强地震前兆低频波的实验研究
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摘要
声波透射实验表明 ,对于板状材料 ,声音的一部分能量可以透射到空气中。另一部分能量在板中产生简正波 ,使板产生较大的振幅 ,在空气中产生能被话筒接收到的声音信号 ,而信号的简正频率与板的尺寸有关。另外 ,破裂过程中的声发射实验证实 :随着微破裂的集结和裂纹的扩展 ,所辐射波的频谱会逐渐向低频移动 ,而且当频率很低时 ,可以透射出岩石 ,被话筒接收到。根据尺度相似性原理 ,推广到野外 ,强地震前破裂集结可能会辐射出超低频波 ,这种超低频波不能被常规的地震仪记录到 ,但可以被超低频传感器或次声接收器记录到。在地震前 ,产生前兆的源非常复杂 ,大多数情况下可能并非脆性破裂 ,而是塑性蠕滑或者有流体的参与。而后两种情况产生的波的周期会更长 ,而且缺乏脆性破裂所固有的高频成分 ,这可能就是多数地震前缺乏前震的原因。
It is demonstrated that some of the energy of the sonic wave in a plate material can transmit into the air. At the same time, the normal vibration in the plate can give rise to large amplitude vibration on the surface of the plate, generating measurable sound in the air. The characteristic frequency is related to the size of the plate. From the experiment of AES in the process of fracture, it is demonstrated that with the nucleation and propagation of the fracture, the spectrum of the radiated wave will transfer to lower band. When the frequency becomes very low, the wave can transmit through the rock and be received by the microphone. According to the theory of size comparability, there will be ultra-low-frequency waves occur before strong earthquakes because of nucleation, which cannot be received by ordinary earthquake detection instruments but can be received by special ultra-low-frequency transducer or infrasonic receiver. Before earthquakes, the sources of precursors could be very complicated. They might be produced by plastic creep or can attribute to liquids but not crisp fracture in most cases. So the periods of the produced waves will be longer. This perhaps account for the lack of foreshocks.
It is demonstrated that some of the energy of the sonic wave in a plate material can transmit into the air. At the same time, the normal vibration in the plate can give rise to large amplitude vibration on the surface of the plate, generating measurable sound in the air. The characteristic frequency is related to the size of the plate. From the experiment of AES in the process of fracture, it is demonstrated that with the nucleation and propagation of the fracture, the spectrum of the radiated wave will transfer to lower band. When the frequency becomes very low, the wave can transmit through the rock and be received by the microphone. According to the theory of size comparability, there will be ultra-low-frequency waves occur before strong earthquakes because of nucleation, which cannot be received by ordinary earthquake detection instruments but can be received by special ultra-low-frequency transducer or infrasonic receiver. Before earthquakes, the sources of precursors could be very complicated. They might be produced by plastic creep or can attribute to liquids but not crisp fracture in most cases. So the periods of the produced waves will be longer. This perhaps account for the lack of foreshocks.
引文
陈运泰、黄立人、林邦慧等,1979,用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式,地球物理学报,22(3),201～217。
冯德益、潘琴龙等,1984,长周期形变波及其所反应的短期和临震地震前兆,地震学报,6(1),41～56。
郭增建、秦保燕,1991,地震成因和地震预报,北京:地震出版社。
郝建国、潘怀文、李德瑞,1992,震前极低频(ELF)电磁异常是地震短临预报的可靠标志之一,地震预报研究论文集:152～156,北京:地震出版社。
李均之、夏雅琴、陈维升,1995,近几年日本强地震的临震前兆信息,北京工业大学学报,21(4),1～12。
李均之、夏雅琴、陈维升,1999,临震前兆方法的研究,中国天灾综合预测研究-1978年全国重点大自然灾害综合家论坛:75～79,北京:地震出版社。
李世愚、刘万琴、郑治真等,1998,房山矿震震前井下长周期事件记录的分析-地震破裂“成核”过程的一种迹象,中国地震学会编.中国地震学会第七次学术大会论文摘要集,120,北京:地震出版社。
力武常次,1978,地震预报,143:北京:地震出版社。
刘万琴、李世愚、郑治真等,1999,破坏性矿震震前短临阶段的震源过程研究,地震学报,21(1),57～64。
潘琴龙、冯德益,1983,孕震断裂的预扩展(亚稳态扩展)及震前长周期波的探讨,地球物理学报,26(5),693～700。
苏 、田 维,2001,2001年2～4月强地震的前兆次声波测量研究,地球物理学进展,16(4),61～70。
苏 、田 维,2002,2000年7～9月强地震的前兆次声波测量研究,地震研究,25(1),11～19。
苏 、苏 骁,2000,强地震临震预报的前兆次声波测量研究,石油大学学报,24(6),106～112。
唐林波、李世愚、苏 等,2002,地震前长周期事件的研究-历史与现状,国际地震动态,(4),1～6。
吴忠良,2001,地震学中的“暗物质”-“静地震”与地震预测研究的未来,国际地震动态,(9),1～4。
姚孝新、赖德伦、张来凤,1988,岩石强度降低的微观机理,中国科学,B辑,533～540。
尹祥础、郑天愉,1982,地震孕育过程的流变模式,中国科学(B辑),922～930。
Aki,K .,Richards,P .G .,1980.Quantitativeseismology,theoryandmethods,Freeman,W .H .andCompany.
