雷达图像模拟研究综述
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摘要
随着成像雷达系统的发展,对于雷达图像模拟技术的研究越来越多。本文回顾了雷达图像模拟的发展过程,介绍了雷达图像模拟技术的三种方法,并对其应用做了较全面的综述。
With the development of imaging radar system, study on radar image simulation becomes more and more popular. This paper reviews the development of Radar image simulation, describes three methods of this technology, and the applications are quite thoroughly reviewed.
With the development of imaging radar system, study on radar image simulation becomes more and more popular. This paper reviews the development of Radar image simulation, describes three methods of this technology, and the applications are quite thoroughly reviewed.
引文
1 Holtzman, J. C., Frost, V. S., Abbott, J. L., and Kaupp, V. H..Radar image simulation[J]. IEEE Trans, Geoscience Electronics,1978(16):296~303.
2 Kaupp, V.H., Waite, W.P., MacDonald, H.C.. SAR simulation[C]. Proc. IGARSS’86.1645~1650.
3 Klaus, F., Loffeld, O.. A concept for the simulation of SAR data[C].. Proc. IGARSS’91.2391~2394.
4 Franceschetti, G., Migliaccio, M., Riccio, D.. SAR simulation of natural landscapes[C]. Proc. IGARSS’94.1181~1183.
5 Franceschetti, G., Migliaccio, M., Riccio, D.. The SAR simulation: an overview[C]. Proc. IGARSS’95.2283~2285.
6 Marconi.SAR simulation concept and tools[R]. Final Report, Marconi Research Centre, Chelmsford, Essex, UK, Report MTR 84/34,109.
7 Leberl, F..Radar grammetric image processing[M]. Artech House, Norwood, MA,1990.595.
8 Gelautz, M., Frick, H., Raggam, J., Brugstaller, J., Leberl, F.. SAR image simulation and analysis of alpine terrain[ J]. ISPRS J. Pho-togrammetry and Remote Sensing,1998(53):17~38.
9王晓昱.基于成像机制的星载合成孔径雷达图像模拟研究[D].北京大学,2001..
10 Guindon, B..Development of a SAR data acquisition planning tool (SARPLAN) based on image simulation[J]. Int. J. Remote Sensing,1993,14(2):333~344.
11 Wessels, G.J., Kirby, M.E.. SARSIM-A spaceborne SAR simulation package[C]. Proc.IGARSS’86.1655~1660.
12 Camporeale, C.,Galati, G.. Digital computer simulation of synthetic aperture systems and images[J]. Eur. Trans. Telecommun. Related Tech-nol.1991,2(3):343~352.
13 Franceschetti, G.. Migliaccio, M., Riccio, D., Schirinzi, G.. SARAS: A synthetic aperture radar ( SAR) raw signal simulator [ J]. IEEETrans. Geosci.. Remote Sensing,1992,30(1):110~123.
14 Klaus, F., Loffeld, O.. Simulation of planetary surfaces for a SAR data simulation[J]. Proc. IGARSS’92,1992.291~293.
15 Polidori, L.. On the use of SAR image simulation for the validation of topographic mapping techniques[J]. EARSeL Workshop on Topographyfrom Space.. Adv. Remote Sensing,1995,4(2):40~48.
16韩琳.三维金属几何物体的高分辨率合成孔径雷达图像模拟[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1993.
17 Parashar, S. K., Fung, A. K.. Simulation of radar image: Garden city test site[R]. Kansas, TR 234-5, Remote Sensing Laboratory, the Uni-versity of Kansas, May,1974.
18 Parashar, S. K., Fung, A. K., Moore, R. K.. Simulation of a radar image for Garden city test site[R]. TR 234-8, Remote Sensing Laborato-ry, the University of Kansas, February,1975.
19 Holtzman, J., Kaupp, V. H., Martin, R. L., Komp, E. E., Frost, V. S... Radar image simulation project: Development of a general simu-lation model and an interactive simulation model, and sample results[R]. TR 234-13, Remote Sensing Laboratory, the University of Kansas,February,1976.
