凝胶型~(99)Mo-~(99m)Tc发生器研究现状
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摘要
与裂变型~(99)Mo-~(99m)Tc发生器相比,凝胶型~(99)Mo-~(99m)Tc发生器制备~(99m)Tc具有工艺简单、产生的放射性废物容易处理、对环境影响小等优点。本文主要论述了凝胶型~(99)Mo-~(99m)Tc发生器与裂变型~(99)Mo-~(99m)Tc发生器的区别,堆照生产~(99)Mo原料和凝胶材料的研究进展,凝胶结构以及凝胶组分等多种条件因素对凝胶型~(99)Mo-~(99m)Tc发生器性能的影响等,并对低比活度~(99)Mo生产~(99m)Tc的研究进展进行综述。
Compared to the fission type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator, the gel type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator had the advantages of simple process, easy treatment of radioactive waste and small impact on the environment. This paper mainly discussed the difference between the gel type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator and the fission type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator, the research status of reactor produced ~(99)Mo and the gel matrix of generator. Moreover, the influence of the gel structure and composition on the performance of the gel type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator were discussed. Finally a brief summary of the research of ~(99)Tc production by using low specific activity ~(99)Mo production was presented.
Compared to the fission type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator, the gel type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator had the advantages of simple process, easy treatment of radioactive waste and small impact on the environment. This paper mainly discussed the difference between the gel type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator and the fission type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator, the research status of reactor produced ~(99)Mo and the gel matrix of generator. Moreover, the influence of the gel structure and composition on the performance of the gel type ~(99)Mo-~(99 m)Tc generator were discussed. Finally a brief summary of the research of ~(99)Tc production by using low specific activity ~(99)Mo production was presented.
引文
[1] Eckelman W C.Unparalleled contribution of technetium-99m to medicine over 5 decades[J].J Am Coll Cardiol Img,2009,2:364-368.
[2] Mostafa M,Ramadan H E,El-Amir M A,et al.99Mo/99mTc chromatographic column generator based on cerium(Ⅳ) molybdate gel[J].Radiochemistry,2013,55(3):332-335.
[3] Hou Xiaolin.Determination of radionuclidic impurities in 99mTc eluate from 99Mo/99mTc generator for quality control[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2017,314:659-668.
[4] El-Amir M,Mostafa M,Ramadan H.Preparation and characterization of cerium(Ⅳ) tellurium molybdate gel and its application as a bed for chromatographic 99Mo/99mTc generator[J].J Nucl Radiochem Sci,2014,14:1-5.
[5] Fujiwara M.Production of medical 99mTc isotope via photonuclear reaction[J].Physics of Particles and Nuclei,2017,48(1):124-133.
[6] Wolterbeek B.“What is wise in the production of 99Mo?A comparison of eight possible production routes.”[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2014,302(2):773-779.
[7] Boyd R E.The gel generator:A viable alternative source of Tc-99m for nuclear medicine[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,1997,48(8):1 027-1 033.
[8] Zolle I.Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals:preparation and quality control in nuclear medicine[C].Berlin:Springer,2007.
[9] Molinski V J.A review of 99mTc generator technology[J].Int J Appl Radiat Isot,1982,33:811-819.
[10] Tatenuma K.A mass-production process of a highly pure medical use 99mTc from natural isotopic Mo(n,γ) 99Mo without using uranium[J].Radioisotopes,2014,63(11):501-513.
[11] Evans J V,Moore P W,Shying M E,et al.Zirconium molybdate gel as generator for technetium-99m I.The concept and its evaluation[J].Appl Radiat Isot,1987,38(1):19-23.
[12] Evans J V,Matthews R W.Technetium-99m generators:U S,4280053[P].1981-06.
[13] Sarkar S K,Saraswathy P,Arjun G,et al.High radioactive concentration of 99mTc from a zirconium[99Mo] molybdate gel generator using an acidic alumina column for purifcation and concentration[J].Nuclear Medicine Communications,2004,25(6):609-614.
