缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏酸蚀裂缝导流能力模拟与分析
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摘要
缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏是指以天然溶蚀孔、洞和多尺度裂缝作为储渗介质的一类复杂油藏。该类油藏的基质致密,一般都需要通过酸压改造来提高单井产量。但目前关于缝洞型油藏导流能力沿缝长方向分布的研究还不完善,现有的酸蚀裂缝导流能力模型都基于固定网格或复杂流场,其不能模拟排量变化或考虑缝洞对导流能力分布的影响。本文首先分析了缝洞型油藏与常规油藏酸压技术目标的差异,然后在经典模型的基础上建立了基于动网格的酸蚀裂缝导流能力数值模型。利用该模型进行了敏感性分析,认为采用高、低浓度组合的方式可以提高有效酸蚀裂缝长度和酸液利用效率;在酸压裂缝遇洞后,需要以其与井筒的距离远近作为依据,选择采用续注关井返排、停泵关井返排和停泵立即返排等不同的应对方案。该研究对于优化缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的酸压设计和提高酸液利用效率具有一定指导意义。
Fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs are a kind of complex reservoirs with natural solution pores,holes and multi-scale fractures as accumulation-permeation media.This kind of reservoirs is usually characterized by tight matrix,and it is always required to improve single-well production through acid fracturing treatment.However,there is no existing complete research on the conductivity distribution of fracture-cavity reservoir along the fracture length direction,while the current acid-etched fracture conductivity models are all based on fixed mesh or complex flow field,unable to simulate displacement change or the influences of fracture cavity on conductivity.At first,this study analyzed the differences in acid fracturing technical target between fracturecavity reservoirs and conventional reservoirs.Then,a numerical conductivity model of fracture-cavity reservoir on dynamic mesh was built based on classical models.The sensitivity analysis was carried out using this model.It is considered that the length of effective etched fractures and utilization rate of acid can be enhanced through the combination of high and low concentrations;when the acid-etched fracture encounters with a cave,the corresponding measures such as continuous injection-well shut-flow back,pump off-well shut-flow back and pump off-instant flow back,should be selected on a basis of the distance from the shaft.This study is of a certain guiding significance to optimize the design of acid fracturing of fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs and improve the utilization rate of acid fluid.
Fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs are a kind of complex reservoirs with natural solution pores,holes and multi-scale fractures as accumulation-permeation media.This kind of reservoirs is usually characterized by tight matrix,and it is always required to improve single-well production through acid fracturing treatment.However,there is no existing complete research on the conductivity distribution of fracture-cavity reservoir along the fracture length direction,while the current acid-etched fracture conductivity models are all based on fixed mesh or complex flow field,unable to simulate displacement change or the influences of fracture cavity on conductivity.At first,this study analyzed the differences in acid fracturing technical target between fracturecavity reservoirs and conventional reservoirs.Then,a numerical conductivity model of fracture-cavity reservoir on dynamic mesh was built based on classical models.The sensitivity analysis was carried out using this model.It is considered that the length of effective etched fractures and utilization rate of acid can be enhanced through the combination of high and low concentrations;when the acid-etched fracture encounters with a cave,the corresponding measures such as continuous injection-well shut-flow back,pump off-well shut-flow back and pump off-instant flow back,should be selected on a basis of the distance from the shaft.This study is of a certain guiding significance to optimize the design of acid fracturing of fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs and improve the utilization rate of acid fluid.
引文
[1]付永强,郭建春,赵金洲,等.复杂岩性储层导流能力的实验研究—酸蚀导流能力[J].钻采工艺,2003,26(3):22-25.Fu Yongqiang,Guo Jianchun,Zhao Jinzhou,et al.A systematic study of the complex litho logy conductivity-etched fracture conductivity[J].Drilling&Production Technology,2003,26(3):22-25.
[2]李年银,赵立强,张倩,等.酸压过程中酸蚀裂缝导流能力研究[J].钻采工艺,2008,31(6):59-62.Li Nianyin,Zhao Liqiang,Zhang Qian,et al.Acid etched fracture conductivity study in acid fracturing[J].Drilling&Production Technology,2008,31(6):59-62.
[3]任晓宁.酸蚀裂缝导流能力测试仪研制及实验研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,2006.Ren Xiaoning.Fracture conductivity apparatus development and experimental study[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2006.
[4]Nierode D E,Kruk K F.An evaluation of acid fluid loss additives,retarded acids,and acidized fracture conductivity[R].SPE4549,1973.
[5]Deng J,Mou J,Hill A D,et al.A new correlation of acid fracture conductivity subject to closure stress[R].SPE140402,2011.
[6]Lo K K,Dean R H.Modeling of acid fracturing[J].SPE Production Engineering,1989,4(2):194-200.
[7]岳迎春.裂缝酸刻蚀形态及导流能力数值模型研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,2012.Yue Yingchun.The research on numerical models of acid etching morphology and conductivity in fracture[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2012.