20 Parashar, S.K., Fung, A.K., Moore, R.K.. Digital simulation of a radar image of Pisgah Crater test site California[R]. TR 234-10, RemoteSensing Laboratory, the university of Kansas, July,1975.
21 Holtzman, J.C., Kaupp, V. H., Abbott, J.L., Frost, V.S., Komp, E.E., Davisan, E. C.. Radar image simulation: validation of the pointscattering method, Vol.1[R]. TR 319-27, Remote Sensing Laboratory, the University of Kansas, Sep.1977.
22 Ulaby, F., Moore, R., Fung, A.. Microwave Remote Sensing : Active and Passive. Vol II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering andEmission Theory[M]. Artech House, Norwood, MA,1982.
23 Wohlers, M. R., Hsiao, S., Mendelsohn, J., Garder, G.. Computer simulation of synthetic aperture radar image of three-dimentional objects[J]. IEEE Trans. Aero. Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-16, No.3, May,1980.
24 Nasr, J.M., Vidal-Madjar, D.. Image simulation of geometric targets for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. RemoteSensing,1991,29(6).
25 Lyzenga, D. R.. Numerical simulation of synthetic aperture radar image spectra for ocean waves[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1986,24(6)..
26 Bennett, J. R., Clinthorne, J. T., Scheffler, A. D., Lyder, J. D.. Simulation of ocean SAR image via phase history generation[C].Proceed-ing of the 1988 IEEE National Radar Conference(Cat. No.88 CH2572-6) New York, NY, USA: IEEE,1988.
27 Tunaley, J.K.E., Buller, E.H., Wu, K.H., Rey, M.T.. The simulation of the SAR image of a ship wake[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. RemoteSensing,1991,29(1):149~156.
28 Francheschetti, G., Migliaccio, M., Riccio, D.. On ocean SAR raw signal simulation[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1998,36(1):84~100.
29黄少光.合成孔径雷达的运动补偿理论系统分析及模拟[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1985.
30郭演辉.SAR图像几何纠正[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1988.
31舒士畏,洪峻,秦少杰.雷达图像的几何特点及计算机模拟[A].见:雷达图像分析及地质应用[C].科学出版社,1991.
32倪江.星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟源的研制[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1997.
33傅向东.星载合成孔径雷达系统模拟源设计[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1995.
34刘志强.星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟器的研究[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1994.
35宋红军.星载合成孔径雷达计算机模拟的研究[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1994.
36张巍.合成孔径雷达SAR图像信息的模拟、处理及应用[D].复旦大学,2001.
37汤志伟.合成孔径雷达原始数据模拟以及其应用研究[D].电子科技大学,2000.
38齐向阳.极化合成孔径雷达的模拟研究[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,2001.
39 Bamler, R., Runge, H., Steinbrecher, U.. A distributed target SAR raw data simulator with arbitrary doppler variation[C]. Proc. IGARSS’92,287~289..
40李保洪.星载极化SAR数据模拟[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1999.
41林捷,洪峻.星载极化SAR数据模拟[D].遥感学报,2002,6(1).
42 Tomiyasu, K.. Computer simulation of speckle in a synthetic aperture radar image pixel[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. GE-21, No.3, July,1983,
43 Raney, R. K., Wessels, G. J.. Spatial considerations in SAR speckle simulation[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1988,26(5).
44 Bolter, R., Gelautz, M., Lebel, F.. SAR speckle simulation[J]. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1996(21):20~25.
45 Muhleman D.O.. Radar scattering from Venus and Moon[J]. Astronomic Journal.1964(24):34~40.
46 Ulaby, F., Dobson, M..Handbook of radar scattering statistics for terrain[R]. Artech House, Norwood, MA,1989.
47 Domik, G., Leberl, F..1987, Image based SAR product simulation[C].. Proc. American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,53rd Annu. Conv., Baltimore, MD.355~364.