[14] Le V S,Lambrecht R M.Development of alternative technologies for a gel-type chromatographic 99mTc generator[J].Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals,1994,35:270-272.
[15] Sharbatdaran M.Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of silica-zirconia inorganic polymer as 99Mo/99mTc generator[J].Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,2015,74(3):613-620.
[16] Van So Le.99mTc generator development:up-to-date 99mTc recovery technologies for increasing the effectiveness of 99Mo utilisation[J].Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations,2014,2014:1-41.
[17] Amin M.Effect of Al:Mo molar ratio on elution performance of 99Mo/99mTc generators based on Al 99Mo gels[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2015,309(2):485-492.
[18] Davarpanah M R.Influence of drying conditions of zirconium molybdate gel on performance of 99mTc gel generator[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2009,67(10):1 796-1 801.
[19] Le V S.Gallium-68 generator integrated system:elutionpurifcation-concentration integration,in teranostics,Gallium-68,and other radionuclides,recent results in cancer research 194[C].Berlin,2013:43-75.
[20] Blaauw M,Ridikas D,Baytelesov S.Estimation of Mo-99 production rates from natural molybdenum in research reactors[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2017,311(1):409-418.
[21] Ryabchikov A I.Obtaining molybdenum-99 in the IRT-T research reactor using resonance neutrons[J].Nucl Instr and Meth in Phys Res B,2004,213:364-368.
[22] Wolterbeek H T,Bode P.A process for the production of no-carrier added 99Mo:EP,2131369 (A1)[P].2009-12.
[23] Tomar B S,Steinebach O M,Terpstra B E,et al.Studies on production of high specifc activity 99Mo and 90Y by Szilard Chalmers reaction[J].Radiochimica Acta,2010,98(8):499-506.
[24] Mushtaq A.Producing radioisotopes in power reactor[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2012,292:793-802.
[25] Osso Junior J A,Lima A L V P,da Silva N C,et al.Preparation of a gel of zirconium molybdate for use in the generators of 99Mo-99mTc prepared with 99Mo produced by the 98Mo(n,γ)99Mo reaction.in Proceedings of the International Meeting on Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors[C].Brazil:San Paulo,1998.
[26] Le V S.Preparation of gel type chromatographic 99mTc generators using Titanium and Zirconium Molybdate columns containing Mo-99.in Proceedings of the IAEA Research Coordination Meeting[C].Bombay,1990.
[27] El-Absy M A,El-Amir M,Fasih T,et al.Preparation of 99Mo/99mTc generator based on alumina 99Mo-molybdate(Ⅵ) gel[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2014,299:1 859-1 864.
[28] Mostafa M,Saber H M,El-Sadek A A,et al.Preparation and performance of 99Mo/99mTc chromatographic column generator based on zirconium molybdosilicate[J].Radiochim Acta,2016,104:257-265.
[29] Mostafa M.Preparation and performance studies of 99Mo/99mTc column generators based on nano zirconium molybdate[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2017,314(3):1 683-1 694.
[30] Le V S,Nguyen C D,Pellegrini P,et al.Polymeric titanium oxychloride sorbent for 188W/188Re nuclide pair separation[J].Separation Science and Technology,2009,44(5):1 074-1 098.
[31] Chattopadhyay S.Preparation of 99Mo/99mTc generator based on cross-linked chitosan polymer using low-specific activity (n,γ) 99Mo[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2017,313(3):647-653.
[32] Hasan S.Preparation of chitosan-based microporous composite material and its applications.US Patent Publication:US,20130039822 A1.[P].2013-02-14 .
[33] Monroy-Guzman F,D?az-Archundia L V,Contreras Ram?rez A.Effect of Zr:Mo ratio on 99mTc generator performance based on zirconium molybdate gels[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2003,59:27-34.
[34] Jeannin Y P.The nomenclature of polyoxometalates:how to connect a name and a structure[J].Chem Rev,1998,98:51-76.
