冻土路基动力分析模型及青藏铁路地震灾害评估
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摘要
在大量试验研究成果的基础上,运用冻土物理学、冻土力学、数值传热学、高等土力学及土动力学等基本理论,建立了冻土区道路及铁道工程路基的水-热-动力耦合数学模型(有效应力法),并编制了相应的数值分析程序。最后,以青藏铁路某典型断面为例,对冻土铁路路基在地震荷载作用下的动力响应问题进行了系统分析,并评价了路基的地震安全稳定性。结果表明,提出的冻土路基动力分析模型合理,能较好地模拟冻土铁路路基的地震反应问题。另外,当发生设计烈度以下的地震时,青藏铁路路基不会产生严重破坏,经运营管理部门的维修后即可投入正常生产。
Based on lots of experimental studies,a moisture,thermal and dynamic coupled model for frozen embankment is deduced by using fundamental principles of physics of frozen soil,mechanics of frozen soil,numerical heat transfer,advanced soil mechanics and soil dynamics;and then,its corresponding numerical program is written.Lastly,taking a typical section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway for example,the seismic response of frozen embankment is analyzed in detail;and safety stability of the embankment is assessed under the EI Centro earthquake loading.By this study,it is found that the dynamical model for frozen embankment proposed is reasonable and can well simulate the seismic problem of frozen embankment.In addition,the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will not be destroyed heavily under the seismic loading,of which the intensity is less than design value;and it can be immediately put into operation after simple repair.
Based on lots of experimental studies,a moisture,thermal and dynamic coupled model for frozen embankment is deduced by using fundamental principles of physics of frozen soil,mechanics of frozen soil,numerical heat transfer,advanced soil mechanics and soil dynamics;and then,its corresponding numerical program is written.Lastly,taking a typical section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway for example,the seismic response of frozen embankment is analyzed in detail;and safety stability of the embankment is assessed under the EI Centro earthquake loading.By this study,it is found that the dynamical model for frozen embankment proposed is reasonable and can well simulate the seismic problem of frozen embankment.In addition,the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will not be destroyed heavily under the seismic loading,of which the intensity is less than design value;and it can be immediately put into operation after simple repair.
引文
[1]童伯良,李树德.青藏高原多年冻土的某些特征及其影响因素[C]//青藏冻土研究论文集.北京:科学出版社,1983.
[2]FINN W D L,YONG R N.Seismic response of frozen ground[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1978,104(10):1225-1241.
[3]VINSON T S,CHAICHANAVONG T,CZAJKOWSKI R L.Behavior of frozen clays under cyclic axial loading[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1978,104,(GT7):779-800.
[4]TING M,MARTIN R T,LADD C C.Mechanisms of strength for frozen sand[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1983,109(10):1286-1302.
[5]TOKIMATSU K.Correlation of CPT data with static and dynamic properties of in-situ frozen samples[C]//Proceedings of International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing.Linkoping:Swedish Geotechnical Society,1995,2:323-328.
[6]何平,张家懿.振动频率对冻土破坏之影响[J].中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室年报,1993,(3):176-180.
[7]张长庆,罗曼.振动荷载作用下长期强度评价[J].中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室年报,1993,(3):165-172.
[8]朱元林,赵淑萍,何平,等.冻土的动弹性参数试验研究[J].中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室年报,1998,(8):27-32.
[9]徐学燕,仲丛利,陈亚明,等.冻土的动力特性研究及其参数确定[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(5):77-81.XU Xue-yan,ZHONG Cong-li,CHEN Ya-ming,et al.Research on dynamic characters of frozen soil and determination of its parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(5):77-81.
[10]王兰民,张冬丽,吴志坚,等.地温对冻土动力特性及其场地地震动参数的影响[J].中国地震,2003,19(3):195-205.WANG Lan-ming,ZHANG Dong-li,WU Zhi-jian,et al.The influence of earth temperature on dynamic characteristics of frozen soil and the parameters of ground motion on the sites of frozen soil[J].Earthquake Research in China,2003,19(3):195-205.
[11]王丽霞,凌贤长,徐学燕,等.多年冻土场地路基地震加速度反应谱特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1330-1335.WANG Li-xia,LING Xian-zhang,XU Xue-yan,et al.Study on response spectrum characteristics of earthquake acceleration for roadbed on permafrost site[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(8):1330-1335.
[12]王丽霞,凌贤长,刘红艳,等.多年冻土场地路基地震动位移性状研究[J].世界地震工程,2004,20(2):112-116.WANG Li-xia,LING Xian-zhang,LIU Hong-yan,et al.A study on seismic displacement characteristic of roadbed on permafrost site[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2004,20(2):112-116.
