138年金城-陇西6(3/4)级地震的史料考证与发震构造背景探讨
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摘要
对 138年金城 -陇西 6 3/4 级地震的历史资料考证、黄土滑坡分布及活动构造的综合研究表明 :在 138年地震中遭破坏的东汉金城郡郡治允吾县应在今青海省民和县马场垣乡下川口附近 ;陇西郡治狄道县在今甘肃省临洮县城。由此确定 138年地震的极震区位置大致在今甘肃省永靖县西北的湟水、黄河交汇地带。该区也是黄土滑坡密集分布区 ,其中的大型滑坡应为地震滑坡。在构造上该区位于拉脊山北缘弧形逆冲断裂带的前缘。拉脊山北缘断裂带为一条晚更新世活动断裂 ,部分地段为全新世活动 ,其向NE方向的逆冲推覆致使古近系泥岩和早更新世砾岩等发生了明显的挤压褶皱变形。石油勘探资料也证实拉脊山北缘弧形构造带前缘在深部存在隐伏的挤压逆冲断褶带。由此推断 138年金城 -陇西 6 3/4 级地震的发生很可能与该逆断裂 -褶皱带的新活动有关。
On March 1, 138 AD, a great earthquake of magnitude about 63/4 occurred in Jincheng-Longxi area. This event had caused "surface ruptures, serious damages of towns and houses, death of people, collapse of hills and river banks, and sink of land" in Jingcheng-Longxi area. It is worthy of noting that this earthquake is the only earthquake that had been recorded by seismograph invented by Zhang Heng, the famous Chinese ancient scientist, and it is also the earliest earthquake that was recorded by seismograph in the world. According to the detailed textual research of the historical earthquake records and the ancient town chronicles, it can be concluded that the Qianya town,the capital of the Jincheng state in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was damaged during this earthquake,is situated in present-day Xiachuankou of Machangyuan village,Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County of Qinghai Province. At present, the ancient town site is located on the second level terrace of the south bank of the Huangshui River about 700m to the northwest of the Xiachuankou village. We found the remnants of pottery pots and animal bones from the rammed earth of the ancient town walls. The ages of these remnant pottery pots was dated by themoluminescent method to be about 2.77±0.24ka BP, which is consistent with the epoch of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The ancient Didao town, the capital of ancient Longxi state, is located in the present-day Lintao County, Gansu Province. The epicentral area of the 138 AD earthquake, therefore, can be located in the intersection area of the Yellow River and Huangshui River to the northwest of Yongjin County, Gansu Province. The intersection area of the Yellow River and Huangshui River is also a region where loess landslides are densely distributed, among which the largest ones might be produced by earthquake. Tectonically, this area is located on the frontier of the northern marginal arcuate thrust fault zone of the Lajishan Mountains. This fault zone is a late Pleistocene active fault zone, but some segments of the fault have been reactivated since Holocene. The low-angle reverse faulting toward the Minhe basin along NE direction had caused the intense compressive deformation of Neogene mudstone and early Pleistocene conglomerate on the northern side of the fault, resulting in compressive thrust fold zone. This may indicate that the frontier of the northern marginal arcuate fault zone of the Lajishan Mountains is probably a buried active compressive reverse fault-fold zone. This recognition has been supported by the recent data of petroleum prospecting. It is concluded, therefore, that it was the new activity of the reverse fault-fold zone on the frontier of the Lajishan Mountains that caused the 138 AD Jincheng-Longxi M63/4earthquake.
On March 1, 138 AD, a great earthquake of magnitude about 63/4 occurred in Jincheng-Longxi area. This event had caused "surface ruptures, serious damages of towns and houses, death of people, collapse of hills and river banks, and sink of land" in Jingcheng-Longxi area. It is worthy of noting that this earthquake is the only earthquake that had been recorded by seismograph invented by Zhang Heng, the famous Chinese ancient scientist, and it is also the earliest earthquake that was recorded by seismograph in the world. According to the detailed textual research of the historical earthquake records and the ancient town chronicles, it can be concluded that the Qianya town,the capital of the Jincheng state in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was damaged during this earthquake,is situated in present-day Xiachuankou of Machangyuan village,Minhe Hui and Tu Autonomous County of Qinghai Province. At present, the ancient town site is located on the second level terrace of the south bank of the Huangshui River about 700m to the northwest of the Xiachuankou village. We found the remnants of pottery pots and animal bones from the rammed earth of the ancient town walls. The ages of these remnant pottery pots was dated by themoluminescent method to be about 2.77±0.24ka BP, which is consistent with the epoch of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The ancient Didao town, the capital of ancient Longxi state, is located in the present-day Lintao County, Gansu Province. The epicentral area of the 138 AD earthquake, therefore, can be located in the intersection area of the Yellow River and Huangshui River to the northwest of Yongjin County, Gansu Province. The intersection area of the Yellow River and Huangshui River is also a region where loess landslides are densely distributed, among which the largest ones might be produced by earthquake. Tectonically, this area is located on the frontier of the northern marginal arcuate thrust fault zone of the Lajishan Mountains. This fault zone is a late Pleistocene active fault zone, but some segments of the fault have been reactivated since Holocene. The low-angle reverse faulting toward the Minhe basin along NE direction had caused the intense compressive deformation of Neogene mudstone and early Pleistocene conglomerate on the northern side of the fault, resulting in compressive thrust fold zone. This may indicate that the frontier of the northern marginal arcuate fault zone of the Lajishan Mountains is probably a buried active compressive reverse fault-fold zone. This recognition has been supported by the recent data of petroleum prospecting. It is concluded, therefore, that it was the new activity of the reverse fault-fold zone on the frontier of the Lajishan Mountains that caused the 138 AD Jincheng-Longxi M63/4earthquake.