48 Kimura, H., Kodaira, N.. Simulation and comparison of JERS-1 and ERS-1 SAR images[C]. Proc. IGARSS’93,1774~1776.
49 Xu, W., Cumming, B..Simulator for repeat-pass satellite InSAR studies[C]. Proc. IGARSS’97,1704~1706.
50 Kaupp, V., Bridges, L., Pisaruck, M., MacDonald, H., Waite, W..Simulation of spaceborne stero radar imagery: experimental results[J].IEEE Trans.. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1983,GE-21(3):400~405.
51 Domik, G..Verfahrensentwicklunen zur Analyse von digitalen Seitsicht-Radarbildern gebirgigen Gelandes mittels digitaler H henmodelle und Bild-simulation, Doctoral Thesis, Graz University of Technology.
52 Kobrick, M., Leberl, F., Raggam, J..Radar stereo mapping with crossing flight lines[J]. Gan. J. Remote Sensing,1986(12):132~148.
53 Domik, G..Radar image simulation as a tool to analyze imagery[C]. Proc. Symp. Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, pp.248~253.
54 Guindon, G., Maruyama, H..Automated matching of real and simulated SAR imagery as a tool for ground control point acquisition[J]. Can. J.Remote Sensing,1986(12):149~158.
55 Schreier, G., Kosmann, D., Roth, A..Design aspects and implementation of a system for geocoding satellite SAR-image[J]. ISPRS J. Pho-togramm. Remote Sensing,1990(45):1~16.
56 Kwok, R., Curlander, J. C., Pang, S. S..An automated system for mosaicking spaceborne SAR imagery[J]. Int. J. Remote Sensing,1990
(11):209~233.
57 Guindon, B..Performance evaluation of real-simulated image matching techniques in the acquisition of ground control for ERS-1 image geocoding[J].. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sensing,1995(50):2~11.
58 Kimura, H., Iijima, T..Automated matching of real and simulated SAR imagery for geometric correction[C]. Proc. IGARSS’90,1990(1):309~312.
59 Wivell, C., Steinwand, D., Kelly, G., Meyer, D..Evaluation of terrain models for the geocoding and terrain correction of synthetic apertureradar (SAR) images[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1992,30(6):1137~1144.
60张云和,王超,王四龙.侧视雷达图像的几何校正与镶嵌[A].见:雷达图像分析及地质应用[C].科学出版社,1991.
61肖国超,朱彩英.雷达摄影测量[M].地震出版社,2001.
62张永红,林宗坚,张继贤,甘梦龙.SAR影像几何校正[J].测绘学报,2003,7(2).
63张永红,张继贤,杨崇源.基于影像模拟的SAR几何校正准自动方法[J].遥感学报,2003,7(2).
64陈尔学.星载合成孔径雷达影像正射校正方法研究[D].中国林业科学研究院,2004.
65 Thomas, J., Kober, W., Leberl, F.. Multiple image SAR shape-from-shading[C]. Proc. IGARSS’89,1989,592~596.
66 Wiles, D., Forshaw, M.. Recognition of volcanoes on Venus using correlation methods[J]. Image Vision Comput,1993,11(4):188~196.
67 Domik, G., Leberl, F., Cimino, J..Dependence of image grey values on topography in SIR-B images[J]. Int. J. Remote Sensing,1988,9(5):1013~1022.
68 Goering, D., Chen, H., Hinzman, L., Kane, D.. Removal of terrain effects from SAR satellite imagery of Arctic tundra[J]. IEEE Trans.Geosci. Remote Sensing,1995,33(1):185~194.
69 Tilley, D., Bonwit, K.. Reduction of layover distortion in SAR imagery[J]. Remote Sensing Environ,1989(27):211~220.
70 Petit, D., Adragna, F..A new interferogram simulator:2SIR. Study of coherence losses for tortured reliefs[C]. In Proc. CEOS SAR Calibra-tion Workshop, Toulouse, France.1999.