[8]Romero J,Gu H,Gulrajani S N.Three-dimensional transport in acid fracturing treatments:theoretical development and consequences for hydrocarbon production[R].SPE39956,1998.
[9]李阳.塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏开发理论及方法[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):115-121.Li Yang.The theory and method for development of carbonate fractured-cavity reservoirs in Tahe oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):115-121.
[10]康志江,李江龙,张冬丽,等.塔河缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏渗流特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(5):634-640.Kang Zhijiang,Li Jianglong,Zhang Dongli,et al.Percolation characteristics of fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir in Tahe oilfield[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2005,26(5):634-640.
[11]倪新锋,沈安江,潘文庆,等.优质碳酸盐岩缝洞型储集层地质建模——以塔中北斜坡及塔北南缘奥陶系为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2013,40(4):414-422.Ni Xinfeng,Shen Anjiang,Pan Wenqing,et al.Geological modeling of excellent fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs:a case study of the Ordovician in the northern slope of Tazhong palaeouplift and the southern area of Tabei slope,Tarim Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(4):414-422.
[12]张希明,杨坚,杨秋来,等.塔河缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏描述及储量评估技术[J].石油学报,2004,25(1):13-18.Zhang Ximing,Yang Jian,Yang Qiulai,et al.Reservoir description and reserves estimation technique for fracture-cave type carbonate reservoir in Tahe oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2004,25(1):13-18.
[13]胡向阳,袁向春,侯加根,等.多尺度岩溶相控碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏储集体建模方法[J].石油学报,2014,35(2):340-346.Hu Xiangyang,Yuan Xiangchun,Hou Jiagen,et al.Modeling method of carbonate fractured-cavity reservoirs using multiscale karst facies-controlling[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2014,35(2):340-346.
[14]姚清洲,孟祥霞,张虎权,等.地震趋势异常识别技术及其在碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层预测中的应用——以塔里木盆地英买2井区为例[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):101-106.Yao Qingzhou,Meng Xiangxia,Zhang Huquan,et al.Principles and application of a seismic trend anomaly diagnostic technique:a case study on carbonate fractured-cavity reservoirs in Yingmai 2area,Tarim Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):101-106.
[15]杜金虎,周新源,李启明,等.塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩大油气区特征与主控因素[J].石油勘探与开发,2011,38(6):652-661.Du Jinhu,Zhou Xinyuan,Li Qiming,et al.Characteristics and controlling factors of the large carbonate petroleum province in the Tarim Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2011,38(6):414-422.
[16]陈志海,张士诚.深层碳酸盐岩储层酸压改造后的地质效果评价——以塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2004,25(6):686-691.Chen Zhihai,Zhang Shicheng.A evaluation of geological effects of acid fracturing in deep carbonate reservoirs:taking the fractured vuggy carbonate reservoirs in Tahe oilfield as an example[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2004,25(6):686-691.
[17]耿宇迪,张烨,韩忠艳,等.塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏水平井酸压技术[J].新疆石油地质,2011,32(1):89-91.Geng Yudi,Zhang Ye,Han Zhongyan,et al.Acid fracturing technique for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir by horizontal well process in Tahe oilfield[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2011,32(1):89-91.
[18]赵金洲,任书泉.混砂液在裂缝中的运移分布[J].天然气工业,1989,9(4):32-37.Zhao Jinzhou,Ren Shuquan.Moving distribution of the sand-carrying fluid in fractures[J].Natural Gas Industry,1989,9(4):32-37.
[19]窦之林.塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏开发技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2012:222-223.Dou Zhilin.The development technology of Tahe fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2012:222-223.
[20]王静波.多级交替注入闭合酸压模拟计算及软件编制[D].成都:西南石油大学,2012.Wang Jingbo.Simulation of multi-stage alternate phase and closed fracture acidizing and software development[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2012.
[21]邹洪岚.交替相前置液酸压设计计算及软件编制[D].成都:西南石油大学,1997.Zou Honglan.Alternating phase fracture acidizing design and software editing[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,1997.
[22]Stoer J,Bulirsch R.Introduction to numerical analysis[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1993.
[23]Economides M J,Martin T.Modern fracturing[M].Houston:Energy Tribune Publishing Inc.,2007.
[2]李年银,赵立强,张倩,等.酸压过程中酸蚀裂缝导流能力研究[J].钻采工艺,2008,31(6):59-62.Li Nianyin,Zhao Liqiang,Zhang Qian,et al.Acid etched fracture conductivity study in acid fracturing[J].Drilling&Production Technology,2008,31(6):59-62.
[3]任晓宁.酸蚀裂缝导流能力测试仪研制及实验研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,2006.Ren Xiaoning.Fracture conductivity apparatus development and experimental study[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2006.
[4]Nierode D E,Kruk K F.An evaluation of acid fluid loss additives,retarded acids,and acidized fracture conductivity[R].SPE4549,1973.