[13]LI Shuang-yang,LAI Yuan-ming,ZHANG Ming-yi,et al.Seismic analysis of embankment of Qinghai-Tibet railway[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2009,55(1):151-159.
[14]TAYOR G S,LUTHIN J N.A model for coupled heat and moisture transfer during soil freezing[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1978,15:548-555.
[15]SHEPPARD M T,KAY B D,LOCH J P G.Development and testing of a computer model for heat and mass flow in freezing soils[C]//Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Permafrost.Ottawa:National Research Council of Cananda,1978:76-81.
[16]KAY B D,GROENEVELT P H.On the interaction of water and heat transport in frozen and unfrozen soil[J].Soil Science Society of America,1974,38:395-400.
[17]安维东.冻土的温度水分应力及其相互作用[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1990.
[18]TAIEBAT M,SHAHIR H,PAK A.Study of pore pressure variation during liquefaction using two constitutive models for sand[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2007,24:551-564.
[19]UZUOKA R,SENTO N,KAZAMA M,et al.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of earthquake damage to group-piles in a liquefied ground[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2007,27:395-413.
[20]李海波,马行东,李俊如,等.地震荷载作用下地下岩体洞室位移特征的影响因素分析[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(3):358-362.LI Hai-bo,MA Xing-dong,LI Jun-ru,et al.Study on influence factors of rock cavern displacement under earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(3):358-362.
[21]MARTIN G R,FINN W D L,SEED H B.Fundamentals of liquefaction under cyclic loading[J].Journal of Geo-technical Engineering,ASCE,1975,101(5):423-438.
[22]徐学祖,王家澄,张立新.冻土物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:5-88.
[23]秦大河.中国西部环境演变评估(综合卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:45-55.
[24]ZHANG Ming-yi,LAI Yuan-ming,ZHANG Jian-ming,et al.Experimental and numerical investigation on temperature characteristics of in-cuts roadbed in Qinghai-Tibetan railway[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,46:113-124.
[25]ZHANG Ming-yi,LAI Yuan-ming,LIU Zhi-qiang,et al.Nonlinear analysis for the cooling effect of Qinghai-Tibet railway embankment with different structures in permafrost regions[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2005,42:237-249.
[26]LAI Yuan-ming,WANG Qiu-sheng,NIU Fu-jun,et al.Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis for temperature characteristic of ventilated embankment in permafrost regions[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2004,38:165-184.
[27]LAI Yuan-ming,ZHANG Shu-juan,ZHANG Lu-xin,et al.Adjusting temperature distribution under the south and north slopes of embankment in permafrost regions by the ripped-rock revetment[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2004,39:67-79.
[28]吴紫汪,马巍.冻土强度与蠕变[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1994.
[29]李双洋.多年冻土区铁路路基热-力稳定性数值仿真研究[博士学位论文D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2008.
[30]马小杰,张建明,常小晓,等.高温-高含冰量冻结黏土强度试验研究[J].岩土力学,2008,29(9):2498-2502.MA Xiao-jie,ZHANG Jian-ming,CHANG Xiao-xiao,et al.Experimental research on strength of warm and ice-rich frozen clays[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(9):2498-2502.
[31]童立元,王斌,刘义怀,等.地震液化条件下地面的大变形三维数值分析[J].岩土力学,2008,29(8):2226-2231.TONG Li-yuan,WANG Bing,LIU Yi-huai,et al.3D numerical simulation of large ground displacement caused by seismic liquafaction[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(8):2226-2231.
[2]FINN W D L,YONG R N.Seismic response of frozen ground[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1978,104(10):1225-1241.
[3]VINSON T S,CHAICHANAVONG T,CZAJKOWSKI R L.Behavior of frozen clays under cyclic axial loading[J].Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1978,104,(GT7):779-800.
[4]TING M,MARTIN R T,LADD C C.Mechanisms of strength for frozen sand[J].Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1983,109(10):1286-1302.
[5]TOKIMATSU K.Correlation of CPT data with static and dynamic properties of in-situ frozen samples[C]//Proceedings of International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing.Linkoping:Swedish Geotechnical Society,1995,2:323-328.
[6]何平,张家懿.振动频率对冻土破坏之影响[J].中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室年报,1993,(3):176-180.
[7]张长庆,罗曼.振动荷载作用下长期强度评价[J].中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室年报,1993,(3):165-172.
[8]朱元林,赵淑萍,何平,等.冻土的动弹性参数试验研究[J].中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室年报,1998,(8):27-32.
[9]徐学燕,仲丛利,陈亚明,等.冻土的动力特性研究及其参数确定[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(5):77-81.XU Xue-yan,ZHONG Cong-li,CHEN Ya-ming,et al.Research on dynamic characters of frozen soil and determination of its parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(5):77-81.