71 Wray, L. S..2001, Synthetic aperture radar image simulator for interferometry. Master thesis, University of Cape Town.
72 Eineder, M..Efficient simulation of SAR interferograms of large areas and of rugged terrain[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,2003,41
(6):1415~1427.
73 Saunders, R., Spear, A. J., Allin, P. C., Austin, R. S., and 23 others,1992, Magellan mission summary, J. Geophys. Res.97(E8),13067~13090.
2 Kaupp, V.H., Waite, W.P., MacDonald, H.C.. SAR simulation[C]. Proc. IGARSS’86.1645~1650.
3 Klaus, F., Loffeld, O.. A concept for the simulation of SAR data[C].. Proc. IGARSS’91.2391~2394.
4 Franceschetti, G., Migliaccio, M., Riccio, D.. SAR simulation of natural landscapes[C]. Proc. IGARSS’94.1181~1183.
5 Franceschetti, G., Migliaccio, M., Riccio, D.. The SAR simulation: an overview[C]. Proc. IGARSS’95.2283~2285.
6 Marconi.SAR simulation concept and tools[R]. Final Report, Marconi Research Centre, Chelmsford, Essex, UK, Report MTR 84/34,109.
7 Leberl, F..Radar grammetric image processing[M]. Artech House, Norwood, MA,1990.595.
8 Gelautz, M., Frick, H., Raggam, J., Brugstaller, J., Leberl, F.. SAR image simulation and analysis of alpine terrain[ J]. ISPRS J. Pho-togrammetry and Remote Sensing,1998(53):17~38.
9王晓昱.基于成像机制的星载合成孔径雷达图像模拟研究[D].北京大学,2001..
10 Guindon, B..Development of a SAR data acquisition planning tool (SARPLAN) based on image simulation[J]. Int. J. Remote Sensing,1993,14(2):333~344.
11 Wessels, G.J., Kirby, M.E.. SARSIM-A spaceborne SAR simulation package[C]. Proc.IGARSS’86.1655~1660.
12 Camporeale, C.,Galati, G.. Digital computer simulation of synthetic aperture systems and images[J]. Eur. Trans. Telecommun. Related Tech-nol.1991,2(3):343~352.
13 Franceschetti, G.. Migliaccio, M., Riccio, D., Schirinzi, G.. SARAS: A synthetic aperture radar ( SAR) raw signal simulator [ J]. IEEETrans. Geosci.. Remote Sensing,1992,30(1):110~123.
14 Klaus, F., Loffeld, O.. Simulation of planetary surfaces for a SAR data simulation[J]. Proc. IGARSS’92,1992.291~293.
15 Polidori, L.. On the use of SAR image simulation for the validation of topographic mapping techniques[J]. EARSeL Workshop on Topographyfrom Space.. Adv. Remote Sensing,1995,4(2):40~48.
16韩琳.三维金属几何物体的高分辨率合成孔径雷达图像模拟[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1993.
17 Parashar, S. K., Fung, A. K.. Simulation of radar image: Garden city test site[R]. Kansas, TR 234-5, Remote Sensing Laboratory, the Uni-versity of Kansas, May,1974.
18 Parashar, S. K., Fung, A. K., Moore, R. K.. Simulation of a radar image for Garden city test site[R]. TR 234-8, Remote Sensing Laborato-ry, the University of Kansas, February,1975.
19 Holtzman, J., Kaupp, V. H., Martin, R. L., Komp, E. E., Frost, V. S... Radar image simulation project: Development of a general simu-lation model and an interactive simulation model, and sample results[R]. TR 234-13, Remote Sensing Laboratory, the University of Kansas,February,1976.
20 Parashar, S.K., Fung, A.K., Moore, R.K.. Digital simulation of a radar image of Pisgah Crater test site California[R]. TR 234-10, RemoteSensing Laboratory, the university of Kansas, July,1975.
21 Holtzman, J.C., Kaupp, V. H., Abbott, J.L., Frost, V.S., Komp, E.E., Davisan, E. C.. Radar image simulation: validation of the pointscattering method, Vol.1[R]. TR 319-27, Remote Sensing Laboratory, the University of Kansas, Sep.1977.
