同位素地球化学在地震研究方面的作用
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摘要
主要论述流体同位素地球化学的基本原理及其在地震活动过程中的变化特征、异常判识的同位素地球化学方法及其在地震预测方面的应用。同位素地球化学方法在地震监测预报方面有重要的作用,可以用来判定流体的物质来源和循环过程、判断流体异常的原因、建立古地震和历史地震活动的时间序列、推断地震活动规律、预测未来可能发生的地震。研究认为,目前在地震监测研究方面除~(222)Rn和~(14)C应用普遍之外,其他同位素地球化学方法应用较少,从而使得许多异常难以判定,许多古地震得不到较准确的年龄。
This paper introduced the principles of isotopic geochemistry of the fluid and the advance in this field, and discussed the characteristics of isotopic geochemistry related to earthquakes and the methods for distinguishing the earthquake precursors. Isotopic geochemistry may play an important role in earthquake monitoring and prediction, with which the origins and circulating process of fluid and cause of the isotopic-geochemical anomaly can be determined , and the ages of past earthquakes can be identified. In such a situation, some correct forecasts for further earthquakes might be proposed. It is worthy to emphasize the application and study of isotopic geochemistry in earthquake prediction.
This paper introduced the principles of isotopic geochemistry of the fluid and the advance in this field, and discussed the characteristics of isotopic geochemistry related to earthquakes and the methods for distinguishing the earthquake precursors. Isotopic geochemistry may play an important role in earthquake monitoring and prediction, with which the origins and circulating process of fluid and cause of the isotopic-geochemical anomaly can be determined , and the ages of past earthquakes can be identified. In such a situation, some correct forecasts for further earthquakes might be proposed. It is worthy to emphasize the application and study of isotopic geochemistry in earthquake prediction.
引文
① 卢武长,稳定同位素地球化学,1986。
[1] 张炜,王吉易,鄂秀满,等.水文地球化学预报地震的原理与方法[M].北京:教育科学出版社,1988． 215-250．
[2] 杜建国,康春丽.地震地下流体发展概述[J].地震,2000,20(增刊):107-114．
[3] Igarashi G, Wakita H. Groundwater radon anomalies associated with earthquakes [J]. Tectonophysics, 1990, 180 (2/4) : 237-254．
[4] 李圣强,杜建国.氡、氦气体地球化学在地震科学研究中的进展[J].地球科学进展,1998,13(3) :238-245．
[5] 徐永昌.天然气成因理论及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1994．
[6] 刘丛强,黄智龙,李和平,等.地幔流体及其成矿作用[J].地学前缘,2001,8(4) :231-243．
[7] Mook W G. Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrological Cycle: Principles and Applications (Vol. Ⅰ):Introduction-theory, methods, review[M]. Vienna: IAEA Publish, 2000．
[8] Young T E, Green H W, Hofmeister A M. Infrared spectroscopic investigation of hydroxyl in β-(Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4 and coexisting olivine: implications for mantle evolution and dynamics[J]. Phys Chem Minerals, 1993, 19: 409-422．
[9] 刘巍,杜建国,白利平.浅谈超临界流体在地震孕育过程中的作用[J].地震地质,2000,22(4) :439-444．
[10] Habbert M K, Rubey W W. Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting[J]. Bull Geol Soc Am, 1959, 70(2) : 115-126．
[11] Zheng Y F, Fu B, Xiao Y, et al. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope evidence for fluid-rock interactions in the stages of pre-and post-UHP metamorphism in the Dabie Mountains[J]. Lithos, 1999, 46 (4) :677-693．
