震后短期和长期形变模拟以1960年智利M_W9.5地震为例
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摘要
以1960年5月智利瓦尔迪维亚(Valdivia)MW9.5地震为例分析震后不同时期的形变,实现了以Burgers体为粘弹介质模型来模拟震后粘弹松弛效应有限元数值模拟.计算结果表明,该粘弹介质模型可以模拟地震引起的瞬时同震弹性响应及震后粘弹松弛的短期和长期响应.由1960智利MW9.5地震震后模拟的应变率显示以Burgers体为粘弹介质模型可以解决Maxwell体在模拟震后短期和长期形变不协调问题.
Taking the 1960 Valdivia, Chile, MW9.5 earthquake as an example, we firstly usd finite element method (FEM) with Burgers medium model to calculate the post-seismic visco-elastic relaxation. The calculated post-seismic deformation includes coseismic, transient post-seismic and long-term post-seismic deformation. when we took the Burgers model as visco-elastic medium for calculating post-seismic deformation of the 1960 Chile MW9.5 earthquake, there did not appear uncoordinated result as caused by using Maxwell material model due to different durations of post-seismic deformation.
Taking the 1960 Valdivia, Chile, MW9.5 earthquake as an example, we firstly usd finite element method (FEM) with Burgers medium model to calculate the post-seismic visco-elastic relaxation. The calculated post-seismic deformation includes coseismic, transient post-seismic and long-term post-seismic deformation. when we took the Burgers model as visco-elastic medium for calculating post-seismic deformation of the 1960 Chile MW9.5 earthquake, there did not appear uncoordinated result as caused by using Maxwell material model due to different durations of post-seismic deformation.
引文
王辉,张国民,石耀霖,张怀,刘杰.2006.青藏活动地块区运动与变形特征的数值模拟[J].大地测量与地球动力学,26(2):15--23.
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朱守彪,蔡永恩.2006.利用GPS观测的时间序列资料反演地壳地幔黏性结构[J].地球物理学报,49(3):771--777.
Barrientos S E,Plafker G,Lorca E.1992.Postseismic coastal uplift in southern Chile[J].Geophys Res Lett,19(7):701--704.
Carcione J M,Kosloff D,Kosloff R.1988.Wave propagation si mulationin alinear viscoacoustic medium[J].Geophys J,93:393--407.
Chlieh M,Chabalier J B,Ruegg J C,Armijo R,Dmowska R,Campos J,Feigl L.2004.Crustal deformation and faultslip during the seismic cycle in the North Chile subduction zone,from GPS and InSAR observations[J].Geophys JInt,158:695--711.
Cummins P R,Hirano S,Kaneda Y.1998.Refined coseismic displacement modeling for the1994Shikotan and Sanriku-oki earthquakes[J].Geophys Res Lett,25:3219--3222.
Deng J,Gurnis M,Kanamori H,Hauksson E.1998.Viscoelasticlowinthelower crust after the1992Landers,Califor-nia,earthquake[J].Science,282:1689--1692.
Freed A,Burgmann R.2004.Evidence of powerlawflowin the Mojave desert mantle[J].Nature,430:548--551.
Klotz J,Khazaradze G,Angermann D,Reigber C,Perdomo R,Cifuentes O.2001.Earthquake cycle dominates contem-porary crustal deformationin Central and Southern Andes[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,193:437--446.
Klotz J,Angermann D,Michel W,Reigber C,Reinking J,Viramonte J,Perdomo R,Rios V H,Barriga R,CifuentesO.1999.GPS-derived deformation of the centran Andes including1995AntofagastaMW=8.0earthquake[J].PureAppl Geophys,154:709--730.
Lorenzo MF,Roth F,Wang R.2006.Inversionfor rheological parameters frompost-seismic surface deformation associ-ated with the1960Valdivia earthquake,Chile[J].Geophys J Int,164:75--87.
Masterlark T,Wang HF.2003.Transient stress-coupling betweenthe1992Landers and1999Hector Mine,California,earthquakes[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,92(4):1470--1486.
Melosh H,Raefsky A.1981.Asi mple and efficient method for introducing faults into finite element computations[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,135:1391--1400.
Okada Y.1985.Surface deformations due to shear and tensile faults in a half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,75:1135--1154.
Okada Y.1992.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,82:1018--1040.
Pollitz F F.2005.Transient rheology of the upper mantle beneath central Alaska inferred fromthe crustal velocity fieldfollowing the2002Denali earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,110,B08407,doi:10.1029/2005JB003672.
Ruegg J C,Campos J,Armijo R,Barrientos S,Briole P,Thiele R,Arancibia M,Canuta J,Duquesnoy T,Chang M,Lazo D,Lyon-caen H,Ortlieb L,Rossignol J C,Serrurier L.1996.TheMW=8.1Antofagasta(north Chile)earth-quake of July30,1995:First results fromteleseismic and geodetic data[J].Geophys Res Lett,23(9):917--920.
Sobiesiak M M.2000.Fault plane structure of the Antofagasta,Chile,earthquake of1995[J].Geophys Res Lett,27(4):577--600.