[35] El-Absy M A.Advanced prospects for the preparation of zirconium [99Mo] molybdate(Ⅵ) gel from diluted reactants and 99mTc elution performance[J].Radiochemistry,2016,58(4):415-422.
[36] Chattopadhyay S,Das M K.A novel technique for the effective concentration of 99mTc from a large alumina column loaded with low specific-activity (n,gamma)-produced 99Mo[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2008,66(10):1 295-1 299.
[37] Mostafa M.Labeling of ceftriaxone for infective inflammation imaging using 99mTc eluted from 99Mo/99mTc generator based on zirconium molybdate[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2010,68(10):1 959-1 963.
[38] Sharbatdaran M.Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of silica-zirconia inorganic polymer as 99Mo/99mTc generator[J].Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,2015,74(3):613-620.
[39] Gopalakrishna A.Measurement of 99Mo production cross-section from the 100Mo (n,2n) reaction with quasi monoenergetic neutron based on the 9Be(p,n) reaction[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2018,316(2):561-569.
[40] Gagnon K.Cyclotron production of 99mTc:experimental measurement of the (100)Mo(p,x)(99)Mo,(99m)Tc and (99g)Tc excitation functions from 8 to 18 MeV[J].Nucl Med Biol,2011,38(6):907-916.
[41] Naik H.An alternative route for the preparation of the medical isotope 99Mo from the 238U(γ,f) and 100Mo(γ,n) reactions[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2013,295(1):807-816.
[42] Nagai Y.Quality of 99mTcO4- from 99Mo Produced by 100Mo (n,2n) 99Mo[J].Journal of the Physical Society of Japan,2017,86(5):1-4.
[43] Nagai Y,HatsukawaY.Production of 99Mo for Nuclear Medicine by 100Mo (n,2n) 99Mo[J].Journal of the Physical Society of Japan,2009,78(3):1-4.
[44] International Atomic Energy Agency.Non-HEU production technologies for molybdenum-99 and technetium-99m,IAEA nuclear energy series no.NF-T-5.4[C].Vienna:IAEA,2013.
[45] Chattopadhyay S.Recovery of 99mTc from Na2[99Mo]MoO4 solution obtained from reactor-produced (n,gamma) 99Mo using a tiny Dowex-1 column in tandem with a small alumina column[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2008,66(12):1 814-1 817.
[46] Le V S,McBrayer J,Morcos N.A radioisotope concentrator device for use with a radioisotope source,a system,and a process for capturing at least one radioisotope from a radioisotope solution obtained from a radioisotope source.Australia patent application:AU,2012904683[P].2012-10.
[47] Chattopadhyay S.A computerized compact module for separation of (99m)Tc-radionuclide from molybdenum[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2012,70(11):2 631-2 637.
[48] Chattopadhyay,S.A simple and rapid technique for recovery of (99m)Tc from low specific activity (n,gamma) (99)Mo based on solvent extraction and column chromatography[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2010,68(1):1-4.
[2] Mostafa M,Ramadan H E,El-Amir M A,et al.99Mo/99mTc chromatographic column generator based on cerium(Ⅳ) molybdate gel[J].Radiochemistry,2013,55(3):332-335.
[3] Hou Xiaolin.Determination of radionuclidic impurities in 99mTc eluate from 99Mo/99mTc generator for quality control[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2017,314:659-668.
[4] El-Amir M,Mostafa M,Ramadan H.Preparation and characterization of cerium(Ⅳ) tellurium molybdate gel and its application as a bed for chromatographic 99Mo/99mTc generator[J].J Nucl Radiochem Sci,2014,14:1-5.
[5] Fujiwara M.Production of medical 99mTc isotope via photonuclear reaction[J].Physics of Particles and Nuclei,2017,48(1):124-133.
[6] Wolterbeek B.“What is wise in the production of 99Mo?A comparison of eight possible production routes.”[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2014,302(2):773-779.
[7] Boyd R E.The gel generator:A viable alternative source of Tc-99m for nuclear medicine[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,1997,48(8):1 027-1 033.
