地下核爆炸地震波二次源特征
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摘要
层裂是地下核爆炸震源物理过程中最重要的非球对称源过程.对其机制的研究,多基于面波资料,本文基于远场体波资料,利用经验格林函数方法,消除路径及接收场地效应,利用地下核爆炸远场地震波P波数据对震源时间函数进行了反演,结果显示明显的双脉冲特征,该二次源特征不随方位角及震中距变化,说明它源自震源本身,其双脉冲特征与层裂机制相符.
It was widely accepted that the spall slapdown is the primary contributor to the non-spherical source of underground explosions based on the study of surface waves.In this article,body waves are analyzed to search the mechanism of the non-spherical process of the underground nuclear explosion.The second arrival after the P arrival is obvious and the shape of the two pulses is remarkably consistent in a wide azimuthal range.This indicates that the second arrival is not due to any structural features but is part of the source itself,and can be explained by the spall process.
It was widely accepted that the spall slapdown is the primary contributor to the non-spherical source of underground explosions based on the study of surface waves.In this article,body waves are analyzed to search the mechanism of the non-spherical process of the underground nuclear explosion.The second arrival after the P arrival is obvious and the shape of the two pulses is remarkably consistent in a wide azimuthal range.This indicates that the second arrival is not due to any structural features but is part of the source itself,and can be explained by the spall process.
引文
[1]陈剑杰.封闭式地下核爆炸的地表变形与破坏[博士论文].中国地质大学,1994.
[2]Brune J,Espinosa A,Oliver J.Relative excitation of surfacewaves by earthquakes and underground explosions in theCalifornia-Nevada region.J.Geophys.Res.,1963,68(11):3501-3513.
[3]Gupta I N,Chan W W,Wagner R A.A comparison ofregional phases from underground nuclear explosions at EastKazakh and Nevada test sites.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1992,82(1):352-382.
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[5]靳平,徐果明,楼沩涛.点力源在横向各向同性介质中激发的弹性波.地球物理学报,1998,41(4):525-536.Jin P,Xu G M,Lou W T.Elastic waves from a point force intransversely isotropic media.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1998,41(4):525-536.
[6]Burdick L J,Wallace T,Lay T.Modeling near-field andteleseismic observations from the Amchitka test site.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B6):4373-4388.
[7]Muller R A,Murphy R J.Seismic characteristics ofunderground nuclear detonations Part I.Seismic spectrumscaling.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1971,61(6):1675-1692.
[8]Stump B W,Reinke R E,Olsen K H,et al.Isotropic anddeviatoric characterization of the COALORA nuclearexplosion in Yucca flats.Geophys.J.,1994,116(3):538-552.
[9]Day S M,Rimer N,Cherry J T.Surface waves fromunderground explosions with spall:analysis of elastic andnonlinear source models.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1983,73(1):247-264.
[10]Patton H J,Taylor R S.Analysis of Lg spectral ratios fromNTS explosions:Implications for the source mechanisms ofspall and the generation of Lg waves.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1995,85(1):220-236.
[11]徐恒垒,靳平,倪四道等.谱元法数值模拟地表起伏对补偿线性矢量偶极源Rg波低谷点的影响.地球物理学报,2011,54(11):2831-2837,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.11.013.Xu H L,Jin P,Ni S D,et al.Investigation of surfacefluctuation effects on the spectral null of Rg waves generatedby CLVD source with Spectral Element Method simulation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(11):2831-2837,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.11.013.
[12]何永锋,陈晓非,何耀明等.地下爆炸Rg波低谷点激发机理.地球物理学报,2005,48(3):643-650.He Y F,Chen X F,He Y M,et al.Generation of null in Rgwave by underground explosions.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(3):643-648.
[13]He Y F,Chen X F,Zhang H M.The effect of spall on Lgwaves.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2005,18(3):331-337.
[14]Hough S.Empirical Green′s function analysis of recentmoderate events in California.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91:456-467.
[15]韩绍卿,李夕海,安跃文等.核爆、化爆、地震识别研究综述.地球物理学进展,2010,25(4):1206-1218.Han S Q,Li X H,An Y W,et al.A review on theidentification of nuclear explosions,chemical explosions andnatural earthquakes progress in geophysics.Progress inGeophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(4):1206-1218.
[16]Nicholas N.Empirical Green′s functions:A comparisonbetween pulse width measurements and deconvolution byspectral division.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89(1):178-189.
[17]Frankel A.Simulating strong motions of large earthquakesusing recordings of small earthquakes:the Loma Prietamainshock as a test case.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1995,85(4):1144-1160.
[18]Atkinson G M,Silva W.An empirical study of earthquakesource spectra for California earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1997,87(1):97-113.
[19]Li Y P,Toksz M N,Rodi W.Investigation of sourceprocess of large earthquakes and nuclear explosions with theEGF method.Seismol.Res.Lett.,1993,64:31-40.
[20]Li Y P,Toksz M N,William R.Source time functions ofnuclear explosions and earthquakes in central Asia determinedusing empirical Green′s functions.J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B1):659-674.
[21]Taylor S R,Denny M D,Vergino E S,et al.Regionaldiscrimination between NTS explosions and Western U.S.earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1989,79(4):1142-1176.
[22]Bakun W H,Johnson L R.The deconvolution of teleseismicP waves from explosions Milrow and Cannikin.Geophys.J.,1973,34(3):321-342.
[23]Stump B W.Constraints on explosive sources with spall fromnear-source waveforms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1985,74(2):361-377.
