粉土动力特性研究综述
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摘要
粉土是一种具有特殊工程性质的土,粉土中砂粒、粉粒、粘粒都存在,这3种粒种分别具有不同的性质。总结这3种粒种对粉土动模量和阻尼的影响,得到了粉土模量阻尼的表达式以及粉土动力特性符合土体非线性和滞后性的一般规律。液化是一种特殊的强度问题,国内外预测液化可能性的方法主要有经验法、剪切波速法、Seed法、有限元法等。室内研究主要集中在粉土动力特性试验研究上,研究了各种因素影响下粉土液化特性,包括3种不同的粒种对粉土液化特性的影响,尤其是粘粒含量影响下粉土液化特性。粉土的动孔压响应与砂土有很大区别,这也可以用粉土特殊的颗粒结构组成来分析。最后,分析了粉土液化机理,并对粉土进一步研究提出了几点看法。
Much destruction would be caused by vibration in various natural disasters. The dynamic characteristic of sand, especially liquefaction characteristic, has been studied for a long time, while in comparison the history of the study of dynamic characteristic of silty soil is relatively short. Liquefaction is known to be caused by earthquake shaking, with the state of soil changing from solid to liquid. Silty soil is one of the engineering soils in nature of special interest, with distinct characteristics from those of sand. Silty soil has three kinds of properties, i.e., sand content, silt content and clay content, each of which has different dynamic characteristics including liquefaction characteristic. The influence is summarized of the three kinds of properties on dynamic modulus and dynamic damping. The functions of modulus and damping are also proposed. The tests have demonstrated that the dynamic characteristic of silty soil follows the general rule of non-linearity and hysteresis in soil. Liquefaction is a special issue related to the soil strength. The main methods for predicting the possibility of silt liquefaction are empirical method?SPT method?Seed method?FEM, and etc. The laboratory study is aiming at the determination of the dynamic characteristics through dynamic tests. The liquefaction characteristics of silty soils have been studied under various kinds of conditions. The influence of the clay content in silty soil is specially studied. The results of laboratory tests show that great differences exist between silty and sandy soil in response to pore water pressure. Finally, the mechanism of silt liquefaction is analyzed and the future studies about silt dynamic character are also suggested.
Much destruction would be caused by vibration in various natural disasters. The dynamic characteristic of sand, especially liquefaction characteristic, has been studied for a long time, while in comparison the history of the study of dynamic characteristic of silty soil is relatively short. Liquefaction is known to be caused by earthquake shaking, with the state of soil changing from solid to liquid. Silty soil is one of the engineering soils in nature of special interest, with distinct characteristics from those of sand. Silty soil has three kinds of properties, i.e., sand content, silt content and clay content, each of which has different dynamic characteristics including liquefaction characteristic. The influence is summarized of the three kinds of properties on dynamic modulus and dynamic damping. The functions of modulus and damping are also proposed. The tests have demonstrated that the dynamic characteristic of silty soil follows the general rule of non-linearity and hysteresis in soil. Liquefaction is a special issue related to the soil strength. The main methods for predicting the possibility of silt liquefaction are empirical method?SPT method?Seed method?FEM, and etc. The laboratory study is aiming at the determination of the dynamic characteristics through dynamic tests. The liquefaction characteristics of silty soils have been studied under various kinds of conditions. The influence of the clay content in silty soil is specially studied. The results of laboratory tests show that great differences exist between silty and sandy soil in response to pore water pressure. Finally, the mechanism of silt liquefaction is analyzed and the future studies about silt dynamic character are also suggested.