22 Ulaby, F., Moore, R., Fung, A.. Microwave Remote Sensing : Active and Passive. Vol II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering andEmission Theory[M]. Artech House, Norwood, MA,1982.
23 Wohlers, M. R., Hsiao, S., Mendelsohn, J., Garder, G.. Computer simulation of synthetic aperture radar image of three-dimentional objects[J]. IEEE Trans. Aero. Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-16, No.3, May,1980.
24 Nasr, J.M., Vidal-Madjar, D.. Image simulation of geometric targets for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. RemoteSensing,1991,29(6).
25 Lyzenga, D. R.. Numerical simulation of synthetic aperture radar image spectra for ocean waves[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1986,24(6)..
26 Bennett, J. R., Clinthorne, J. T., Scheffler, A. D., Lyder, J. D.. Simulation of ocean SAR image via phase history generation[C].Proceed-ing of the 1988 IEEE National Radar Conference(Cat. No.88 CH2572-6) New York, NY, USA: IEEE,1988.
27 Tunaley, J.K.E., Buller, E.H., Wu, K.H., Rey, M.T.. The simulation of the SAR image of a ship wake[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. RemoteSensing,1991,29(1):149~156.
28 Francheschetti, G., Migliaccio, M., Riccio, D.. On ocean SAR raw signal simulation[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1998,36(1):84~100.
29黄少光.合成孔径雷达的运动补偿理论系统分析及模拟[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1985.
30郭演辉.SAR图像几何纠正[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1988.
31舒士畏,洪峻,秦少杰.雷达图像的几何特点及计算机模拟[A].见:雷达图像分析及地质应用[C].科学出版社,1991.
32倪江.星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟源的研制[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1997.
33傅向东.星载合成孔径雷达系统模拟源设计[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1995.
34刘志强.星载合成孔径雷达回波信号模拟器的研究[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1994.
35宋红军.星载合成孔径雷达计算机模拟的研究[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1994.
36张巍.合成孔径雷达SAR图像信息的模拟、处理及应用[D].复旦大学,2001.
37汤志伟.合成孔径雷达原始数据模拟以及其应用研究[D].电子科技大学,2000.
38齐向阳.极化合成孔径雷达的模拟研究[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,2001.
39 Bamler, R., Runge, H., Steinbrecher, U.. A distributed target SAR raw data simulator with arbitrary doppler variation[C]. Proc. IGARSS’92,287~289..
40李保洪.星载极化SAR数据模拟[D].中国科学院电子学研究所,1999.
41林捷,洪峻.星载极化SAR数据模拟[D].遥感学报,2002,6(1).
42 Tomiyasu, K.. Computer simulation of speckle in a synthetic aperture radar image pixel[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. GE-21, No.3, July,1983,
43 Raney, R. K., Wessels, G. J.. Spatial considerations in SAR speckle simulation[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1988,26(5).
44 Bolter, R., Gelautz, M., Lebel, F.. SAR speckle simulation[J]. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1996(21):20~25.
45 Muhleman D.O.. Radar scattering from Venus and Moon[J]. Astronomic Journal.1964(24):34~40.
46 Ulaby, F., Dobson, M..Handbook of radar scattering statistics for terrain[R]. Artech House, Norwood, MA,1989.
47 Domik, G., Leberl, F..1987, Image based SAR product simulation[C].. Proc. American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,53rd Annu. Conv., Baltimore, MD.355~364.
48 Kimura, H., Kodaira, N.. Simulation and comparison of JERS-1 and ERS-1 SAR images[C]. Proc. IGARSS’93,1774~1776.
49 Xu, W., Cumming, B..Simulator for repeat-pass satellite InSAR studies[C]. Proc. IGARSS’97,1704~1706.
50 Kaupp, V., Bridges, L., Pisaruck, M., MacDonald, H., Waite, W..Simulation of spaceborne stero radar imagery: experimental results[J].IEEE Trans.. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1983,GE-21(3):400~405.
