5) : 681-690．
[22] White J E. Computed seismic speeds and attenuation in rocks with partial gas saturation [J]. Geophysics, 1975, 40: 224-232．
[23] Mavko G, Jizba D. Estimating grain-scale fluid effects on velocity dispersion in rocks [J].Geophysics, 1991, 56: 1940-1949．
[24] Gassmann F. Uber die elastizita " t poro " ser medien: Vierteljahrsschriftder Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [R]. 1951, 96: 1-23．
[25] Biot M A. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid saturated porous solid. I: Low frequency range, and Ⅱ: Higher frequency range [J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1956, 28: 168-191．
[26] Robert J S B, Jan K. On the Dependence of the Elastic Properties of a Porous Rock on the Compressibility of the Pore Fluid [J]. Geophysics, 1975, 40: 608-616．
[27] Gary M, Tapan M. Bounds on low-frequency seismic velocities in partially saturated rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63: 918-924．
[28] Gerald M M, Amos N. Wave attenuation in partially saturated rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1979, 44: 161-178．
[29] Rosemary K. Hysteresis in the electrical receptivity of partially saturated sandstones [J]. Geophysics, 1991, 56: 2139-2147．
[30] Gary M, Richard N H. Estimating seismic velocities at ultrasonic frequencies in partially saturated rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1994, 59: 252-258．
[31] Dvorkin J M, Nur A. Squirt flow in fully saturated rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1995, 60: 97-107．
[32] Batzle M. Han D H, Castagna J. Seismic frequency measurement of velocity and attenuation [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 1997, 16: 2030-2033．
[33] Wang Z J, et al. , Seismic and acoustic velocities in reservoir rocks [A]. Vol. 3: SEG Geophysics Reprint Series No. 19, 2000．
[34] Sams M S, Neep J P, Worthington M H,King M S. The measurement of velocity dispersion and frequency dependent intrinsic attenuation in sedimentary rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1997, 62: 1456-1462．
[35] Batzle M, Han D H, Castagna J. Fluids and frequency dependent seismic velocities of rocks [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 1999, 18: 5-8．
[36] Carlos C, Han D H. Can we use frequency shift due to attenuation for fizz water discrimination? [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 2004, 23: 1630-1633．
[37] Carlos C, Han D. Velocity dispersion in layered media [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 2005, 24: 1589-1594．
[38] Umberta T, Jose M C. Estimation of gas hydrate concentration and free gas saturation from log and seismic data [J]. The Leading Edge, Feb. 2001:200-203．
[39] Morten J, Tor A J. Seismic waves in real media with evolving microstructure [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 2003, 22: 1608-1611．
[40] Yahya A, Colin M. Location and evaluation of flow barriers using 4D seismic[R]. SEG Meeting, 2005: 2472-2476．
[41] Micheal R, Tom D. Shear-wave time-lapse seismic monitoring of a tight-gas sandstone reservoir, Rulison Field, Colorado [A]. SEG Meeting, 2006, 3135-3139．
[42] Zhao B, Zhou H W, Li X G,Han D H, Water saturation estimation using Support Vector Machine [R]. SEG Meeting, 2006: 1693-1697．
[43] Sun Y F, Berteussen K,et al. Effects of pore structure on 4D seismic signals in carbonate reservoirs [R]. SEG Meeting, 2006．
[44] Ling y, Huang X, Sun D, Gao J. 3． 5 Dimension seismic method and its application [C]. Challenges in Seismic Rock Physics-SEG Summer Workshop, 2007．
[45] 陈顒,黄庭芳著.岩石物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001． Chen Y, Huang T F. Rock Physics [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2001．
[46] 史謌,沈文略,杨东全.岩石弹性波速度和饱和度、孔隙流体分布的关系[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(1) :138-142． Shi G, Shen W L, Yang D Q. The Relationship of Wave Velocities with Saturation and Fluid Dispersion in Pore Space [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2003, 46(1) : 138-142．
[47] 李凤君,庞雄奇,辛广柱,等.地层物性变化对地震属性的影响[J].长庆石油学院学报,2005,29(4) :7-9． Li F J, Pang Q Q, Xin G Z, et al. The Impact of properties of reservoir on seismic attributes [J]. Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute, 2005, 29(4) : 7-9．
