国际能源双边及多边机制的再辨析
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摘要
国际社会围绕能源议题塑造了各种形态的国际能源机制,但国际关系学界出现了"机制无效论",认为现有机制普遍缺乏实效。笔者认为机制无效论未能真实反映目前的合作现况,也未能认识到国际能源机制的多样性。根据本文研究,在类型上,国际能源机制既可分为双边、多边机制,也可根据功能定位分为政策型、技术型和项目型。双边机制具有较高效率和灵活性,但也具有突出的脆弱性和可逆性。多边机制能帮助应对系统性挑战,促成大规模合作,但也常面临集体行动困境和霸权影响。我国应扬长避短、分类施策,有目标、有重点、有效率地开展机制化合作。
The international community has established various forms of international energy mechanisms. However,there has been a " mechanism invalidation theory",i. e.,the existing mechanisms generally lack in effectiveness. The authors believe that such theory does not truly reflect the facts and also fails to recognize the diversity of international energy mechanisms. According to this study,the international energy mechanism can be divided into bilateral and multilateral types,and also can be divided into policy,technology and project types based on functional orientation. Bilateral mechanisms are more efficient and flexible,but also have obvious vulnerabilities and reversibility. Multilateral mechanisms can help address systemic challenges and promote large-scale cooperation,but often face collective action dilemmas and hegemonic influences. China should foster strengths,circumvent weaknesses,and carry out institutionalized cooperation with clear objectives,emphasis and efficiency.
The international community has established various forms of international energy mechanisms. However,there has been a " mechanism invalidation theory",i. e.,the existing mechanisms generally lack in effectiveness. The authors believe that such theory does not truly reflect the facts and also fails to recognize the diversity of international energy mechanisms. According to this study,the international energy mechanism can be divided into bilateral and multilateral types,and also can be divided into policy,technology and project types based on functional orientation. Bilateral mechanisms are more efficient and flexible,but also have obvious vulnerabilities and reversibility. Multilateral mechanisms can help address systemic challenges and promote large-scale cooperation,but often face collective action dilemmas and hegemonic influences. China should foster strengths,circumvent weaknesses,and carry out institutionalized cooperation with clear objectives,emphasis and efficiency.
引文
[1]徐斌.市场失灵、机制设计与全球能源治理[J].世界经济与政治,2013(7):78-95.
[2]本杰明·索尔库、安·弗罗里妮(袁倩译).实现全球能源高效治理的基本障碍---对全球能源治理并发症的考察[J].国外理论动态,2016(3):67-73.
[3]Jeffrey D.Wilson.Multilateral Organizations and the Limits to International Energy Cooperation[J].New Political Economy,2015(1):85-106.
[4]Caroline Kuzemko,Matthew Lockwood,Catherine Mitchell,Richard Hoggett.Governing for Sustainable Energy System Change:Politics,Contexts and Contingency[J].Energy Research&Social Science,2016(12):96-105.
[5]Alex He.China and Global Energy Governance under the G20 Framework[R].CIGI Papers.2016(98).
[6]Franziska Mueller.Encountering IRENA:Governance and Global Governmentalities of Renewable Energy[M].eds.by Richard A Matthew,The WSPC Reference on Natural Resources and Environmental Policy in the Era of Global Change.London:World Scientific,2016:279-302.
[7]Francis McGowan.International Regimes for Energy:Finding the Right Level for Policy[M].eds.by Ivan Scrase&Gordon MacKerron,Energy for the future.London:Palgrave Macmillan,2009:20-34.
[8]Thijs Van de Graaf and Kirsten Westphal.The G8 and G20 as Global Steering Committees for Energy:Opportunities and Constraints[J].Global Policy,2011(2):19-30.
[9]Robert O.Keohane and David G.Victor.The Transnational Politics of Energy[J].Daedalus,2013(1):97-109.
[10]张锐.拉美能源一体化的发展困境:以电力一体化为例[J].拉丁美洲研究,2018(6):109-123.
[11]Leonard Seabrooke and Ole Jacob Sending.Open Systems of International Organization[R].GR:EEN Working Paper,2015.
[12]Benjamin K.Sovacool.An International Comparison of Four Polycentric Approaches to Climate and Energy Governance[J].Energy Policy,2011(6):3832-3844.