Sheu Shyh-Yang,Shieh Chiou-Fen.2004.Viscoelastic-afterslip concurrence:Apossible mechanisminthe early post-seis-mic deformation of theMW7.6,Chi-Chi(Tai wan)earthquake[J].Geophys J Int,159:1112--1124.
Wang R,Lorenzo-Martín F,Roth F.2006.Asemi-analytical software PSGRN/PSCMPfor calculating co-and post-seis-mic deformation on a layered viscoelastic-gravitational half-space[J].Computers and Geosciences,32:527--541.
Xia Y,Michel G W,Reigber C,Klotz J,Kauf mann H.2003.Seismic unloading andloadingin northern central Chile asobservedby differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry(D-I NSAR)and GPS[J].Int J Remote Sensing,24(22):4375--4391.
周德培,朱本珍,毛坚强.1995.流变力学原理及其在岩土工程中的应用[M].成都:西南交通大学出版社:1--88.
朱守彪,蔡永恩.2006.利用GPS观测的时间序列资料反演地壳地幔黏性结构[J].地球物理学报,49(3):771--777.
Barrientos S E,Plafker G,Lorca E.1992.Postseismic coastal uplift in southern Chile[J].Geophys Res Lett,19(7):701--704.
Carcione J M,Kosloff D,Kosloff R.1988.Wave propagation si mulationin alinear viscoacoustic medium[J].Geophys J,93:393--407.
Chlieh M,Chabalier J B,Ruegg J C,Armijo R,Dmowska R,Campos J,Feigl L.2004.Crustal deformation and faultslip during the seismic cycle in the North Chile subduction zone,from GPS and InSAR observations[J].Geophys JInt,158:695--711.
Cummins P R,Hirano S,Kaneda Y.1998.Refined coseismic displacement modeling for the1994Shikotan and Sanriku-oki earthquakes[J].Geophys Res Lett,25:3219--3222.
Deng J,Gurnis M,Kanamori H,Hauksson E.1998.Viscoelasticlowinthelower crust after the1992Landers,Califor-nia,earthquake[J].Science,282:1689--1692.
Freed A,Burgmann R.2004.Evidence of powerlawflowin the Mojave desert mantle[J].Nature,430:548--551.
Klotz J,Khazaradze G,Angermann D,Reigber C,Perdomo R,Cifuentes O.2001.Earthquake cycle dominates contem-porary crustal deformationin Central and Southern Andes[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,193:437--446.
Klotz J,Angermann D,Michel W,Reigber C,Reinking J,Viramonte J,Perdomo R,Rios V H,Barriga R,CifuentesO.1999.GPS-derived deformation of the centran Andes including1995AntofagastaMW=8.0earthquake[J].PureAppl Geophys,154:709--730.
Lorenzo MF,Roth F,Wang R.2006.Inversionfor rheological parameters frompost-seismic surface deformation associ-ated with the1960Valdivia earthquake,Chile[J].Geophys J Int,164:75--87.
Masterlark T,Wang HF.2003.Transient stress-coupling betweenthe1992Landers and1999Hector Mine,California,earthquakes[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,92(4):1470--1486.
Melosh H,Raefsky A.1981.Asi mple and efficient method for introducing faults into finite element computations[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,135:1391--1400.
Okada Y.1985.Surface deformations due to shear and tensile faults in a half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,75:1135--1154.
Okada Y.1992.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Amer,82:1018--1040.
Pollitz F F.2005.Transient rheology of the upper mantle beneath central Alaska inferred fromthe crustal velocity fieldfollowing the2002Denali earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,110,B08407,doi:10.1029/2005JB003672.
Ruegg J C,Campos J,Armijo R,Barrientos S,Briole P,Thiele R,Arancibia M,Canuta J,Duquesnoy T,Chang M,Lazo D,Lyon-caen H,Ortlieb L,Rossignol J C,Serrurier L.1996.TheMW=8.1Antofagasta(north Chile)earth-quake of July30,1995:First results fromteleseismic and geodetic data[J].Geophys Res Lett,23(9):917--920.
Sobiesiak M M.2000.Fault plane structure of the Antofagasta,Chile,earthquake of1995[J].Geophys Res Lett,27(4):577--600.
Sheu Shyh-Yang,Shieh Chiou-Fen.2004.Viscoelastic-afterslip concurrence:Apossible mechanisminthe early post-seis-mic deformation of theMW7.6,Chi-Chi(Tai wan)earthquake[J].Geophys J Int,159:1112--1124.
Wang R,Lorenzo-Martín F,Roth F.2006.Asemi-analytical software PSGRN/PSCMPfor calculating co-and post-seis-mic deformation on a layered viscoelastic-gravitational half-space[J].Computers and Geosciences,32:527--541.
Xia Y,Michel G W,Reigber C,Klotz J,Kauf mann H.2003.Seismic unloading andloadingin northern central Chile asobservedby differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry(D-I NSAR)and GPS[J].Int J Remote Sensing,24(22):4375--4391.
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