[48] 陶果,岳文正,谢然红,朱益华.岩石物理的理论模拟和数值实验新方法[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(1) :4-11． Tao G, Yue W Z, Xie R H, Zhu Y H. A new method for theoretical modeling and numerical experiments on petrophysical studies [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2005, 20 (1) : 4-11．
[49] 金龙,陈小红,姜香云.利用地震资料定量反演孔隙度和饱和度的新方法[J].石油学报,2006,27(4) :64-66． Jin L, Chen X H, Jiang X Y. Simultaneous inversion of porosity and saturation using seismic data [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2006, 27(4) : 64-66．
[50] 马中高,周巍,孙成龙.地震岩石物理分析软件系统设计和实现[J].物探与化探,2006,30(3) :260-265． Ma Z G, Zhou W, Sun C L. Software of seismic rock physics [J]. Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, 2006, 30(3) : 260-265．
[51] 李维新,史耨,王红,姚振兴.岩石物理弹性参数规律研究[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1380-1385． Li W X, Shi G, Wang H, Yao Z X. The Study on the Relationship of Elastic Properties of Rock Physics [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2007, 22(5) : 1380-1385．
[52] Michael S K. Rock-physics developments in seismic exploration: A personal 50-year perspective [A]. SEG Meeting , 2005
[53] 安勇,牟永光,方朝亮,沉积岩的速度、衰减与岩石物理性质间的关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(2) :188-192． An Y, Mu Y G, Fang C L. The relationship between velocity, attenuation and properties of sandstone [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2006, 41(2) : 188-192．
[54] 黄中玉.基于岩石物理模型和谱分解的储层描述技术[J].勘探地球物理进展,2006,29(1) :62-71． Huang Z Y. Reservoir characterization technology based on rock physics modeling and spectrum decomposition [J]. Progress in Exploration Geophysics, 2006, 29(1) : 62-71．
[55] 原宏壮,陆大卫,张辛耘,孙建孟,测井技术新进展综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3) :786-795． Yuan H Z, Lu D W, Zhang X Y, Sun] M, An overview of recent advances in well logging technology [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2005, 20(3) : 786-795．
[56] 赵文智,刘文汇,等著,高效天然气藏形成分布与凝析、低效气藏经济开发的基础研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2007． Zhao W Z, Liu W H,et al. Basic Research of high-efficiency gas reservoir formation, distribution and condensation, and of economic development of inefficiency gas reservoir [M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2007．
[57] Jan D. Rock Physics for the rest of us-An informal Discussion [R]. CSEG Recorder 2001, 42-49．
[58] Kuster G T, Toksoz M. N. . Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in two-phase media: Part ?-Theoretical formulations [J]. Geophysics, 1974, 39(5) : 587-606．
[59] 张进铎.地震解释技术现状及发展趋势[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2) :578-587． Zhang J D. Present Status and Future Trend of Seismic Data Interpretation Techniques [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2006, 21(2) : 578-587．
[61] Fluids/DHI Annual Report [C]. UH & CSM, 2000-2007．
[62] Yong Xu,等.岩石物理和AVO在天然气水合物勘探中的应用[J].世界地震译丛,2006,6:45-53． Yong X, et al. The application of rock physics and AVO in the hydrate exploration [J]. Translated World Seismology, 2006, 6: 45-53．
[2] Winkler K W, Plona T J. Technique for measuring ultrasonic velocity and attenuation spectra in rocks under pressure [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1982, 87: 10776-10780．
[3] Bourbie T, Coussy O,Zinszner B. Acoustics of porous media [A]. Editions Technique, 1987．
[4] Wang Z J,Nur A, Dispersion analysis of acoustic velocities in rocks [J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1990, 87: 2384-2395．
[5] Wang Z J. Seismic and acoustic velocities in reservoir rocks [J]. 1992, Vol. 2: SEG Geophysics Reprint Series No. 10．
[6] Wang Z J, Ken S. Rock physics lithology and porosity prediction in carbonate reservoir [J]. SEG Meeting, 1999．
[7] Wang Z J. Fundamentals of seismic rock physics [J]. Geophysics, 2001, 66(2) : 398-412．
[8] Gary M, Tapan M, Jack D. The rock physics handbook-Tools for seismic analysis in porous media [M]. Cambridge university press, 1998．
[9] Michael A Z, Manika P, Gary M. Empirical velocity-pressure and porosity-pressure trends in unconsolidated sands [R]. SEG Int'l Exposition and 72nd Annual Meeting * Salt Lake City, Utah * October 6-11, 2002．
[10] Han D H, Batzle M. Diag nosis of "fizz gas" and gas reservoirs in deep-water environment, SEG. Expanded Abstracts, 2000,24:1327．
[11] Ostrander W J. Plane-wave reflection coefficients for gas sands at nonnormal angles of incidence [J]. Geophysics, 1984, 49: 1637-1648