[8] Zolle I.Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals:preparation and quality control in nuclear medicine[C].Berlin:Springer,2007.
[9] Molinski V J.A review of 99mTc generator technology[J].Int J Appl Radiat Isot,1982,33:811-819.
[10] Tatenuma K.A mass-production process of a highly pure medical use 99mTc from natural isotopic Mo(n,γ) 99Mo without using uranium[J].Radioisotopes,2014,63(11):501-513.
[11] Evans J V,Moore P W,Shying M E,et al.Zirconium molybdate gel as generator for technetium-99m I.The concept and its evaluation[J].Appl Radiat Isot,1987,38(1):19-23.
[12] Evans J V,Matthews R W.Technetium-99m generators:U S,4280053[P].1981-06.
[13] Sarkar S K,Saraswathy P,Arjun G,et al.High radioactive concentration of 99mTc from a zirconium[99Mo] molybdate gel generator using an acidic alumina column for purifcation and concentration[J].Nuclear Medicine Communications,2004,25(6):609-614.
[14] Le V S,Lambrecht R M.Development of alternative technologies for a gel-type chromatographic 99mTc generator[J].Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals,1994,35:270-272.
[15] Sharbatdaran M.Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of silica-zirconia inorganic polymer as 99Mo/99mTc generator[J].Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,2015,74(3):613-620.
[16] Van So Le.99mTc generator development:up-to-date 99mTc recovery technologies for increasing the effectiveness of 99Mo utilisation[J].Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations,2014,2014:1-41.
[17] Amin M.Effect of Al:Mo molar ratio on elution performance of 99Mo/99mTc generators based on Al 99Mo gels[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2015,309(2):485-492.
[18] Davarpanah M R.Influence of drying conditions of zirconium molybdate gel on performance of 99mTc gel generator[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2009,67(10):1 796-1 801.
[19] Le V S.Gallium-68 generator integrated system:elutionpurifcation-concentration integration,in teranostics,Gallium-68,and other radionuclides,recent results in cancer research 194[C].Berlin,2013:43-75.
[20] Blaauw M,Ridikas D,Baytelesov S.Estimation of Mo-99 production rates from natural molybdenum in research reactors[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2017,311(1):409-418.
[21] Ryabchikov A I.Obtaining molybdenum-99 in the IRT-T research reactor using resonance neutrons[J].Nucl Instr and Meth in Phys Res B,2004,213:364-368.
[22] Wolterbeek H T,Bode P.A process for the production of no-carrier added 99Mo:EP,2131369 (A1)[P].2009-12.
[23] Tomar B S,Steinebach O M,Terpstra B E,et al.Studies on production of high specifc activity 99Mo and 90Y by Szilard Chalmers reaction[J].Radiochimica Acta,2010,98(8):499-506.
[24] Mushtaq A.Producing radioisotopes in power reactor[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2012,292:793-802.
[25] Osso Junior J A,Lima A L V P,da Silva N C,et al.Preparation of a gel of zirconium molybdate for use in the generators of 99Mo-99mTc prepared with 99Mo produced by the 98Mo(n,γ)99Mo reaction.in Proceedings of the International Meeting on Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors[C].Brazil:San Paulo,1998.
[26] Le V S.Preparation of gel type chromatographic 99mTc generators using Titanium and Zirconium Molybdate columns containing Mo-99.in Proceedings of the IAEA Research Coordination Meeting[C].Bombay,1990.
[27] El-Absy M A,El-Amir M,Fasih T,et al.Preparation of 99Mo/99mTc generator based on alumina 99Mo-molybdate(Ⅵ) gel[J].J Radioanal Nucl Chem,2014,299:1 859-1 864.
[28] Mostafa M,Saber H M,El-Sadek A A,et al.Preparation and performance of 99Mo/99mTc chromatographic column generator based on zirconium molybdosilicate[J].Radiochim Acta,2016,104:257-265.
[29] Mostafa M.Preparation and performance studies of 99Mo/99mTc column generators based on nano zirconium molybdate[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2017,314(3):1 683-1 694.