引文
[1] 吴世明,徐攸在.土动力学现状与发展[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(3):125131
[2] 汪闻韶.土的动力强度和液化特性[M].北京:中国电力出版社,1997.8890
[3] 刘惠珊,徐凤萍,李鹏程.液化引起的地面大位移对工程的影响及研究现状[J].工程抗震,1997,34(2):2126
[4] 刘雪珠,陈国兴.粘粒含量对南京粉细砂液化影响的试验研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(3):150155
[5] 石兆吉,郁寿松,王余庆,等.饱和轻亚粘土地基液化可能性判别[J].地震工程与工程振动,1984,4(3):7181
[6] 黄 博.粉土和粉砂的动力特性及地震液化研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2000.2737
[7] 阮永芬,巫志辉.饱和粉土的若干动力特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,1995,17(4):100106
[8] DobryR,PowellDJ.Liquefaction potential of saturatedsand the stiffness method[J].Proceedings of seventhworld conference on earthquake engineering,1980,(3):2532
[9] StokoeⅡ,K.H.,Roesset,J.M.,Bierschwale,J.G.,etal.Liquefaction potential of sands from shear wave ve locity[J].Proceedings of ninth world conference onearthquake engineering,Tokyo,1988,(3):213218
[10]Sasitharan,S.,Robertson,P.K.,Sego,D.C.Relimi nary evaluation of flow liquefaction of silty sands usingshear wave velocity[M].Proceedings of46thAnnualCanadianGeotechnicalConference,Canada,1993.505513
[11]Robertson,P.K.,Sasitharan,S.,Cunning,J.C. et al.Shear wave velocity to evaluate in situ state of ottawasand[J].J.GED,ASCE,1995,121(3):262273
[12]TolimatsuK.Soil liquefaction on evaluation by elasticshear moduli[J].Soils andFoundations,1986,26(1):2535
[13]TokimatsuK.Correlation between liquefaction resist ance and shear wave velocity[J].Soils andFounda tions,1990,30(2):3342
[14]汪闻韶.关于饱和砂土液化机理和判别方法的某些探讨[A].水利水电科学研究院论文集(16)[C].北京:水利电力出版社,1984.18
[15]MarcusonⅢ,W.F.,Bieganousky,W.A.Laboratorystandard penetration tests on fine sands[M].Liquefac tionProblems inGeotechnicalEngineering,ASCE Na tionalConvention,1988.255284
[16]Robertson,P.K.,Woeller,D.J.,Finn,W.D.L.Seismiccone penetration test for evaluation liquefaction poten tial under cyclic loading[J].CanadianGeotechnicalJ.,1992,(29):686695
[17]H.B.Seed,I.M.Idriss.Evaluation of liquefaction po tential of sand deposits based on observation of per formance in previous earthquake[A].InsituTesting toevaluate liquefaction susceptibity[C].SessionNo.24,ASCE NationalConvention,1981.123142
[18]KinY.C.Chung,I.H.Wong.Liquefaction of soilswith plastic fines[A].Soil dynamic and earthquake en gineering[C].Proceeding of theConference onSoilDy namic andEarthquakeEngineeringSouthAmptonl,1982.1315
[19]张崇文,赵剑明,毕政根,等.粉土地基液化分析[J].天津大学学报,1997,30(4):59465
[20]曹宇春,周 键,黄锚松,等.粉土层液化可能性判断的地震反应分析法[J].水利学报,2003,(3):6973
[21]高广运,水伟厚.上海苏州河故道砂质粉土液化综合判别[J].工程勘察,2002,(5):3537
[22]崔 杰,门福录,沈世杰.以剪切波速为宗量的一种砂土地震液化的不确定性判别法[J].地震工程与工程振动,1997,17(3):9199
[23]崔 杰,门福录.砂土液化的概率和模糊概率判别法[A].栾茂田.第五届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].大连:大连理工大学出版社,1998.181186
[24]陈国兴,张克绪,谢军斐.液化判别的可靠性研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1991,11(2):8596
[25]陈国兴,谢军斐,张克绪.液化势预测的模糊随机概率分析[A].吴世明.第四届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1994.2831
[26]何广衲,郭 莹.粉土液化的模糊综合评判方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,1988,8(3):4856
[27]Zhang,L.Y.Assessment of liquefaction potential usingoptimum seeking method[J].Geotechnical andGeoen vironmentalEngineering,1998,124(8):739748
[28]阮永芬,陈昆梅,韦敏才.粉土地震液化等级评判的人工神经网络技术应用[J].昆明理工大学学报,2000,25(4):6365
[29]Seed.H.B.,Tokimatsu.K.,Harder,L.F.et al.Influ ence ofSPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance e valuations[J].Geotech.Engrg,ASCE,1985,3(12):14251445
[30]Troncoso.J.H.Failure risks of abandoned tailingsdams[A].Proc.,Int.Sym.onSafety and rehabilitationofTailings dams[C].InternationalCommission onLargeDams..Paris1990.8289
[31]Puri.V.K.Liquefaction behavior and dynamic proper ties loessial(silty) soils[D].PhD thesis,University ofMissouriRollo,Mo,1984