[12] Jan L F, George C S, Peter J V, et al. Detection of gas in sandstone reservoirs using AVO analysis: A 3-D seismic case history using the Geostack technique [J]. Geophysics, 1994, VOL. 59: 1362-1376．
[13] Bill G, Chen T W, Pan C P, Jon D. Improved AVO fluid detection and lithology discrimination using Lame petrophysical parameters [A]; SEG Expanded Abstracts, 1997, 16: 183-186．
[14] Liu X Z, Xu W L, Chen Q. Reservoir rock-fluid equilibration and seismic petrophysics [A]. SEG Expanded Abstracts, 1998．
[15] James G B. Origin of gassmann's equations [J]. Geophysics, 1999, 64(5) : 1627-1629．
[16] Sverre S, Blangy J P. Integrated reservoir characterization of a field from the north sea: part I. the rock physics model [A]. SEG Expanded Abstracts, 1991: 1023-1026．
[17] Erik D, Per A. Interpretation of elastic inversion result using rock physics templates [A], EAGE 65th Conference & Exhibition, 2003
[18] Per A, Aart-Jan van W, Gary M, Tor A J. Combined porosity, saturation and net-to-gross estimation from rock physics templates [A]. 1963
[19] Cao H, Yang Z F, Li Y G. Elastic impedance coefficient (EC) for lithology discrimination and gas detection [C]. Challenges in Seismic Rock Physics-SEG Summer Workshop, 2007．
[20] Charlotte F A, Aart-Jan van W. Interpretation of 4D AVO Inversion results using Rock Physics Templates and Virtual Reality visualization [A]. North Sea examples, SEG Meeting 2007．
[21] Tokoz M N, Jackson D H, Timur A. Attenuation of seismic wave in dry and saturated rocks: Part ? Laboratory measurements [J]. Geophysics, 1979, 44(5) : 681-690．
[22] White J E. Computed seismic speeds and attenuation in rocks with partial gas saturation [J]. Geophysics, 1975, 40: 224-232．
[23] Mavko G, Jizba D. Estimating grain-scale fluid effects on velocity dispersion in rocks [J].Geophysics, 1991, 56: 1940-1949．
[24] Gassmann F. Uber die elastizita " t poro " ser medien: Vierteljahrsschriftder Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [R]. 1951, 96: 1-23．
[25] Biot M A. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid saturated porous solid. I: Low frequency range, and Ⅱ: Higher frequency range [J]. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1956, 28: 168-191．
[26] Robert J S B, Jan K. On the Dependence of the Elastic Properties of a Porous Rock on the Compressibility of the Pore Fluid [J]. Geophysics, 1975, 40: 608-616．
[27] Gary M, Tapan M. Bounds on low-frequency seismic velocities in partially saturated rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1998, 63: 918-924．
[28] Gerald M M, Amos N. Wave attenuation in partially saturated rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1979, 44: 161-178．
[29] Rosemary K. Hysteresis in the electrical receptivity of partially saturated sandstones [J]. Geophysics, 1991, 56: 2139-2147．
[30] Gary M, Richard N H. Estimating seismic velocities at ultrasonic frequencies in partially saturated rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1994, 59: 252-258．
[31] Dvorkin J M, Nur A. Squirt flow in fully saturated rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1995, 60: 97-107．
[32] Batzle M. Han D H, Castagna J. Seismic frequency measurement of velocity and attenuation [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 1997, 16: 2030-2033．
[33] Wang Z J, et al. , Seismic and acoustic velocities in reservoir rocks [A]. Vol. 3: SEG Geophysics Reprint Series No. 19, 2000．
[34] Sams M S, Neep J P, Worthington M H,King M S. The measurement of velocity dispersion and frequency dependent intrinsic attenuation in sedimentary rocks [J]. Geophysics, 1997, 62: 1456-1462．
[35] Batzle M, Han D H, Castagna J. Fluids and frequency dependent seismic velocities of rocks [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 1999, 18: 5-8．
[36] Carlos C, Han D H. Can we use frequency shift due to attenuation for fizz water discrimination? [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 2004, 23: 1630-1633．
[37] Carlos C, Han D. Velocity dispersion in layered media [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 2005, 24: 1589-1594．
[38] Umberta T, Jose M C. Estimation of gas hydrate concentration and free gas saturation from log and seismic data [J]. The Leading Edge, Feb. 2001:200-203．
[39] Morten J, Tor A J. Seismic waves in real media with evolving microstructure [R]. SEG Expanded Abstracts 2003, 22: 1608-1611．