[10]王兰民,张冬丽,吴志坚,等.地温对冻土动力特性及其场地地震动参数的影响[J].中国地震,2003,19(3):195-205.WANG Lan-ming,ZHANG Dong-li,WU Zhi-jian,et al.The influence of earth temperature on dynamic characteristics of frozen soil and the parameters of ground motion on the sites of frozen soil[J].Earthquake Research in China,2003,19(3):195-205.
[11]王丽霞,凌贤长,徐学燕,等.多年冻土场地路基地震加速度反应谱特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1330-1335.WANG Li-xia,LING Xian-zhang,XU Xue-yan,et al.Study on response spectrum characteristics of earthquake acceleration for roadbed on permafrost site[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(8):1330-1335.
[12]王丽霞,凌贤长,刘红艳,等.多年冻土场地路基地震动位移性状研究[J].世界地震工程,2004,20(2):112-116.WANG Li-xia,LING Xian-zhang,LIU Hong-yan,et al.A study on seismic displacement characteristic of roadbed on permafrost site[J].World Earthquake Engineering,2004,20(2):112-116.
[13]LI Shuang-yang,LAI Yuan-ming,ZHANG Ming-yi,et al.Seismic analysis of embankment of Qinghai-Tibet railway[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2009,55(1):151-159.
[14]TAYOR G S,LUTHIN J N.A model for coupled heat and moisture transfer during soil freezing[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1978,15:548-555.
[15]SHEPPARD M T,KAY B D,LOCH J P G.Development and testing of a computer model for heat and mass flow in freezing soils[C]//Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Permafrost.Ottawa:National Research Council of Cananda,1978:76-81.
[16]KAY B D,GROENEVELT P H.On the interaction of water and heat transport in frozen and unfrozen soil[J].Soil Science Society of America,1974,38:395-400.
[17]安维东.冻土的温度水分应力及其相互作用[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1990.
[18]TAIEBAT M,SHAHIR H,PAK A.Study of pore pressure variation during liquefaction using two constitutive models for sand[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2007,24:551-564.
[19]UZUOKA R,SENTO N,KAZAMA M,et al.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of earthquake damage to group-piles in a liquefied ground[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2007,27:395-413.
[20]李海波,马行东,李俊如,等.地震荷载作用下地下岩体洞室位移特征的影响因素分析[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(3):358-362.LI Hai-bo,MA Xing-dong,LI Jun-ru,et al.Study on influence factors of rock cavern displacement under earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2006,28(3):358-362.
[21]MARTIN G R,FINN W D L,SEED H B.Fundamentals of liquefaction under cyclic loading[J].Journal of Geo-technical Engineering,ASCE,1975,101(5):423-438.
[22]徐学祖,王家澄,张立新.冻土物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:5-88.
[23]秦大河.中国西部环境演变评估(综合卷)[M].北京:科学出版社,2002:45-55.
[24]ZHANG Ming-yi,LAI Yuan-ming,ZHANG Jian-ming,et al.Experimental and numerical investigation on temperature characteristics of in-cuts roadbed in Qinghai-Tibetan railway[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2006,46:113-124.
[25]ZHANG Ming-yi,LAI Yuan-ming,LIU Zhi-qiang,et al.Nonlinear analysis for the cooling effect of Qinghai-Tibet railway embankment with different structures in permafrost regions[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2005,42:237-249.
[26]LAI Yuan-ming,WANG Qiu-sheng,NIU Fu-jun,et al.Three-dimensional nonlinear analysis for temperature characteristic of ventilated embankment in permafrost regions[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2004,38:165-184.
[27]LAI Yuan-ming,ZHANG Shu-juan,ZHANG Lu-xin,et al.Adjusting temperature distribution under the south and north slopes of embankment in permafrost regions by the ripped-rock revetment[J].Cold Regions Science and Technology,2004,39:67-79.
[28]吴紫汪,马巍.冻土强度与蠕变[M].兰州:兰州大学出版社,1994.
[29]李双洋.多年冻土区铁路路基热-力稳定性数值仿真研究[博士学位论文D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2008.
[30]马小杰,张建明,常小晓,等.高温-高含冰量冻结黏土强度试验研究[J].岩土力学,2008,29(9):2498-2502.MA Xiao-jie,ZHANG Jian-ming,CHANG Xiao-xiao,et al.Experimental research on strength of warm and ice-rich frozen clays[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(9):2498-2502.
[31]童立元,王斌,刘义怀,等.地震液化条件下地面的大变形三维数值分析[J].岩土力学,2008,29(8):2226-2231.TONG Li-yuan,WANG Bing,LIU Yi-huai,et al.3D numerical simulation of large ground displacement caused by seismic liquafaction[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(8):2226-2231.
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