[30] Le V S,Nguyen C D,Pellegrini P,et al.Polymeric titanium oxychloride sorbent for 188W/188Re nuclide pair separation[J].Separation Science and Technology,2009,44(5):1 074-1 098.
[31] Chattopadhyay S.Preparation of 99Mo/99mTc generator based on cross-linked chitosan polymer using low-specific activity (n,γ) 99Mo[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2017,313(3):647-653.
[32] Hasan S.Preparation of chitosan-based microporous composite material and its applications.US Patent Publication:US,20130039822 A1.[P].2013-02-14 .
[33] Monroy-Guzman F,D?az-Archundia L V,Contreras Ram?rez A.Effect of Zr:Mo ratio on 99mTc generator performance based on zirconium molybdate gels[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2003,59:27-34.
[34] Jeannin Y P.The nomenclature of polyoxometalates:how to connect a name and a structure[J].Chem Rev,1998,98:51-76.
[35] El-Absy M A.Advanced prospects for the preparation of zirconium [99Mo] molybdate(Ⅵ) gel from diluted reactants and 99mTc elution performance[J].Radiochemistry,2016,58(4):415-422.
[36] Chattopadhyay S,Das M K.A novel technique for the effective concentration of 99mTc from a large alumina column loaded with low specific-activity (n,gamma)-produced 99Mo[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2008,66(10):1 295-1 299.
[37] Mostafa M.Labeling of ceftriaxone for infective inflammation imaging using 99mTc eluted from 99Mo/99mTc generator based on zirconium molybdate[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2010,68(10):1 959-1 963.
[38] Sharbatdaran M.Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of silica-zirconia inorganic polymer as 99Mo/99mTc generator[J].Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,2015,74(3):613-620.
[39] Gopalakrishna A.Measurement of 99Mo production cross-section from the 100Mo (n,2n) reaction with quasi monoenergetic neutron based on the 9Be(p,n) reaction[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2018,316(2):561-569.
[40] Gagnon K.Cyclotron production of 99mTc:experimental measurement of the (100)Mo(p,x)(99)Mo,(99m)Tc and (99g)Tc excitation functions from 8 to 18 MeV[J].Nucl Med Biol,2011,38(6):907-916.
[41] Naik H.An alternative route for the preparation of the medical isotope 99Mo from the 238U(γ,f) and 100Mo(γ,n) reactions[J].Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry,2013,295(1):807-816.
[42] Nagai Y.Quality of 99mTcO4- from 99Mo Produced by 100Mo (n,2n) 99Mo[J].Journal of the Physical Society of Japan,2017,86(5):1-4.
[43] Nagai Y,HatsukawaY.Production of 99Mo for Nuclear Medicine by 100Mo (n,2n) 99Mo[J].Journal of the Physical Society of Japan,2009,78(3):1-4.
[44] International Atomic Energy Agency.Non-HEU production technologies for molybdenum-99 and technetium-99m,IAEA nuclear energy series no.NF-T-5.4[C].Vienna:IAEA,2013.
[45] Chattopadhyay S.Recovery of 99mTc from Na2[99Mo]MoO4 solution obtained from reactor-produced (n,gamma) 99Mo using a tiny Dowex-1 column in tandem with a small alumina column[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2008,66(12):1 814-1 817.
[46] Le V S,McBrayer J,Morcos N.A radioisotope concentrator device for use with a radioisotope source,a system,and a process for capturing at least one radioisotope from a radioisotope solution obtained from a radioisotope source.Australia patent application:AU,2012904683[P].2012-10.
[47] Chattopadhyay S.A computerized compact module for separation of (99m)Tc-radionuclide from molybdenum[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2012,70(11):2 631-2 637.
[48] Chattopadhyay,S.A simple and rapid technique for recovery of (99m)Tc from low specific activity (n,gamma) (99)Mo based on solvent extraction and column chromatography[J].Appl Radiat Isot,2010,68(1):1-4.
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