DieterichJH .1978.Time dependentfrictionandthemechanicsofstick slip.PureApplGeophys,116,790～806.
EllsworthWLandBerozaGC .1995.SeismicEvidenceforanEarthquakeNucleationPhase.Science,268,851～855.
FangSu,WeiTian.2001.MeasureandstudyofprecursoryinfrasonicwavesofstrongearthquakesinMay2000.JournalofLowFrequen cyNoise,VibrationandActiveControl,20(4),1～13.
OhnakaM .1992.Earthquakesourcenucleation:aphysicalmodelforshort termprecursors.Tectonophysics,211,149～178.
RiceJR ,RuinaAL .1980.Stabilityofsteadyfrictionalslipping.JApplMech,50,343～349.
ScherbaumF ,1997.Zero phraseFIRfilters:Blessingorcurse?EOS .78(33),343～344.
SuFangandTianWei.2001.TheMeasureandStudyofPrecursoryInfrasonicWavesofStrongEarthquakesfromOctobertoDecemberof2000.PetroleumScience,4(3),8～18.
Zhurkov,S .N .,Kuksenko,V .S .,andPetrov,V .A .,1984.Principlesofthekineticapproachoffractureprediction.Theor.Appl.Frac.Mech.1,271～274.
冯德益、潘琴龙等,1984,长周期形变波及其所反应的短期和临震地震前兆,地震学报,6(1),41～56。
郭增建、秦保燕,1991,地震成因和地震预报,北京:地震出版社。
郝建国、潘怀文、李德瑞,1992,震前极低频(ELF)电磁异常是地震短临预报的可靠标志之一,地震预报研究论文集:152～156,北京:地震出版社。
李均之、夏雅琴、陈维升,1995,近几年日本强地震的临震前兆信息,北京工业大学学报,21(4),1～12。
李均之、夏雅琴、陈维升,1999,临震前兆方法的研究,中国天灾综合预测研究-1978年全国重点大自然灾害综合家论坛:75～79,北京:地震出版社。
李世愚、刘万琴、郑治真等,1998,房山矿震震前井下长周期事件记录的分析-地震破裂“成核”过程的一种迹象,中国地震学会编.中国地震学会第七次学术大会论文摘要集,120,北京:地震出版社。
力武常次,1978,地震预报,143:北京:地震出版社。
刘万琴、李世愚、郑治真等,1999,破坏性矿震震前短临阶段的震源过程研究,地震学报,21(1),57～64。
潘琴龙、冯德益,1983,孕震断裂的预扩展(亚稳态扩展)及震前长周期波的探讨,地球物理学报,26(5),693～700。
苏 、田 维,2001,2001年2～4月强地震的前兆次声波测量研究,地球物理学进展,16(4),61～70。
苏 、田 维,2002,2000年7～9月强地震的前兆次声波测量研究,地震研究,25(1),11～19。
苏 、苏 骁,2000,强地震临震预报的前兆次声波测量研究,石油大学学报,24(6),106～112。
唐林波、李世愚、苏 等,2002,地震前长周期事件的研究-历史与现状,国际地震动态,(4),1～6。
吴忠良,2001,地震学中的“暗物质”-“静地震”与地震预测研究的未来,国际地震动态,(9),1～4。
姚孝新、赖德伦、张来凤,1988,岩石强度降低的微观机理,中国科学,B辑,533～540。
尹祥础、郑天愉,1982,地震孕育过程的流变模式,中国科学(B辑),922～930。
Aki,K .,Richards,P .G .,1980.Quantitativeseismology,theoryandmethods,Freeman,W .H .andCompany.
DieterichJH .1978.Time dependentfrictionandthemechanicsofstick slip.PureApplGeophys,116,790～806.
EllsworthWLandBerozaGC .1995.SeismicEvidenceforanEarthquakeNucleationPhase.Science,268,851～855.
FangSu,WeiTian.2001.MeasureandstudyofprecursoryinfrasonicwavesofstrongearthquakesinMay2000.JournalofLowFrequen cyNoise,VibrationandActiveControl,20(4),1～13.
OhnakaM .1992.Earthquakesourcenucleation:aphysicalmodelforshort termprecursors.Tectonophysics,211,149～178.
RiceJR ,RuinaAL .1980.Stabilityofsteadyfrictionalslipping.JApplMech,50,343～349.
ScherbaumF ,1997.Zero phraseFIRfilters:Blessingorcurse?EOS .78(33),343～344.
SuFangandTianWei.2001.TheMeasureandStudyofPrecursoryInfrasonicWavesofStrongEarthquakesfromOctobertoDecemberof2000.PetroleumScience,4(3),8～18.
Zhurkov,S .N .,Kuksenko,V .S .,andPetrov,V .A .,1984.Principlesofthekineticapproachoffractureprediction.Theor.Appl.Frac.Mech.1,271～274.
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