[13]杨解君.国际能源合作与国际能源法[M].广州:世界图书出版广东有限公司,2012.
[14]International Energy Charter.Investment Dispute Settlement Cases[EB/OL].https://energycharter.org/whatwe-do/dispute-settlement/investment-dispute-settlement-cases/.
[15]Thauan Santos and&Luan Santos.Energy Integration in MERCOSUR:Itaipu Binacional Emlblematic Case[R].Integration and Electrical Security in Latin America,International Seminar of the Regional Programme Energy Security and Climate Change in Latin America,2016:136-158.
[16]谢文泽.拉美地区基础设施一体化:发展进程与中拉合作[M]//袁东振,刘维广.拉丁美洲和加勒比发展报告(2016~2017).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017:135-149.
(1)六个组织分别是非洲电力公用事业协会、东非电力池、西非电力池、南非电力池、中非电力池、马格里布电力池。
(1)自IEA成立以来,仅对三个事件做出危机响应:1991年海湾战争、2005年墨西哥湾的飓风和2011年利比亚的供应中断,但是全套的应急机制并未正式启动过。
[2]本杰明·索尔库、安·弗罗里妮(袁倩译).实现全球能源高效治理的基本障碍---对全球能源治理并发症的考察[J].国外理论动态,2016(3):67-73.
[3]Jeffrey D.Wilson.Multilateral Organizations and the Limits to International Energy Cooperation[J].New Political Economy,2015(1):85-106.
[4]Caroline Kuzemko,Matthew Lockwood,Catherine Mitchell,Richard Hoggett.Governing for Sustainable Energy System Change:Politics,Contexts and Contingency[J].Energy Research&Social Science,2016(12):96-105.
[5]Alex He.China and Global Energy Governance under the G20 Framework[R].CIGI Papers.2016(98).
[6]Franziska Mueller.Encountering IRENA:Governance and Global Governmentalities of Renewable Energy[M].eds.by Richard A Matthew,The WSPC Reference on Natural Resources and Environmental Policy in the Era of Global Change.London:World Scientific,2016:279-302.
[7]Francis McGowan.International Regimes for Energy:Finding the Right Level for Policy[M].eds.by Ivan Scrase&Gordon MacKerron,Energy for the future.London:Palgrave Macmillan,2009:20-34.
[8]Thijs Van de Graaf and Kirsten Westphal.The G8 and G20 as Global Steering Committees for Energy:Opportunities and Constraints[J].Global Policy,2011(2):19-30.
[9]Robert O.Keohane and David G.Victor.The Transnational Politics of Energy[J].Daedalus,2013(1):97-109.
[10]张锐.拉美能源一体化的发展困境:以电力一体化为例[J].拉丁美洲研究,2018(6):109-123.
[11]Leonard Seabrooke and Ole Jacob Sending.Open Systems of International Organization[R].GR:EEN Working Paper,2015.
[12]Benjamin K.Sovacool.An International Comparison of Four Polycentric Approaches to Climate and Energy Governance[J].Energy Policy,2011(6):3832-3844.
[13]杨解君.国际能源合作与国际能源法[M].广州:世界图书出版广东有限公司,2012.
[14]International Energy Charter.Investment Dispute Settlement Cases[EB/OL].https://energycharter.org/whatwe-do/dispute-settlement/investment-dispute-settlement-cases/.
[15]Thauan Santos and&Luan Santos.Energy Integration in MERCOSUR:Itaipu Binacional Emlblematic Case[R].Integration and Electrical Security in Latin America,International Seminar of the Regional Programme Energy Security and Climate Change in Latin America,2016:136-158.
[16]谢文泽.拉美地区基础设施一体化:发展进程与中拉合作[M]//袁东振,刘维广.拉丁美洲和加勒比发展报告(2016~2017).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017:135-149.
(1)六个组织分别是非洲电力公用事业协会、东非电力池、西非电力池、南非电力池、中非电力池、马格里布电力池。
(1)自IEA成立以来,仅对三个事件做出危机响应:1991年海湾战争、2005年墨西哥湾的飓风和2011年利比亚的供应中断,但是全套的应急机制并未正式启动过。
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