深拖曳多道地震系统在北Cascadia边缘陆坡天然气水合物勘探中的应用
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摘要
深拖曳多道地震勘探系统(DTAGS)由声学和地球物理阵列组成,具有220～820Hz的激发震源,一般拖曳于海底之上300m左右的高度.DTAGS系统具有低于6m的勘探波长,比传统地震勘探更小的第一菲涅尔带半径和更大的波数采样空间,因此能够提供高分辨率的海底沉积和构造信息.由于高频扫描和深海拖曳的特殊性,DTAGS震源和水听器相对位置的精确定位是后续地震成像和速度分析的基础,因此DTAGS勘探数据处理质量的关键在于其阵列几何形态的反演.在北Cascadia边缘陆坡天然气水合物勘探的实际应用中,DTAGS系统显示了与低温流体汇集和水合物相关的Cucumber碳酸盐丘和Bullesye冷泉构造在横向和纵向上(海底300～400m深度范围内)的高分辨率沉积和构造特征,为评价水合物的资源状况,研究海底低温热液的运移和汇聚模式,及其对天然气水合物形成和分布的控制机制,提供了丰富的信息.
引文
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2Kvenvolden K A.Methene hydrate––A major reservoir of carbon in shallow geosphere.Chem Geol,1988,71:41–51
3Kvenvolden K A.Gas hydrates as a potential energy resource—A review of their methane content.In:Howell D G,ed.The Future of Energy Gases—U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper1570,1993.555–561
4Shine K P,Derwent,R G,Wuebbles,D J,et al.Radiative forcing of climate.In:Houghton J,Jenkins G J,Ephraums J J,eds.Climate Change—The IPCC Scientific Assessment.New York:Cambridge University Press,1990.41–68
5Mciver R D.Role of naturally occurring gas hydrate in sediment transport.AAPG Bull,1982,66:789–792
6Davis E E,Hyndman R D.Accretion and recent deformation of sediments along the northern Cascadia subduction zone.Geol Soc Am Bull,1989,101:1465–1480
7Hyndman R D,Spence G D.A seismic study of methane hydrate marine bottom-simulating reflectors.J Geophys Res,1992,97:6683–6698
8Haacke R,Westbrook G,Hyndman R.Formation of the bottom-simulating reflector and its link to vertical fluid flow.In:Dallimore S R,ed.Proceedings of the6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates(ICGH2008).Vancouver,British Columbia,Canada,2008
9Hyndman R D,Davis E E.A mechanism for the formation of methane hydrate and seafloor bottom-simulating reflectors by vertical fluid expulsion.J Geophys Res,1992,97:7025–7041
10Riedel M,Collett T S,Malone M J.Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program,Vol.311.Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Management International Inc,2006
11He T,Spence G D,Wood W T,et al.Imaging a hydrate-related cold vent offshore Vancouver Island from deep-towed multichannel seismic data.Geophysics,2009,74:B23–B36
12Gettrust J F,Wood W T,Spychalski S E.High-resolution MCS in deepwater.Leading Edge,2004,23:374–377
13Spence G,Coffin R,Hoehne J.VENTFLUX2:Report of PGC01–03,C.C.G.Vessel John P.Tully,23July–12August2001.University of Victoria,2002
14Gettrust J,Chapman R,Walia R,et al.High resolution seismic studies of deep sea gas hydrate using the DTAGS deep towed multichannel system.EOS Trans Ame Geophys Union,1999,80:439–440
15Walia R,Hannay D.Source and receiver geometry corrections for deep towed multichannel seismic data.Geophys Res Lett,1999,26:1993–1996
16Rowe M M,Gettrust J F.Fine structure of methane hydratebearing sediments on the Blake Outer Ridge as determined from deep-towmultichannel seismic data.J Geophys Res,1993,98:463–473
17He T,Spence G D,Riedel M,et al.Fluid flow and origin of a carbonate mound offshore Vancouver Island:Seismic and heat flow constraints.Mar Geol,2007,239:83–98
18Gorman A R,Holbrook W S,Hornbach M J,et al.Migration of methane gas through the hydrate stability zone in a low-flux hydrate province.Geology,2002,30:327–330
19Baba K,Yamada Y.BSRs and associated reflections as an indicator of gas hydrate and free gas accumulation:An example of accretionary prism and forearc basin system along the Nankai Trough,off central Japan.Resour Geol,2004,54:11–24
20Wood W T,Gettrust J F,Chapman N R,et al.Decreased stability of methane hydrates in marine sediments owing to phase-boundary roughness.Nature,2002,420:656–659
21Wood W T,Hart P E,Hutchinson D R,et al.Gas and gas hydrate distribution around seafloor seeps in Mississippi Canyon,Northern Gulf of Mexico,using multi-resolution seismic imagery.Mar Petrol Geol,2008,25:952–959
22Chapman N R,Gettrust J F,Walia R,et al.High-resolution,deep-towed,multichannel seismic survey of deep-sea gas hydrates off western Canada.Geophysics,2002,67:1038–1047
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