汶川大地震简支梁桥落梁震害与设计对策
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摘要
总结了5.12汶川大地震中简支梁桥落梁震害及主要影响因素,发现除地震山体滑坡等地质灾害外,断层地表破裂、近断层地震动效应、桥台胸墙冲切破坏、防落梁构造措施单一及桥梁体型复杂等因素都是引起简支梁桥落梁震害的重要原因。提出了简支梁桥防落梁设计的基本理念及相关技术方案要点为允许墩梁间发生滑移,以降低桥墩承受的地震惯性力,以及盖梁提供允许的最大滑移长度及支座支承宽度,再辅助挡块或拉索限位器等共同防止落梁发生。最后结合现行规范,以拉索限位器为例给出了简支梁桥防落梁设计方法。
The unseating damage to simply supported bridges and their main influencing factors during the Wenchuan earthquake are summarized.It is found that excepting the earthquake-induced landslide hazard,the earthquake surface rupture, near fault ground motion,punching shear failure of the abutment breast wall,the invalidity of the devices for preventing unseating damage to the bridges and the complex bridge types are main influencing factors leading to the unseating damage to the simply supported bridges.Basic seismic design idea and method to prevent unseating damage to simply supported bridges are presented in this paper,which include: (1) sliding between bridge girders and cap beams is allowed to reduce the seismic actions concentrated on the bridge piers;(2) cap beams with enough seating length are recommended for sliding between girder and pier to avoid unseating damage;(3) shear keys or cable restrainers should be used as added measures to prevent unseating damage.The design method for simply supported bridges with cable restrainers is illustrated in detail by using current seismic design code for bridges.
The unseating damage to simply supported bridges and their main influencing factors during the Wenchuan earthquake are summarized.It is found that excepting the earthquake-induced landslide hazard,the earthquake surface rupture, near fault ground motion,punching shear failure of the abutment breast wall,the invalidity of the devices for preventing unseating damage to the bridges and the complex bridge types are main influencing factors leading to the unseating damage to the simply supported bridges.Basic seismic design idea and method to prevent unseating damage to simply supported bridges are presented in this paper,which include: (1) sliding between bridge girders and cap beams is allowed to reduce the seismic actions concentrated on the bridge piers;(2) cap beams with enough seating length are recommended for sliding between girder and pier to avoid unseating damage;(3) shear keys or cable restrainers should be used as added measures to prevent unseating damage.The design method for simply supported bridges with cable restrainers is illustrated in detail by using current seismic design code for bridges.
引文
[1]JTG004-89,公路工程抗震设计规范[S].
[2]Li J H,Peng T B,Xu Y.Damage investigation of girder bridges under Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2008,7(4):337-344.
[3]杜修力,韩强,李忠献,等.5.12汶川地震中山区公路桥梁震害及启示[J].北京工业大学学报,2008,34(12):1270-1279.Du X L,Han Q,Li Z X,et al.The seismic damage of bridges in the2008Wenchuan Earthquake and lessonsfrom its damage[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2008,34(12):1270-1279.
[4]李鸿晶,陆鸣,温增平,等.汶川地震桥梁震害的特征[J].南京工业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,31(1):24-29.Li H J,Lu M,Wen Z P,et al.Characteristics of bridge damages in Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Technology(Natural Science),2009,31(1):24-29.
[5]刘健新,赵国辉.“5.12”汶川地震典型桥梁震害分析[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2009,26(2):92-97.Liu J X,Zhao G H.Typical bridge damage analysis in“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering,2009,26(2):92-97.
[6]庄卫林,刘振宇,蒋劲松.汶川大地震公路桥梁震害分析及对策[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(7):1377-1387.Zhuang W L,Liu Z Y,Jiang J S.Earthquake-induced damage analysis of highway bridges in Wenchuan Earthquake and countermeasures[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(7):1377-1387.
[7]王东升,郭迅,孙治国,等.汶川大地震公路桥梁震害初步调查[J].地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(3):84-94.Wang D S,Guo X,Sun Z G,et al.Performance of highway bridges during Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,29(3):84-94.
[8]王克海,李茜,韦韩.汶川地震对我国地震区划图与桥梁抗震设计的启示[J].工程力学,2010,27(6):120-126.Wang K H,Li Q,Wei H.Enlightenment in bridge seismic design and seismiczonation from Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Engineering Mechanics,2010,27(6):120-126.
[9]Kawashima K,Takahashi Y,Ge H,et al.Reconnaissance report on damage of bridges in2008 Wenchuan,China Earthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2009,13(7):965-996.