51 Domik, G..Verfahrensentwicklunen zur Analyse von digitalen Seitsicht-Radarbildern gebirgigen Gelandes mittels digitaler H henmodelle und Bild-simulation, Doctoral Thesis, Graz University of Technology.
52 Kobrick, M., Leberl, F., Raggam, J..Radar stereo mapping with crossing flight lines[J]. Gan. J. Remote Sensing,1986(12):132~148.
53 Domik, G..Radar image simulation as a tool to analyze imagery[C]. Proc. Symp. Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, pp.248~253.
54 Guindon, G., Maruyama, H..Automated matching of real and simulated SAR imagery as a tool for ground control point acquisition[J]. Can. J.Remote Sensing,1986(12):149~158.
55 Schreier, G., Kosmann, D., Roth, A..Design aspects and implementation of a system for geocoding satellite SAR-image[J]. ISPRS J. Pho-togramm. Remote Sensing,1990(45):1~16.
56 Kwok, R., Curlander, J. C., Pang, S. S..An automated system for mosaicking spaceborne SAR imagery[J]. Int. J. Remote Sensing,1990
(11):209~233.
57 Guindon, B..Performance evaluation of real-simulated image matching techniques in the acquisition of ground control for ERS-1 image geocoding[J].. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sensing,1995(50):2~11.
58 Kimura, H., Iijima, T..Automated matching of real and simulated SAR imagery for geometric correction[C]. Proc. IGARSS’90,1990(1):309~312.
59 Wivell, C., Steinwand, D., Kelly, G., Meyer, D..Evaluation of terrain models for the geocoding and terrain correction of synthetic apertureradar (SAR) images[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,1992,30(6):1137~1144.
60张云和,王超,王四龙.侧视雷达图像的几何校正与镶嵌[A].见:雷达图像分析及地质应用[C].科学出版社,1991.
61肖国超,朱彩英.雷达摄影测量[M].地震出版社,2001.
62张永红,林宗坚,张继贤,甘梦龙.SAR影像几何校正[J].测绘学报,2003,7(2).
63张永红,张继贤,杨崇源.基于影像模拟的SAR几何校正准自动方法[J].遥感学报,2003,7(2).
64陈尔学.星载合成孔径雷达影像正射校正方法研究[D].中国林业科学研究院,2004.
65 Thomas, J., Kober, W., Leberl, F.. Multiple image SAR shape-from-shading[C]. Proc. IGARSS’89,1989,592~596.
66 Wiles, D., Forshaw, M.. Recognition of volcanoes on Venus using correlation methods[J]. Image Vision Comput,1993,11(4):188~196.
67 Domik, G., Leberl, F., Cimino, J..Dependence of image grey values on topography in SIR-B images[J]. Int. J. Remote Sensing,1988,9(5):1013~1022.
68 Goering, D., Chen, H., Hinzman, L., Kane, D.. Removal of terrain effects from SAR satellite imagery of Arctic tundra[J]. IEEE Trans.Geosci. Remote Sensing,1995,33(1):185~194.
69 Tilley, D., Bonwit, K.. Reduction of layover distortion in SAR imagery[J]. Remote Sensing Environ,1989(27):211~220.
70 Petit, D., Adragna, F..A new interferogram simulator:2SIR. Study of coherence losses for tortured reliefs[C]. In Proc. CEOS SAR Calibra-tion Workshop, Toulouse, France.1999.
71 Wray, L. S..2001, Synthetic aperture radar image simulator for interferometry. Master thesis, University of Cape Town.
72 Eineder, M..Efficient simulation of SAR interferograms of large areas and of rugged terrain[J]. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing,2003,41
(6):1415~1427.
73 Saunders, R., Spear, A. J., Allin, P. C., Austin, R. S., and 23 others,1992, Magellan mission summary, J. Geophys. Res.97(E8),13067~13090.
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