[24]何永锋,赵克常,张献兵.地下核爆炸的主要非爆炸源机制.地球物理学进展,2010,25(3):789-794.He Y F,Zhao K C,Zhang X B.Primary non-explosivesource mechanisms for underground nuclear explosionsprogress in geophysics.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(3):789-794.
[25]何永锋,陈晓非,张海明.地下核爆炸Lg波的激发机制.地球物理学报,2005,48(2):367-369.He Y F,Chen X F,Zhang H M.The generation of Lg waveby underground nuclear explosions.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(2):367-369.
[26]Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology,Theory andMethods.San Francisco:Freeman W H and Company,1980.
[2]Brune J,Espinosa A,Oliver J.Relative excitation of surfacewaves by earthquakes and underground explosions in theCalifornia-Nevada region.J.Geophys.Res.,1963,68(11):3501-3513.
[3]Gupta I N,Chan W W,Wagner R A.A comparison ofregional phases from underground nuclear explosions at EastKazakh and Nevada test sites.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1992,82(1):352-382.
[4]Harkrider D G.Surface waves in multilayered elastic mediaI.Rayleigh and Love waves from buried sources in amultilayered elastic half-space.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1964,54(2):627-679.
[5]靳平,徐果明,楼沩涛.点力源在横向各向同性介质中激发的弹性波.地球物理学报,1998,41(4):525-536.Jin P,Xu G M,Lou W T.Elastic waves from a point force intransversely isotropic media.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1998,41(4):525-536.
[6]Burdick L J,Wallace T,Lay T.Modeling near-field andteleseismic observations from the Amchitka test site.J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(B6):4373-4388.
[7]Muller R A,Murphy R J.Seismic characteristics ofunderground nuclear detonations Part I.Seismic spectrumscaling.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1971,61(6):1675-1692.
[8]Stump B W,Reinke R E,Olsen K H,et al.Isotropic anddeviatoric characterization of the COALORA nuclearexplosion in Yucca flats.Geophys.J.,1994,116(3):538-552.
[9]Day S M,Rimer N,Cherry J T.Surface waves fromunderground explosions with spall:analysis of elastic andnonlinear source models.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1983,73(1):247-264.
[10]Patton H J,Taylor R S.Analysis of Lg spectral ratios fromNTS explosions:Implications for the source mechanisms ofspall and the generation of Lg waves.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1995,85(1):220-236.
[11]徐恒垒,靳平,倪四道等.谱元法数值模拟地表起伏对补偿线性矢量偶极源Rg波低谷点的影响.地球物理学报,2011,54(11):2831-2837,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.11.013.Xu H L,Jin P,Ni S D,et al.Investigation of surfacefluctuation effects on the spectral null of Rg waves generatedby CLVD source with Spectral Element Method simulation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(11):2831-2837,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.11.013.
[12]何永锋,陈晓非,何耀明等.地下爆炸Rg波低谷点激发机理.地球物理学报,2005,48(3):643-650.He Y F,Chen X F,He Y M,et al.Generation of null in Rgwave by underground explosions.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(3):643-648.
[13]He Y F,Chen X F,Zhang H M.The effect of spall on Lgwaves.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2005,18(3):331-337.
[14]Hough S.Empirical Green′s function analysis of recentmoderate events in California.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,2001,91:456-467.
[15]韩绍卿,李夕海,安跃文等.核爆、化爆、地震识别研究综述.地球物理学进展,2010,25(4):1206-1218.Han S Q,Li X H,An Y W,et al.A review on theidentification of nuclear explosions,chemical explosions andnatural earthquakes progress in geophysics.Progress inGeophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(4):1206-1218.
[16]Nicholas N.Empirical Green′s functions:A comparisonbetween pulse width measurements and deconvolution byspectral division.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1999,89(1):178-189.
[17]Frankel A.Simulating strong motions of large earthquakesusing recordings of small earthquakes:the Loma Prietamainshock as a test case.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1995,85(4):1144-1160.
[18]Atkinson G M,Silva W.An empirical study of earthquakesource spectra for California earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1997,87(1):97-113.
[19]Li Y P,Toksz M N,Rodi W.Investigation of sourceprocess of large earthquakes and nuclear explosions with theEGF method.Seismol.Res.Lett.,1993,64:31-40.
[20]Li Y P,Toksz M N,William R.Source time functions ofnuclear explosions and earthquakes in central Asia determinedusing empirical Green′s functions.J.Geophys.Res.,1995,100(B1):659-674.
[21]Taylor S R,Denny M D,Vergino E S,et al.Regionaldiscrimination between NTS explosions and Western U.S.earthquakes.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1989,79(4):1142-1176.
[22]Bakun W H,Johnson L R.The deconvolution of teleseismicP waves from explosions Milrow and Cannikin.Geophys.J.,1973,34(3):321-342.
[23]Stump B W.Constraints on explosive sources with spall fromnear-source waveforms.Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1985,74(2):361-377.
[24]何永锋,赵克常,张献兵.地下核爆炸的主要非爆炸源机制.地球物理学进展,2010,25(3):789-794.He Y F,Zhao K C,Zhang X B.Primary non-explosivesource mechanisms for underground nuclear explosionsprogress in geophysics.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2010,25(3):789-794.
[25]何永锋,陈晓非,张海明.地下核爆炸Lg波的激发机制.地球物理学报,2005,48(2):367-369.He Y F,Chen X F,Zhang H M.The generation of Lg waveby underground nuclear explosions.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(2):367-369.
[26]Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology,Theory andMethods.San Francisco:Freeman W H and Company,1980.
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