我国非传统矿产资源的实例及其所涉及的科学问题
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摘要
传统矿产资源随着开采年限的增长而日益减少 ,寻求新的、非传统的接替资源 ,是解决人类矿产资源短缺的根本出路 ,是地球科学家长期肩负的战略性、前瞻性历史使命 .我国有许多已经显示出巨大的资源潜力、但传统的矿床学、资源学、矿业技术的理论和方法难以实现其资源价值的地球物质堆积体 ,可视为典型的非传统矿产资源 ,包括 :1)华南巨量堆积的天然纳米非金属矿物 ;2 )华南微细浸染型金矿床原生矿石中的微粒金 ;3)西藏冈底斯中段北麓热泉泉华蛋白石中的微粒铯 ;4 )白云鄂博等超大型矿床开采尾矿和选矿尾矿 (所谓的“人工堆积矿床”) ;5 )部分原油和油田水中富集的金和其它金属元素 ;6 )我国南方黑色岩系中特殊赋存状态的贵金属 重金属元素 ;7)我国西部陆相盆地中的可地浸砂岩型铀矿 ;8)我国南海和东海海域的天然气水合物 ;9)我国西南的分散元素矿床 .由于非传统矿产资源是受目前理论、技术、经济以及环境等因素的限制尚未被认识或未能开发利用的矿产资源或潜在矿产资源 ,其所涉及的科学问题往往都具有显著的创新性和前沿性 .对我国上述重要的非传统矿产资源而言 ,其所涉及的关键科学问题包括 ,天然纳 -微米矿物及其特殊性能的成因机制 ,有机质与金属元素的耦合作用及其对金属富集的宏观与微观控制 ,等
Finding new unconventional mineral resources is the fundamental way to solve the problem of resources lack. There are numerous important unconventional mineral resources in China that exhibit tremendous economic potentials but cannot yet be changed into production by conventional knowledge and techniques. They include: 1) Huge volume accumulation of natural nm sized nonmetal minerals in South China; 2) Micro grained cesium in silicic sinter of hot springs in Xizang; 3) Micro grained gold in the primary ores of micro disseminated gold deposits in South China; 4) REE and Nb in the tailings of the Boyun ebo deposit in Inner Mongolia; 5) Gold and other metals enriched in some crude oils and oil field brines; 6) Precious metals and other metals in the black shales in South China; 7) In situ leaching uranium deposits of sandstone type in terrestrial basins in West China; 8) Gas hydrates in East China Sea and South China Sea; 9) Deposits of dispersed elements in Southwest China. Before being able to change resource potentials of these unconventional resources into production, lots of scientific researches have to be carried out. And the related scientific key points include, among others, 1) genetic mechanisms of natural nm (m sized minerals and their specific behaviors, 2) coupling mechanisms between organic matters and metals as well as their micro and macro responsibilities for metal enrichment in the related ores. These are evidently original key points in the modern Earth Science Frontiers.
Finding new unconventional mineral resources is the fundamental way to solve the problem of resources lack. There are numerous important unconventional mineral resources in China that exhibit tremendous economic potentials but cannot yet be changed into production by conventional knowledge and techniques. They include: 1) Huge volume accumulation of natural nm sized nonmetal minerals in South China; 2) Micro grained cesium in silicic sinter of hot springs in Xizang; 3) Micro grained gold in the primary ores of micro disseminated gold deposits in South China; 4) REE and Nb in the tailings of the Boyun ebo deposit in Inner Mongolia; 5) Gold and other metals enriched in some crude oils and oil field brines; 6) Precious metals and other metals in the black shales in South China; 7) In situ leaching uranium deposits of sandstone type in terrestrial basins in West China; 8) Gas hydrates in East China Sea and South China Sea; 9) Deposits of dispersed elements in Southwest China. Before being able to change resource potentials of these unconventional resources into production, lots of scientific researches have to be carried out. And the related scientific key points include, among others, 1) genetic mechanisms of natural nm (m sized minerals and their specific behaviors, 2) coupling mechanisms between organic matters and metals as well as their micro and macro responsibilities for metal enrichment in the related ores. These are evidently original key points in the modern Earth Science Frontiers.
引文
[1] 赵鹏大,陈建平.非传统矿产资源体系及其关键科学问题[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(3):251～254.