[5]Deng J,Mou J,Hill A D,et al.A new correlation of acid fracture conductivity subject to closure stress[R].SPE140402,2011.
[6]Lo K K,Dean R H.Modeling of acid fracturing[J].SPE Production Engineering,1989,4(2):194-200.
[7]岳迎春.裂缝酸刻蚀形态及导流能力数值模型研究[D].成都:西南石油大学,2012.Yue Yingchun.The research on numerical models of acid etching morphology and conductivity in fracture[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2012.
[8]Romero J,Gu H,Gulrajani S N.Three-dimensional transport in acid fracturing treatments:theoretical development and consequences for hydrocarbon production[R].SPE39956,1998.
[9]李阳.塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏开发理论及方法[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):115-121.Li Yang.The theory and method for development of carbonate fractured-cavity reservoirs in Tahe oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):115-121.
[10]康志江,李江龙,张冬丽,等.塔河缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏渗流特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(5):634-640.Kang Zhijiang,Li Jianglong,Zhang Dongli,et al.Percolation characteristics of fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir in Tahe oilfield[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2005,26(5):634-640.
[11]倪新锋,沈安江,潘文庆,等.优质碳酸盐岩缝洞型储集层地质建模——以塔中北斜坡及塔北南缘奥陶系为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2013,40(4):414-422.Ni Xinfeng,Shen Anjiang,Pan Wenqing,et al.Geological modeling of excellent fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs:a case study of the Ordovician in the northern slope of Tazhong palaeouplift and the southern area of Tabei slope,Tarim Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(4):414-422.
[12]张希明,杨坚,杨秋来,等.塔河缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏描述及储量评估技术[J].石油学报,2004,25(1):13-18.Zhang Ximing,Yang Jian,Yang Qiulai,et al.Reservoir description and reserves estimation technique for fracture-cave type carbonate reservoir in Tahe oilfield[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2004,25(1):13-18.
[13]胡向阳,袁向春,侯加根,等.多尺度岩溶相控碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏储集体建模方法[J].石油学报,2014,35(2):340-346.Hu Xiangyang,Yuan Xiangchun,Hou Jiagen,et al.Modeling method of carbonate fractured-cavity reservoirs using multiscale karst facies-controlling[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2014,35(2):340-346.
[14]姚清洲,孟祥霞,张虎权,等.地震趋势异常识别技术及其在碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层预测中的应用——以塔里木盆地英买2井区为例[J].石油学报,2013,34(1):101-106.Yao Qingzhou,Meng Xiangxia,Zhang Huquan,et al.Principles and application of a seismic trend anomaly diagnostic technique:a case study on carbonate fractured-cavity reservoirs in Yingmai 2area,Tarim Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(1):101-106.
[15]杜金虎,周新源,李启明,等.塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩大油气区特征与主控因素[J].石油勘探与开发,2011,38(6):652-661.Du Jinhu,Zhou Xinyuan,Li Qiming,et al.Characteristics and controlling factors of the large carbonate petroleum province in the Tarim Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2011,38(6):414-422.
[16]陈志海,张士诚.深层碳酸盐岩储层酸压改造后的地质效果评价——以塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2004,25(6):686-691.Chen Zhihai,Zhang Shicheng.A evaluation of geological effects of acid fracturing in deep carbonate reservoirs:taking the fractured vuggy carbonate reservoirs in Tahe oilfield as an example[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2004,25(6):686-691.
[17]耿宇迪,张烨,韩忠艳,等.塔河油田缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏水平井酸压技术[J].新疆石油地质,2011,32(1):89-91.Geng Yudi,Zhang Ye,Han Zhongyan,et al.Acid fracturing technique for fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir by horizontal well process in Tahe oilfield[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2011,32(1):89-91.
[18]赵金洲,任书泉.混砂液在裂缝中的运移分布[J].天然气工业,1989,9(4):32-37.Zhao Jinzhou,Ren Shuquan.Moving distribution of the sand-carrying fluid in fractures[J].Natural Gas Industry,1989,9(4):32-37.
[19]窦之林.塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏开发技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2012:222-223.Dou Zhilin.The development technology of Tahe fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2012:222-223.
[20]王静波.多级交替注入闭合酸压模拟计算及软件编制[D].成都:西南石油大学,2012.Wang Jingbo.Simulation of multi-stage alternate phase and closed fracture acidizing and software development[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,2012.
[21]邹洪岚.交替相前置液酸压设计计算及软件编制[D].成都:西南石油大学,1997.Zou Honglan.Alternating phase fracture acidizing design and software editing[D].Chengdu:Southwest Petroleum University,1997.
[22]Stoer J,Bulirsch R.Introduction to numerical analysis[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1993.
[23]Economides M J,Martin T.Modern fracturing[M].Houston:Energy Tribune Publishing Inc.,2007.
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