[10]Lin C C J,Huang H H,Liu K Y,et al.Reconnaissance observation on bridge damage caused by the2008Wenchuan(China)Earthquake[J].Earthquake Spectra,2010,26(4):1057-1083.
[11]Yen W P,Chen G,Yashinski M,et al.Lessons in bridge damage learned from the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,8(2):275-285.
[12]Chang K C,Chang D W,Tsai M H,et al.Seismic performance of highway bridges[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology,2000,2(1):55-77.
[13]Loh C H,Liao W I,Chai J F.Effect of near-fault earthquake on bridges:lessons learned from Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2002,1(1):86-93.
[14]Hsu Y T,Fu C C.Seismic effect on highway bridges in Chi Chi earthquake[J].Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,ASCE,2004,18(1):47-53.
[15]Huang C T,Chen S S.Near-field characteristics and engineering implications of the1999Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology,2000,2(1):23-43.
[16]王东升,杨海红,王国新.考虑邻梁碰撞的多跨长简支梁桥落梁震害分析[J].中国公路学报,2005,18(3):54-59.Wang D S,Yang H H,Wang G X.Seismic analysis of girders falling down in multi-span long simply supported bridges with adjacent pounding effects[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2005,18(3):54-59.
[17]Kawashima K,Penzien J.Theoretical and experimental dynamic behavior of a curved model bridge structure[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1979,7(2):129-145
[18]Chang K C,Kuo K Y,Liu K Y,et al.On seismic retrofit strategies of highway bridges-experiences learned from Chi-Chi earthquake[C]∥Proceeding of the13thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Vancouver,Canada:[s.n.],2004.639.
[19]Liu K Y,Chang K C.Parametric study on performance of bridge retrofitted by unseating devices[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,2006,5(1):111-118.
[20]朱万旭,欧进萍,黄颖,等.一种新型的钢绞线拉索式落梁防止装置[J].预应力技术,2008,(5):3-7.Zhu W X,Ou J P,Huang Y,et al.A new prestressing device to prevent unseating damage of bridges[J].Prestress Technology,2008,(5):3-7.
[21]赵国辉,刘健新,陈长海,等.西安机场高速公路桥梁减震系统设计[J].桥梁建设,2009,(2):50-53.Zhao G H,Liu J X,Chen C H,et al.Design of seismic mitigation and isolation system for a bridge on Xi’an airport expressway[J].Bridge Construction,2009,(2):50-53.
[22]JTG/T B02-01-2008,公路桥梁抗震设计细则[S].
[23]Saiidi M,Maragakis E,Feng S.Parameters in bridge restrainer design for seismic retrofit[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE,122(1):61-68.
[24]Randall M J,Saiidi M,Maragakis E M,et al.Restrainers Design Procedures for Multi Span Simply Supported Bridge[R].Berkeley:University of California,1999.
[25]戴福洪,翟桐.桥梁限位器抗震设计方法研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(2):89-93.Dai F H,Zhai T.Research on seismic design of restrainer for bridge[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2002,22(2):89-93.
[26]朱文正.公路桥梁减抗震防落梁系统研究[D].西安:长安大学,2004.Zhu W Z.Study on the collapse-proof system for bridges[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2004.
[27]王军文.非规则梁桥在地震作用下的碰撞效应及防落梁措施研究[D].上海:同济大学,2005.Wang J W.Pounding and unseating prevention of irregulars bridges during earthquakes[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2005.
[2]Li J H,Peng T B,Xu Y.Damage investigation of girder bridges under Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2008,7(4):337-344.
[3]杜修力,韩强,李忠献,等.5.12汶川地震中山区公路桥梁震害及启示[J].北京工业大学学报,2008,34(12):1270-1279.Du X L,Han Q,Li Z X,et al.The seismic damage of bridges in the2008Wenchuan Earthquake and lessonsfrom its damage[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2008,34(12):1270-1279.
[4]李鸿晶,陆鸣,温增平,等.汶川地震桥梁震害的特征[J].南京工业大学学报(自然科学版),2009,31(1):24-29.Li H J,Lu M,Wen Z P,et al.Characteristics of bridge damages in Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Technology(Natural Science),2009,31(1):24-29.
[5]刘健新,赵国辉.“5.12”汶川地震典型桥梁震害分析[J].建筑科学与工程学报,2009,26(2):92-97.Liu J X,Zhao G H.Typical bridge damage analysis in“5.12”Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering,2009,26(2):92-97.