[2] 赵鹏大.非传统矿产资源研究:可持续发展的重要课题[J].中国地质,2001,28(5):1～11.
[3] VanRensburgWCJ.GlobalEconomicsRelatingtotheExplorationofUnconventionalMineralResources[A].In:AIMECameronVolume,CameronSymposiumonUnconventionalMineralResources[C].11thAnnualAIMEmeeting,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,1983.
[4] 陈毓川(主编).中国主要成矿区带矿产资源远景评价[M].北京:地质出版社,1999,1～118.
[5] Spencer.Describingpetroleumreservoirsofthefuture[M].USGSFactSheetFS 02097,1997,1～5.
[6] 张立德,牟季美.开拓原子和物质的之间领域———纳米微粒与纳米固体[J].物理,1992,21(3):167～173.
[7] 郑棉平,等.水热成矿新类型———西藏铯硅华矿床[M].北京:地质出版社,1995,1～114.
[8] 李舒,等.中国金矿床工业类型及其特征[M].北京:地震出版社,1999,1～243.
[9] 刘建明,刘家军.滇黔桂金三角区微细浸染型金矿床的盆地流体成因模式[J].矿物学报,1997,17(4):448～456.
[10] 刘建明,叶杰,刘家军,顾雪祥.论我国微细浸染型金矿床与沉积盆地演化的关系———以右江盆地为例[J].矿床地质,2001,20(4):412～420.
[11] 任英忱,王凯怡.白云鄂博超大型REE FeNb矿床研究[A].见:中国超大型矿床(I)[M],涂光炽主编,北京:科学出版社,2000,10～26.
[12] 刘建明,叶杰,刘家军,谭俊,朱和平.盆地流体中有机组分的成矿效应[J].矿物岩石地球化学通讯,2000,19(3):141～148.
[13] 林青,傅家谟,刘德汉,等.油气演化与一些金矿床成因的关系[J].地球化学,1993,19933:217～226.
[14] FilbyRH .Originandnatureoftraceelementspeciesincrudeoils,bitumensandkerogens:Implicationsforcorrelationandothergeochemicalstudies[A].In:ParnellJ .(ed),Geofluids:Origin,migrationandevolutionoffluidsinsedimentarybasins[C].GeolSocSpecPubl,1994,78:203～220.
[15] PittmanEDandLewanMD (eds),Organicacidsingeologicalprocesses[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,1994,1～353.
[16] LopatinNV ,MoiyaMA ,BannykhLN ,SedykhEM ,TrofimovVA .TracegoldlevelinWestSiberianoils[J].GeochemistryInternational,1992,29(12):135～140.
[17] 范德廉,张涛,叶杰.与黑色岩系有关的超大型矿床[A].见:中国超大型矿床(I)[M],涂光炽主编,北京:科学出版社,2000,204～219.
[18] 李有禹.湘西北镍钼多金属喷气沉积矿床的地球化学特征[J].地球化学,1997,26(3):89～96.
[19] 叶杰,范德廉.黑色岩系型矿床的形成作用及其在我国的产出特征[J].矿物岩石地球化学通讯,2000,19(2):95～102.
[20] 涂光炽.“旧地重游”,再次认识与评价:开拓铂族元素新资源的重要途径[J].矿物岩石地球化学通讯,2000,19(2):71～75.
[21] 任磊夫,关平.油气生成过程中的微粒质点矿物[M].北京:地质出版社,1992.
[22] 童纯菡,李巨初,葛良全,等.地气物质纳米微粒的实验观测及其意义[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(2):153～156.
[23] 向伟东,陈肇博,陈祖伊,尹金双.试论有机质与后生砂岩型铀矿成矿作用———以吐哈盆地十红滩地区为例[J].铀矿地质,2000,16(2):65～73.
[24] SpirakisCS .Therolesoforganicmatterintheformationofuraniumdepositsinsedimentaryrocks[J].OreGeologyReviews,1996,11(1-3):33～51.
[25] 谷团,刘玉平,李朝阳.分散元素的超常富集与共生[J].矿物岩石地球化学通讯,2000,19(1):60～63.
[26] 宋海斌,松林修.日本南海海槽天然气水合物研究现状[J].地球物理学进展,2001,16(2):88～98
[2] 赵鹏大.非传统矿产资源研究:可持续发展的重要课题[J].中国地质,2001,28(5):1～11.