引文
国家地震局兰州地震研究所,1994,青海黑泉水库地震安全性评价
中国石油天然气股份有限公司土哈油田分公司,2001,中国石油天然气股份有限公司土哈油田分公司2001年勘探部署图册
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民和回族土族自治县地方志编纂委员会.1993.民和县志〔Z〕.西安:陕西人民出版社.CompilationCommitteeofChroniclesofMinheHuiandTuAutonomousCounty.1993.AnnalsofMinheCounty〔Z〕.ShaanxiPeople’sPublishingHouse,Xi’an(inChinese).
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袁道阳,雷中生,刘百篪,等.2002.兰州1125年7级地震考证与发震构造分析〔J〕.中国地震,18(1):67—75.YUANDao yang,LEIZhong sheng,LIUBai chi,etal.2002.Textualresearchonthe1125LanzhouM =7earthquakeandthecausativestructure〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina,18(1):67—75(inChinese).
袁道阳,张培震,雷中生,等.2004.青海拉脊山断裂带的新活动性与历史强震关系的初步探讨.中国地震(待刊).YUANDao yang,ZHANGPei zhen,LEIZhong sheng,etal.2004.ApreliminarystudyonthenewactivityofLajishanFaultzoneanditsrelationshipwithhistoricalearthquakesinQinghaiProvince,China〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina(inpress).
张培震,邓起东,徐锡伟,等.1994.盲断裂、褶皱地震与新疆1906年玛纳斯地震〔J〕.地震地质,16(3):193—204.ZHANGPei zhen,DENGQi dong,XUXi wei,etal.1994.Blindthrust,foldingearthquake,andthe1906Manasearthquake,Xinjiang〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,16(3):193—204(inChinese).
SteinRS ,YeatsRS .1988.Hiddenearthquakes〔J〕.ScientificAmerican,260:48—57.
中国石油天然气股份有限公司土哈油田分公司,2001,中国石油天然气股份有限公司土哈油田分公司2001年勘探部署图册
顾功叙主编.1983.中国地震目录〔M〕.北京:科学出版社.GUGong xu(ed).1983.CatalogueofEarthquakesinChina〔Z〕.SciencePress,Beijing(inChinese).
国家地震局兰州地震研究所.1989.甘肃省历史地震资料汇编〔Z〕.北京:地震出版社.13—15.LanzhouInstituteofSeismology,SSB .1989.CollectedDataofHistoricalEarthquakesinGansuProvince〔Z〕.Seis mologicalPress,Beijing.13—15(inChinese).
民和回族土族自治县地方志编纂委员会.1993.民和县志〔Z〕.西安:陕西人民出版社.CompilationCommitteeofChroniclesofMinheHuiandTuAutonomousCounty.1993.AnnalsofMinheCounty〔Z〕.ShaanxiPeople’sPublishingHouse,Xi’an(inChinese).
谭其骧主编.1982.中国历史地理图集〔Z〕.北京:地图出版社.TANQi xiang(ed).1982.AtlasofHistoricalGeographyofChina〔Z〕.CartographicPublishingHouse,Beijing(inChinese).
谢毓寿,蔡美彪主编.1983.中国地震历史资料汇编(第一卷)〔Z〕.北京:科学出版社.23—24.XIEYu shou,CAIMei biao(ed).1983.CollectionofHistoricalRecordsofEarthquakeinChina(Vol1)〔Z〕.Sci encePress,Beijing.23—24(inChinese).
袁道阳,雷中生,刘百篪,等.2002.兰州1125年7级地震考证与发震构造分析〔J〕.中国地震,18(1):67—75.YUANDao yang,LEIZhong sheng,LIUBai chi,etal.2002.Textualresearchonthe1125LanzhouM =7earthquakeandthecausativestructure〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina,18(1):67—75(inChinese).
袁道阳,张培震,雷中生,等.2004.青海拉脊山断裂带的新活动性与历史强震关系的初步探讨.中国地震(待刊).YUANDao yang,ZHANGPei zhen,LEIZhong sheng,etal.2004.ApreliminarystudyonthenewactivityofLajishanFaultzoneanditsrelationshipwithhistoricalearthquakesinQinghaiProvince,China〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina(inpress).
张培震,邓起东,徐锡伟,等.1994.盲断裂、褶皱地震与新疆1906年玛纳斯地震〔J〕.地震地质,16(3):193—204.ZHANGPei zhen,DENGQi dong,XUXi wei,etal.1994.Blindthrust,foldingearthquake,andthe1906Manasearthquake,Xinjiang〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,16(3):193—204(inChinese).
SteinRS ,YeatsRS .1988.Hiddenearthquakes〔J〕.ScientificAmerican,260:48—57.
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