汶川地震对现代河流形态的影响与水文效应
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摘要
2008年5月12日14时28分,我国四川发生里氏8.0级大地震,发震构造为龙门山断裂带。形成了NE向映秀-北川断裂地表破裂带,彭县—灌县断裂破裂带以及NW向的小鱼洞破裂带,表现为逆冲-走滑性质。目前,有关地表破裂、次生地质灾害及堰塞湖等开展了大量的调查工作,而地震对河流形态的影响还缺少较为系统的分析。在野外地震地貌考察的基础上,根据河流走向与断层位置关系,并结合地表破裂特征,总结了汶川地震对现代河流形态影响的几种地貌类型:顺向陡坎跌水,河道错动,断塞湖(塘),河流改道等,并对其演化趋势进行了讨论。分析了汶川地震的河流水文效应:地震增加了河流泥沙含量,改变了河流水质,同时,也使得河流与地下水系统之间的联系更为紧密。
The Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake strongly shocked at 14:28 on May 12,2008.The seismogenic structure belongs to the Longmenshan fault zone.Its surface rupture belts include those formed along the NE striking Yingxiu-Beichuan and Pengxian-Guanxian faults and the NW striking Xiaoyudong fault.The surface ruptures are characterized by thrust faulting with strike-slip movement.The surface ruptures,landslides,fall and dammed lakes were surveyed with great efforts after the Wenchuan earthquake.However,the morphological effects of Wenchuan earthquake on rivers were not analyzed or discussed.Based on our field survey on earthquake geomorphology,this paper summarizes the morphological effects of Wenchuan Earthquake on rivers including waterfalls by consistent direction fault scarps,river slipping,earthquake fault lakes/poodles and riverway changing.Their developing trends are discussed.The hydrological effects of Wenchuan Earthquake on rivers are also analyzed. The Wenchuan earthquake increased the river silt and sediment contents and changed the river water quality.Furthermore,it heightened the connections between rivers and the groundwater systems.
The Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake strongly shocked at 14:28 on May 12,2008.The seismogenic structure belongs to the Longmenshan fault zone.Its surface rupture belts include those formed along the NE striking Yingxiu-Beichuan and Pengxian-Guanxian faults and the NW striking Xiaoyudong fault.The surface ruptures are characterized by thrust faulting with strike-slip movement.The surface ruptures,landslides,fall and dammed lakes were surveyed with great efforts after the Wenchuan earthquake.However,the morphological effects of Wenchuan earthquake on rivers were not analyzed or discussed.Based on our field survey on earthquake geomorphology,this paper summarizes the morphological effects of Wenchuan Earthquake on rivers including waterfalls by consistent direction fault scarps,river slipping,earthquake fault lakes/poodles and riverway changing.Their developing trends are discussed.The hydrological effects of Wenchuan Earthquake on rivers are also analyzed. The Wenchuan earthquake increased the river silt and sediment contents and changed the river water quality.Furthermore,it heightened the connections between rivers and the groundwater systems.
引文
Chen Guihua,Xu Xiwei,Zhen Rongzhang,et al.2008.Quantitiveanalysis of the co-seismic surface rupture of the 2008 Wenchuanearthquake,Sichuan,China along the Beichuan-Yingxiu fault[J].Seismology and Geology,28(3):723-738.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
He Honglin,Sun Zhaomin,Wang Shiyuan,et al.2008a.Rupture of theMs 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,30(2):359-362.(in Chinese with English abstract)
He Honglin,Sun Zhaomin,Wei Zhanyu,et.al.2008b.Rupture of theWenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake along Baisha River[J].Seismologyand Geology,28(3):658-672.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hou Kangming,Wen Xueze.1999.Earthquake rupture characteristicsof intraplate reverse fault and standard of fault segmentation criteria[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,21(3):302-309.(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Jin Dongchun,Cui Tianri.2002.The analysis and research on thehistorical earthquakes in Tumenjiang river area[J].EarthquakeResearch in China,18(3):289-296.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Dong Shunli,et al.2008.Surface rupture,thrusting and strike-slipping in the Wenchuan earthquake ofSichuan,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Sci&Technology Edit.,),35(4):404-413.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Liu Jinfeng,Chen Jie,Xu Xiwei.2008.The basic seismiclgeomorphological patterns after the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Quaternary Sciences,28(4):518-520.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Shi Xingmin and Yang Jingchun.2003.Response of fluvialgeomorphology to tectonic movement[J].Research of Soil andWater Conservation,10(3):48-51.(in Chinese)
Wang Zanjun,Li Wenqiao,Li Zhimin,et al.2004.Determination ofmacroseismic epicentre and rupture beginning caused by theKunlunshan earthquake with Ms 8.1[J].Earthquake Research inPlateau,16(2):9-20.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing,et al.2008.The Ms 8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(5):597-629.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Yin Yueping.2008.Research on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuanearthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):433-444.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang Shimin and Xie Furen.2001.Seismo-tectonic divisions of strongearthquakes(Ms≥7.0)along Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zoneand their tectono-geomorphological features.[J].Acta SeismologicaSinica,23(1):36-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu Yuxin,Li Ping and Ren Jinwei.1994.Activity of Nandinghe faultzone and its paleo-earthquake events[J].Earthquake Research inChina,10(4):347-356.(in Chinese)
陈桂华,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.2008.2008年汶川Ms 8.0地震地表破裂变形定量分析——北川—映秀断裂地表破裂带[J].地震地质,28(3):723-738.