[32]Puri.V.K.Liquefaction aspects of loessial soils[R].Proc.U.S.Nat.Conf.OnEarthquakeEngineeringRe searchInst.,EI Cerito,Calid.,1990.755762
[33]Sandoval.J.Liquefaction and settlement characteristicsof silty soils[D].PhD thesis,University ofMissouriRollo,Mo.1989
[34]Prakash.S.,Sandoval.J.A.Liquefaction of low plasticsilts[J].SoilDynamic andEarthquakeEngrg.,1992,71(7):373397
[35]TianqiangGuo,ShamsherPrakash.Liquefaction of siltsand silt clay mixtures[J].Journal ofGeotechnicalEn gineering.1990,125(8):706710
[36]牛琪瑛,裘以惠,史美筠.粉土抗液化特性的试验研究[J].太原工业大学学报,1996,27(3):59
[37]Koester,J.P.Effects of fines type and content on lique faction potential of low to medium plasticity fine grained soils[A].Proc.,19thNat.EarthquakeConf.,CentralUnitedStatesEarthquakeConsortiumMem phis[C].Tennessee,UnitedStates,1993.6775
[38]甘 霖.粉质壤土动三轴试验分析[A].栾茂田.第五届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].大连:大连理工大学出版社,1998.176180
[39]黄 博,陈云敏,殷建华,等.粉土和粉砂的动力特性试验研究[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2002,36(2):143147
[40]黄 博,陈云敏,殷建华,等.粉土的动力特性及液化势研究[J].工程勘察,2001,(2):79
[41]黄 博,陈云敏,殷建华,等.控制试样初始剪切模量的动三轴液化试验[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(6):682685
[42]吴世明等.土动力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.15
[43]于濂洪,王 波.饱和粉土振动孔隙水压力的试验研究[J].大连大学学报,1999,20(4):5962
[44]于洪治.饱和粉土振动孔隙水压力发展规律[A].吴世明.第四届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1994.107110
[45]冯秀丽,叶银灿,马艳霞,等.动荷载作用下海底粉土的孔压响应及其动强度[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2002,32(3):429433
[46]曹宇春,王天龙.上海粉土液化特性及孔压模型的试验研究[J].上海地质,1998,67(3):6064
[47]陈国兴,刘雪珠.南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土及粉细砂的振动孔压发展规律研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(1):7982
[48]Seed,H.B.,Idriss,I.M.andArango,I..Evaluation ofliquefaction potential using field performance data[J].J.Geotech.Engrg.Div.ASCE,1983,109(GT3):458482
[49]CastroG..Liquefaction and cyclic mobility of saturatedsand[J].Journal of theGeotechnicalEngineeringDivi sion,ASCE,1975,101(GT6):551569
[2] 汪闻韶.土的动力强度和液化特性[M].北京:中国电力出版社,1997.8890
[3] 刘惠珊,徐凤萍,李鹏程.液化引起的地面大位移对工程的影响及研究现状[J].工程抗震,1997,34(2):2126
[4] 刘雪珠,陈国兴.粘粒含量对南京粉细砂液化影响的试验研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003,23(3):150155
[5] 石兆吉,郁寿松,王余庆,等.饱和轻亚粘土地基液化可能性判别[J].地震工程与工程振动,1984,4(3):7181
[6] 黄 博.粉土和粉砂的动力特性及地震液化研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2000.2737
[7] 阮永芬,巫志辉.饱和粉土的若干动力特性研究[J].岩土工程学报,1995,17(4):100106
[8] DobryR,PowellDJ.Liquefaction potential of saturatedsand the stiffness method[J].Proceedings of seventhworld conference on earthquake engineering,1980,(3):2532
[9] StokoeⅡ,K.H.,Roesset,J.M.,Bierschwale,J.G.,etal.Liquefaction potential of sands from shear wave ve locity[J].Proceedings of ninth world conference onearthquake engineering,Tokyo,1988,(3):213218
[10]Sasitharan,S.,Robertson,P.K.,Sego,D.C.Relimi nary evaluation of flow liquefaction of silty sands usingshear wave velocity[M].Proceedings of46thAnnualCanadianGeotechnicalConference,Canada,1993.505513
[11]Robertson,P.K.,Sasitharan,S.,Cunning,J.C. et al.Shear wave velocity to evaluate in situ state of ottawasand[J].J.GED,ASCE,1995,121(3):262273
[12]TolimatsuK.Soil liquefaction on evaluation by elasticshear moduli[J].Soils andFoundations,1986,26(1):2535
[13]TokimatsuK.Correlation between liquefaction resist ance and shear wave velocity[J].Soils andFounda tions,1990,30(2):3342
[14]汪闻韶.关于饱和砂土液化机理和判别方法的某些探讨[A].水利水电科学研究院论文集(16)[C].北京:水利电力出版社,1984.18
[15]MarcusonⅢ,W.F.,Bieganousky,W.A.Laboratorystandard penetration tests on fine sands[M].Liquefac tionProblems inGeotechnicalEngineering,ASCE Na tionalConvention,1988.255284
[16]Robertson,P.K.,Woeller,D.J.,Finn,W.D.L.Seismiccone penetration test for evaluation liquefaction poten tial under cyclic loading[J].CanadianGeotechnicalJ.,1992,(29):686695