[6]庄卫林,刘振宇,蒋劲松.汶川大地震公路桥梁震害分析及对策[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(7):1377-1387.Zhuang W L,Liu Z Y,Jiang J S.Earthquake-induced damage analysis of highway bridges in Wenchuan Earthquake and countermeasures[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(7):1377-1387.
[7]王东升,郭迅,孙治国,等.汶川大地震公路桥梁震害初步调查[J].地震工程与工程振动,2009,29(3):84-94.Wang D S,Guo X,Sun Z G,et al.Performance of highway bridges during Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,29(3):84-94.
[8]王克海,李茜,韦韩.汶川地震对我国地震区划图与桥梁抗震设计的启示[J].工程力学,2010,27(6):120-126.Wang K H,Li Q,Wei H.Enlightenment in bridge seismic design and seismiczonation from Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Engineering Mechanics,2010,27(6):120-126.
[9]Kawashima K,Takahashi Y,Ge H,et al.Reconnaissance report on damage of bridges in2008 Wenchuan,China Earthquake[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2009,13(7):965-996.
[10]Lin C C J,Huang H H,Liu K Y,et al.Reconnaissance observation on bridge damage caused by the2008Wenchuan(China)Earthquake[J].Earthquake Spectra,2010,26(4):1057-1083.
[11]Yen W P,Chen G,Yashinski M,et al.Lessons in bridge damage learned from the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2009,8(2):275-285.
[12]Chang K C,Chang D W,Tsai M H,et al.Seismic performance of highway bridges[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology,2000,2(1):55-77.
[13]Loh C H,Liao W I,Chai J F.Effect of near-fault earthquake on bridges:lessons learned from Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2002,1(1):86-93.
[14]Hsu Y T,Fu C C.Seismic effect on highway bridges in Chi Chi earthquake[J].Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,ASCE,2004,18(1):47-53.
[15]Huang C T,Chen S S.Near-field characteristics and engineering implications of the1999Chi-Chi earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology,2000,2(1):23-43.
[16]王东升,杨海红,王国新.考虑邻梁碰撞的多跨长简支梁桥落梁震害分析[J].中国公路学报,2005,18(3):54-59.Wang D S,Yang H H,Wang G X.Seismic analysis of girders falling down in multi-span long simply supported bridges with adjacent pounding effects[J].China Journal of Highway and Transport,2005,18(3):54-59.
[17]Kawashima K,Penzien J.Theoretical and experimental dynamic behavior of a curved model bridge structure[J].Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,1979,7(2):129-145
[18]Chang K C,Kuo K Y,Liu K Y,et al.On seismic retrofit strategies of highway bridges-experiences learned from Chi-Chi earthquake[C]∥Proceeding of the13thWorld Conference on Earthquake Engineering,Vancouver,Canada:[s.n.],2004.639.
[19]Liu K Y,Chang K C.Parametric study on performance of bridge retrofitted by unseating devices[J].Earthquake Engineering and EngineeringVibration,2006,5(1):111-118.
[20]朱万旭,欧进萍,黄颖,等.一种新型的钢绞线拉索式落梁防止装置[J].预应力技术,2008,(5):3-7.Zhu W X,Ou J P,Huang Y,et al.A new prestressing device to prevent unseating damage of bridges[J].Prestress Technology,2008,(5):3-7.
[21]赵国辉,刘健新,陈长海,等.西安机场高速公路桥梁减震系统设计[J].桥梁建设,2009,(2):50-53.Zhao G H,Liu J X,Chen C H,et al.Design of seismic mitigation and isolation system for a bridge on Xi’an airport expressway[J].Bridge Construction,2009,(2):50-53.
[22]JTG/T B02-01-2008,公路桥梁抗震设计细则[S].
[23]Saiidi M,Maragakis E,Feng S.Parameters in bridge restrainer design for seismic retrofit[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE,122(1):61-68.
[24]Randall M J,Saiidi M,Maragakis E M,et al.Restrainers Design Procedures for Multi Span Simply Supported Bridge[R].Berkeley:University of California,1999.
[25]戴福洪,翟桐.桥梁限位器抗震设计方法研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(2):89-93.Dai F H,Zhai T.Research on seismic design of restrainer for bridge[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2002,22(2):89-93.
[26]朱文正.公路桥梁减抗震防落梁系统研究[D].西安:长安大学,2004.Zhu W Z.Study on the collapse-proof system for bridges[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2004.
[27]王军文.非规则梁桥在地震作用下的碰撞效应及防落梁措施研究[D].上海:同济大学,2005.Wang J W.Pounding and unseating prevention of irregulars bridges during earthquakes[D].Shanghai:Tongji University,2005.
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