何宏林,孙昭民,王世元,等.2008a.汶川Ms 8.0地震地表破裂带[J].地震地质,30(2)359-362.
何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉,等.2008b.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征[J].地震地质,28(3):658-672.
侯康明,闻学泽.1999.板内逆断层地震破裂的基本特征及分段标志研究[J].西北地震学报,21(3):302-309.
金东淳,崔天日.2002.图们江流域历史地震资料的分析与研究[J].中国地震,18(3):289-296.
李勇,周荣军,董顺利.2008.汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),35(4):404-413.
刘进峰,陈杰,徐锡伟,等.2008.汶川Ms 8.0强震形成的地震地貌基本类型[J].第四纪研究,28(4):518-520.
史兴民,杨景春.2003.河流地貌对构造活动的响应[J].水土保持研究,10(3):48-51.
王赞军,李文巧,李智敏,等.2004.苏旭昆仑山口西8.1级地震宏观震中与破裂起始点的判定[J].高原地震,16(2):9-20.
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川Ms 8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(5):597-629.
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,16(4):433-444.
张世民,谢富仁.2001.鲜水河一小江断裂带7级以上强震构造区的划分及其构造地貌特征[J].地震学报,23(1):36-44.
朱玉新,李玶,任金卫.1994.南定河断裂带断层活动特征与古地震事件[J].中国地震,10(4):347-356.
He Honglin,Sun Zhaomin,Wang Shiyuan,et al.2008a.Rupture of theMs 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Seismology and Geology,30(2):359-362.(in Chinese with English abstract)
He Honglin,Sun Zhaomin,Wei Zhanyu,et.al.2008b.Rupture of theWenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake along Baisha River[J].Seismologyand Geology,28(3):658-672.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Hou Kangming,Wen Xueze.1999.Earthquake rupture characteristicsof intraplate reverse fault and standard of fault segmentation criteria[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,21(3):302-309.(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Jin Dongchun,Cui Tianri.2002.The analysis and research on thehistorical earthquakes in Tumenjiang river area[J].EarthquakeResearch in China,18(3):289-296.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun,Dong Shunli,et al.2008.Surface rupture,thrusting and strike-slipping in the Wenchuan earthquake ofSichuan,China[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Sci&Technology Edit.,),35(4):404-413.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Liu Jinfeng,Chen Jie,Xu Xiwei.2008.The basic seismiclgeomorphological patterns after the MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Quaternary Sciences,28(4):518-520.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Shi Xingmin and Yang Jingchun.2003.Response of fluvialgeomorphology to tectonic movement[J].Research of Soil andWater Conservation,10(3):48-51.(in Chinese)
Wang Zanjun,Li Wenqiao,Li Zhimin,et al.2004.Determination ofmacroseismic epicentre and rupture beginning caused by theKunlunshan earthquake with Ms 8.1[J].Earthquake Research inPlateau,16(2):9-20.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Xu Xiwei,Wen Xueze,Ye Jianqing,et al.2008.The Ms 8.0 Wenchuanearthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(5):597-629.(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Yin Yueping.2008.Research on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuanearthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):433-444.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang Shimin and Xie Furen.2001.Seismo-tectonic divisions of strongearthquakes(Ms≥7.0)along Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang fault zoneand their tectono-geomorphological features.[J].Acta SeismologicaSinica,23(1):36-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu Yuxin,Li Ping and Ren Jinwei.1994.Activity of Nandinghe faultzone and its paleo-earthquake events[J].Earthquake Research inChina,10(4):347-356.(in Chinese)
陈桂华,徐锡伟,郑荣章,等.2008.2008年汶川Ms 8.0地震地表破裂变形定量分析——北川—映秀断裂地表破裂带[J].地震地质,28(3):723-738.
何宏林,孙昭民,王世元,等.2008a.汶川Ms 8.0地震地表破裂带[J].地震地质,30(2)359-362.
何宏林,孙昭民,魏占玉,等.2008b.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂带白沙河段破裂及其位移特征[J].地震地质,28(3):658-672.
侯康明,闻学泽.1999.板内逆断层地震破裂的基本特征及分段标志研究[J].西北地震学报,21(3):302-309.
金东淳,崔天日.2002.图们江流域历史地震资料的分析与研究[J].中国地震,18(3):289-296.
李勇,周荣军,董顺利.2008.汶川地震的地表破裂与逆冲-走滑作用[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),35(4):404-413.
刘进峰,陈杰,徐锡伟,等.2008.汶川Ms 8.0强震形成的地震地貌基本类型[J].第四纪研究,28(4):518-520.
史兴民,杨景春.2003.河流地貌对构造活动的响应[J].水土保持研究,10(3):48-51.
王赞军,李文巧,李智敏,等.2004.苏旭昆仑山口西8.1级地震宏观震中与破裂起始点的判定[J].高原地震,16(2):9-20.
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川Ms 8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(5):597-629.
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,16(4):433-444.
张世民,谢富仁.2001.鲜水河一小江断裂带7级以上强震构造区的划分及其构造地貌特征[J].地震学报,23(1):36-44.
朱玉新,李玶,任金卫.1994.南定河断裂带断层活动特征与古地震事件[J].中国地震,10(4):347-356.
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