[40] Yahya A, Colin M. Location and evaluation of flow barriers using 4D seismic[R]. SEG Meeting, 2005: 2472-2476．
[41] Micheal R, Tom D. Shear-wave time-lapse seismic monitoring of a tight-gas sandstone reservoir, Rulison Field, Colorado [A]. SEG Meeting, 2006, 3135-3139．
[42] Zhao B, Zhou H W, Li X G,Han D H, Water saturation estimation using Support Vector Machine [R]. SEG Meeting, 2006: 1693-1697．
[43] Sun Y F, Berteussen K,et al. Effects of pore structure on 4D seismic signals in carbonate reservoirs [R]. SEG Meeting, 2006．
[44] Ling y, Huang X, Sun D, Gao J. 3． 5 Dimension seismic method and its application [C]. Challenges in Seismic Rock Physics-SEG Summer Workshop, 2007．
[45] 陈顒,黄庭芳著.岩石物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001． Chen Y, Huang T F. Rock Physics [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2001．
[46] 史謌,沈文略,杨东全.岩石弹性波速度和饱和度、孔隙流体分布的关系[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(1) :138-142． Shi G, Shen W L, Yang D Q. The Relationship of Wave Velocities with Saturation and Fluid Dispersion in Pore Space [J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2003, 46(1) : 138-142．
[47] 李凤君,庞雄奇,辛广柱,等.地层物性变化对地震属性的影响[J].长庆石油学院学报,2005,29(4) :7-9． Li F J, Pang Q Q, Xin G Z, et al. The Impact of properties of reservoir on seismic attributes [J]. Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute, 2005, 29(4) : 7-9．
[48] 陶果,岳文正,谢然红,朱益华.岩石物理的理论模拟和数值实验新方法[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(1) :4-11． Tao G, Yue W Z, Xie R H, Zhu Y H. A new method for theoretical modeling and numerical experiments on petrophysical studies [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2005, 20 (1) : 4-11．
[49] 金龙,陈小红,姜香云.利用地震资料定量反演孔隙度和饱和度的新方法[J].石油学报,2006,27(4) :64-66． Jin L, Chen X H, Jiang X Y. Simultaneous inversion of porosity and saturation using seismic data [J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 2006, 27(4) : 64-66．
[50] 马中高,周巍,孙成龙.地震岩石物理分析软件系统设计和实现[J].物探与化探,2006,30(3) :260-265． Ma Z G, Zhou W, Sun C L. Software of seismic rock physics [J]. Geophysical & Geochemical Exploration, 2006, 30(3) : 260-265．
[51] 李维新,史耨,王红,姚振兴.岩石物理弹性参数规律研究[J].地球物理学进展,2007,22(5) :1380-1385． Li W X, Shi G, Wang H, Yao Z X. The Study on the Relationship of Elastic Properties of Rock Physics [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2007, 22(5) : 1380-1385．
[52] Michael S K. Rock-physics developments in seismic exploration: A personal 50-year perspective [A]. SEG Meeting , 2005
[53] 安勇,牟永光,方朝亮,沉积岩的速度、衰减与岩石物理性质间的关系[J].石油地球物理勘探,2006,41(2) :188-192． An Y, Mu Y G, Fang C L. The relationship between velocity, attenuation and properties of sandstone [J]. Oil Geophysical Prospecting, 2006, 41(2) : 188-192．
[54] 黄中玉.基于岩石物理模型和谱分解的储层描述技术[J].勘探地球物理进展,2006,29(1) :62-71． Huang Z Y. Reservoir characterization technology based on rock physics modeling and spectrum decomposition [J]. Progress in Exploration Geophysics, 2006, 29(1) : 62-71．
[55] 原宏壮,陆大卫,张辛耘,孙建孟,测井技术新进展综述[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(3) :786-795． Yuan H Z, Lu D W, Zhang X Y, Sun] M, An overview of recent advances in well logging technology [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2005, 20(3) : 786-795．
[56] 赵文智,刘文汇,等著,高效天然气藏形成分布与凝析、低效气藏经济开发的基础研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2007． Zhao W Z, Liu W H,et al. Basic Research of high-efficiency gas reservoir formation, distribution and condensation, and of economic development of inefficiency gas reservoir [M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2007．
[57] Jan D. Rock Physics for the rest of us-An informal Discussion [R]. CSEG Recorder 2001, 42-49．
[58] Kuster G T, Toksoz M. N. . Velocity and attenuation of seismic waves in two-phase media: Part ?-Theoretical formulations [J]. Geophysics, 1974, 39(5) : 587-606．
[59] 张进铎.地震解释技术现状及发展趋势[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(2) :578-587． Zhang J D. Present Status and Future Trend of Seismic Data Interpretation Techniques [J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2006, 21(2) : 578-587．
[61] Fluids/DHI Annual Report [C]. UH & CSM, 2000-2007．
[62] Yong Xu,等.岩石物理和AVO在天然气水合物勘探中的应用[J].世界地震译丛,2006,6:45-53． Yong X, et al. The application of rock physics and AVO in the hydrate exploration [J]. Translated World Seismology, 2006, 6: 45-53．
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心