[17]H.B.Seed,I.M.Idriss.Evaluation of liquefaction po tential of sand deposits based on observation of per formance in previous earthquake[A].InsituTesting toevaluate liquefaction susceptibity[C].SessionNo.24,ASCE NationalConvention,1981.123142
[18]KinY.C.Chung,I.H.Wong.Liquefaction of soilswith plastic fines[A].Soil dynamic and earthquake en gineering[C].Proceeding of theConference onSoilDy namic andEarthquakeEngineeringSouthAmptonl,1982.1315
[19]张崇文,赵剑明,毕政根,等.粉土地基液化分析[J].天津大学学报,1997,30(4):59465
[20]曹宇春,周 键,黄锚松,等.粉土层液化可能性判断的地震反应分析法[J].水利学报,2003,(3):6973
[21]高广运,水伟厚.上海苏州河故道砂质粉土液化综合判别[J].工程勘察,2002,(5):3537
[22]崔 杰,门福录,沈世杰.以剪切波速为宗量的一种砂土地震液化的不确定性判别法[J].地震工程与工程振动,1997,17(3):9199
[23]崔 杰,门福录.砂土液化的概率和模糊概率判别法[A].栾茂田.第五届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].大连:大连理工大学出版社,1998.181186
[24]陈国兴,张克绪,谢军斐.液化判别的可靠性研究[J].地震工程与工程振动,1991,11(2):8596
[25]陈国兴,谢军斐,张克绪.液化势预测的模糊随机概率分析[A].吴世明.第四届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1994.2831
[26]何广衲,郭 莹.粉土液化的模糊综合评判方法[J].地震工程与工程振动,1988,8(3):4856
[27]Zhang,L.Y.Assessment of liquefaction potential usingoptimum seeking method[J].Geotechnical andGeoen vironmentalEngineering,1998,124(8):739748
[28]阮永芬,陈昆梅,韦敏才.粉土地震液化等级评判的人工神经网络技术应用[J].昆明理工大学学报,2000,25(4):6365
[29]Seed.H.B.,Tokimatsu.K.,Harder,L.F.et al.Influ ence ofSPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance e valuations[J].Geotech.Engrg,ASCE,1985,3(12):14251445
[30]Troncoso.J.H.Failure risks of abandoned tailingsdams[A].Proc.,Int.Sym.onSafety and rehabilitationofTailings dams[C].InternationalCommission onLargeDams..Paris1990.8289
[31]Puri.V.K.Liquefaction behavior and dynamic proper ties loessial(silty) soils[D].PhD thesis,University ofMissouriRollo,Mo,1984
[32]Puri.V.K.Liquefaction aspects of loessial soils[R].Proc.U.S.Nat.Conf.OnEarthquakeEngineeringRe searchInst.,EI Cerito,Calid.,1990.755762
[33]Sandoval.J.Liquefaction and settlement characteristicsof silty soils[D].PhD thesis,University ofMissouriRollo,Mo.1989
[34]Prakash.S.,Sandoval.J.A.Liquefaction of low plasticsilts[J].SoilDynamic andEarthquakeEngrg.,1992,71(7):373397
[35]TianqiangGuo,ShamsherPrakash.Liquefaction of siltsand silt clay mixtures[J].Journal ofGeotechnicalEn gineering.1990,125(8):706710
[36]牛琪瑛,裘以惠,史美筠.粉土抗液化特性的试验研究[J].太原工业大学学报,1996,27(3):59
[37]Koester,J.P.Effects of fines type and content on lique faction potential of low to medium plasticity fine grained soils[A].Proc.,19thNat.EarthquakeConf.,CentralUnitedStatesEarthquakeConsortiumMem phis[C].Tennessee,UnitedStates,1993.6775
[38]甘 霖.粉质壤土动三轴试验分析[A].栾茂田.第五届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].大连:大连理工大学出版社,1998.176180
[39]黄 博,陈云敏,殷建华,等.粉土和粉砂的动力特性试验研究[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2002,36(2):143147
[40]黄 博,陈云敏,殷建华,等.粉土的动力特性及液化势研究[J].工程勘察,2001,(2):79
[41]黄 博,陈云敏,殷建华,等.控制试样初始剪切模量的动三轴液化试验[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(6):682685
[42]吴世明等.土动力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.15
[43]于濂洪,王 波.饱和粉土振动孔隙水压力的试验研究[J].大连大学学报,1999,20(4):5962
[44]于洪治.饱和粉土振动孔隙水压力发展规律[A].吴世明.第四届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].杭州:浙江大学出版社,1994.107110
[45]冯秀丽,叶银灿,马艳霞,等.动荷载作用下海底粉土的孔压响应及其动强度[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2002,32(3):429433
[46]曹宇春,王天龙.上海粉土液化特性及孔压模型的试验研究[J].上海地质,1998,67(3):6064
[47]陈国兴,刘雪珠.南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土及粉细砂的振动孔压发展规律研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(1):7982
[48]Seed,H.B.,Idriss,I.M.andArango,I..Evaluation ofliquefaction potential using field performance data[J].J.Geotech.Engrg.Div.ASCE,1983,109(GT3):458482
[49]CastroG..Liquefaction and cyclic mobility of saturatedsand[J].Journal of theGeotechnicalEngineeringDivi sion,ASCE,1975,101(GT6):551569
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