[3] VanRensburgWCJ.GlobalEconomicsRelatingtotheExplorationofUnconventionalMineralResources[A].In:AIMECameronVolume,CameronSymposiumonUnconventionalMineralResources[C].11thAnnualAIMEmeeting,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,1983.
[4] 陈毓川(主编).中国主要成矿区带矿产资源远景评价[M].北京:地质出版社,1999,1～118.
[5] Spencer.Describingpetroleumreservoirsofthefuture[M].USGSFactSheetFS 02097,1997,1～5.
[6] 张立德,牟季美.开拓原子和物质的之间领域———纳米微粒与纳米固体[J].物理,1992,21(3):167～173.
[7] 郑棉平,等.水热成矿新类型———西藏铯硅华矿床[M].北京:地质出版社,1995,1～114.
[8] 李舒,等.中国金矿床工业类型及其特征[M].北京:地震出版社,1999,1～243.
[9] 刘建明,刘家军.滇黔桂金三角区微细浸染型金矿床的盆地流体成因模式[J].矿物学报,1997,17(4):448～456.
[10] 刘建明,叶杰,刘家军,顾雪祥.论我国微细浸染型金矿床与沉积盆地演化的关系———以右江盆地为例[J].矿床地质,2001,20(4):412～420.
[11] 任英忱,王凯怡.白云鄂博超大型REE FeNb矿床研究[A].见:中国超大型矿床(I)[M],涂光炽主编,北京:科学出版社,2000,10～26.
[12] 刘建明,叶杰,刘家军,谭俊,朱和平.盆地流体中有机组分的成矿效应[J].矿物岩石地球化学通讯,2000,19(3):141～148.
[13] 林青,傅家谟,刘德汉,等.油气演化与一些金矿床成因的关系[J].地球化学,1993,19933:217～226.
[14] FilbyRH .Originandnatureoftraceelementspeciesincrudeoils,bitumensandkerogens:Implicationsforcorrelationandothergeochemicalstudies[A].In:ParnellJ .(ed),Geofluids:Origin,migrationandevolutionoffluidsinsedimentarybasins[C].GeolSocSpecPubl,1994,78:203～220.
[15] PittmanEDandLewanMD (eds),Organicacidsingeologicalprocesses[M].Berlin:SpringerVerlag,1994,1～353.
[16] LopatinNV ,MoiyaMA ,BannykhLN ,SedykhEM ,TrofimovVA .TracegoldlevelinWestSiberianoils[J].GeochemistryInternational,1992,29(12):135～140.
[17] 范德廉,张涛,叶杰.与黑色岩系有关的超大型矿床[A].见:中国超大型矿床(I)[M],涂光炽主编,北京:科学出版社,2000,204～219.
[18] 李有禹.湘西北镍钼多金属喷气沉积矿床的地球化学特征[J].地球化学,1997,26(3):89～96.
[19] 叶杰,范德廉.黑色岩系型矿床的形成作用及其在我国的产出特征[J].矿物岩石地球化学通讯,2000,19(2):95～102.
[20] 涂光炽.“旧地重游”,再次认识与评价:开拓铂族元素新资源的重要途径[J].矿物岩石地球化学通讯,2000,19(2):71～75.
[21] 任磊夫,关平.油气生成过程中的微粒质点矿物[M].北京:地质出版社,1992.
[22] 童纯菡,李巨初,葛良全,等.地气物质纳米微粒的实验观测及其意义[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(2):153～156.
[23] 向伟东,陈肇博,陈祖伊,尹金双.试论有机质与后生砂岩型铀矿成矿作用———以吐哈盆地十红滩地区为例[J].铀矿地质,2000,16(2):65～73.
[24] SpirakisCS .Therolesoforganicmatterintheformationofuraniumdepositsinsedimentaryrocks[J].OreGeologyReviews,1996,11(1-3):33～51.
[25] 谷团,刘玉平,李朝阳.分散元素的超常富集与共生[J].矿物岩石地球化学通讯,2000,19(1):60～63.
[26] 宋海斌,松林修.日本南海海槽天然气水合物研究现状[J].地球物理学进展,2001,16(2):88～98
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