[12] Haggerty S E. A diamond trilogy: superplumes, supercontinents, and supernovae[J]. Science 1999,285: 851-860．
[13] 上官志冠.火山活动地下流体及其稳定同位素组成初步研究[A].刘若新.人类环境与火山活动[C].北京:地震出版社,1995,98-100．
[14] 杜建国,李圣强,刘连柱,等.五大连池火山区气体地球化学特征[J].地球化学,1999,28(2) :171-176．
[15] Emrich K, Ehhalt D H, Vogel J C. Carbon isotope fractionation during the precipitation of calcium carbonate[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 1970, 8: 363-371．
[16] 陈文寄,彭贵,等.年轻地质体系的年代测定[M].北京:地震出版社,1991．
[17] 陈文寄,计凤桔,王非.年轻地质体系的年代测定(续)[M].北京:地震出版社,1999．
[18] Lehmann B E, Loosli H H, Balderer W, et al. Chlorine-36[A]. In: Pearson F J et al. (Editors),Applied Isotope Hydrology, Studies in Environmental Science 43[C]. Amsterdam, New York: Elsevier Science Publ. 1991, 250-265．
[19] Oeschger H, Loosli H H. New developments in sampling and low level counting of natural radioactivity[A]. In: P. Povinec and S. Usacev (Editors), Proc. High Tatras Conf. 1975 on Low Radioactivity Measurements and Applications[C]. 1977, 13-22．
[20] Lin A, Fu B, Guo J, et al. Co-Seismic Strike-Slip and Rupture Length Produced by the 2001 Ms8． 1 Central Kunlun Earthquake[J]. Science, 2002, 296: 2015-2017．
[21] 孟宪粱,杜春涛,王瑞,等.1679年三河-平谷大震的地震断裂带[J].地震,1983,(3) :18-23．
[22] 闻学泽,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.磨西断裂的晚第四纪活动断裂与大地震复发间隔[A].卢演俦,高维明,陈国新,等.新构造与环境[C].北京:地震出版社,2001． 255-266．
[23] 邓起东,冯先岳,扬晓平,等.利用大型探槽研究新疆北天山玛纳斯和吐谷鲁逆断裂-褶皱带全新世古地震[A].《活动断裂》编委会.活动断裂研究(3) [C].北京:地震出版社,1993,1-17．
[24] 唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1993．
[25] Zreda M, Noller J S. Ages of Prehistoric Earthquakes Revealed by Cosmogenic Chlorine-36 in a Bedrock Fault Scarp at Hebgen Lake[J]. Science, 1998, 282 (5391) : 1097-1099．
[26] Bierman P R, Gillespie A R, Caffee M W. Cosmogenic ages for earthquake recurrence intervals and debris flow fan deposition, Owens Valley, California[J]. Science, 1995, 270 (5235) : 447．
[27] 杜建国.轻稀有气体地球化学[J].地质地球化学,1989,(4) :56-59．
[28] 罗灼礼,郭大庆,张天中,等.实验场区地震预报新技术新方法[M].北京:地震出版社,2002．
[29] Gregoire D C. Determination of boron isotopic ratios in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Anal. Chemistry, 1987, 59: 2479-2484．
[30] Jeden P D, Hilton D R, Kaplan I R, et al. Abiogenic hydrocarbons and mantle helium in oil and gas fields [A]. In: Howell D. G. (Ed.), The Future of Energy Gases (U. S. Geological Survey Professional
[1] 张炜,王吉易,鄂秀满,等.水文地球化学预报地震的原理与方法[M].北京:教育科学出版社,1988． 215-250．
[2] 杜建国,康春丽.地震地下流体发展概述[J].地震,2000,20(增刊):107-114．
[3] Igarashi G, Wakita H. Groundwater radon anomalies associated with earthquakes [J]. Tectonophysics, 1990, 180 (2/4) : 237-254．
[4] 李圣强,杜建国.氡、氦气体地球化学在地震科学研究中的进展[J].地球科学进展,1998,13(3) :238-245．
[5] 徐永昌.天然气成因理论及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,1994．
[6] 刘丛强,黄智龙,李和平,等.地幔流体及其成矿作用[J].地学前缘,2001,8(4) :231-243．
[7] Mook W G. Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrological Cycle: Principles and Applications (Vol. Ⅰ):Introduction-theory, methods, review[M]. Vienna: IAEA Publish, 2000．
[8] Young T E, Green H W, Hofmeister A M. Infrared spectroscopic investigation of hydroxyl in β-(Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4 and coexisting olivine: implications for mantle evolution and dynamics[J]. Phys Chem Minerals, 1993, 19: 409-422．
[9] 刘巍,杜建国,白利平.浅谈超临界流体在地震孕育过程中的作用[J].地震地质,2000,22(4) :439-444．
[10] Habbert M K, Rubey W W. Role of fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting[J]. Bull Geol Soc Am, 1959, 70(2) : 115-126．
[11] Zheng Y F, Fu B, Xiao Y, et al. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope evidence for fluid-rock interactions in the stages of pre-and post-UHP metamorphism in the Dabie Mountains[J]. Lithos, 1999, 46 (4) :677-693．
[12] Haggerty S E. A diamond trilogy: superplumes, supercontinents, and supernovae[J]. Science 1999,285: 851-860．
[13] 上官志冠.火山活动地下流体及其稳定同位素组成初步研究[A].刘若新.人类环境与火山活动[C].北京:地震出版社,1995,98-100．
[14] 杜建国,李圣强,刘连柱,等.五大连池火山区气体地球化学特征[J].地球化学,1999,28(2) :171-176．
[15] Emrich K, Ehhalt D H, Vogel J C. Carbon isotope fractionation during the precipitation of calcium carbonate[J]. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 1970, 8: 363-371．
[16] 陈文寄,彭贵,等.年轻地质体系的年代测定[M].北京:地震出版社,1991．
[17] 陈文寄,计凤桔,王非.年轻地质体系的年代测定(续)[M].北京:地震出版社,1999．
[18] Lehmann B E, Loosli H H, Balderer W, et al. Chlorine-36[A]. In: Pearson F J et al. (Editors),Applied Isotope Hydrology, Studies in Environmental Science 43[C]. Amsterdam, New York: Elsevier Science Publ. 1991, 250-265．
[19] Oeschger H, Loosli H H. New developments in sampling and low level counting of natural radioactivity[A]. In: P. Povinec and S. Usacev (Editors), Proc. High Tatras Conf. 1975 on Low Radioactivity Measurements and Applications[C]. 1977, 13-22．
[20] Lin A, Fu B, Guo J, et al. Co-Seismic Strike-Slip and Rupture Length Produced by the 2001 Ms8． 1 Central Kunlun Earthquake[J]. Science, 2002, 296: 2015-2017．
[21] 孟宪粱,杜春涛,王瑞,等.1679年三河-平谷大震的地震断裂带[J].地震,1983,(3) :18-23．
[22] 闻学泽,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.磨西断裂的晚第四纪活动断裂与大地震复发间隔[A].卢演俦,高维明,陈国新,等.新构造与环境[C].北京:地震出版社,2001． 255-266．
[23] 邓起东,冯先岳,扬晓平,等.利用大型探槽研究新疆北天山玛纳斯和吐谷鲁逆断裂-褶皱带全新世古地震[A].《活动断裂》编委会.活动断裂研究(3) [C].北京:地震出版社,1993,1-17．
[24] 唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1993．
[25] Zreda M, Noller J S. Ages of Prehistoric Earthquakes Revealed by Cosmogenic Chlorine-36 in a Bedrock Fault Scarp at Hebgen Lake[J]. Science, 1998, 282 (5391) : 1097-1099．
[26] Bierman P R, Gillespie A R, Caffee M W. Cosmogenic ages for earthquake recurrence intervals and debris flow fan deposition, Owens Valley, California[J]. Science, 1995, 270 (5235) : 447．
[27] 杜建国.轻稀有气体地球化学[J].地质地球化学,1989,(4) :56-59．
[28] 罗灼礼,郭大庆,张天中,等.实验场区地震预报新技术新方法[M].北京:地震出版社,2002．
[29] Gregoire D C. Determination of boron isotopic ratios in geological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Anal. Chemistry, 1987, 59: 2479-2484．
[30] Jeden P D, Hilton D R, Kaplan I R, et al. Abiogenic hydrocarbons and mantle helium in oil and gas fields [A]. In: Howell D. G. (Ed.), The Future of Energy Gases (U. S. Geological Survey Professional
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