正断层中继构造扩展演化机制及对成矿构造研究的启示
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摘要
正断层的分段构造型式及其扩展演化机制的核心内容可以归结为正断层的中继构造模式。本文从正断层的断块变形、断裂扩展以及断裂力学特征等角度,总结了正断层中继构造的扩展演化机制。正断层的断块变形是指分段断层位移转换形成的中继斜坡,可分为内倾和外倾两种斜坡类型,位移曲线揭示了中继带变形的特征。正断层的断裂扩展有多种扩展方式,可分为断层内、断层间和断层系扩展,且可以形成不同型式的中继构造。正断层中继构造是在三维空间扩展的,将断层边缘的断裂力学性质和断层面的放射状扩展方向相结合,可完整描述中继构造的空间分布规律。正断层形成于伸展构造环境,是控制油气和金属矿产资源的重要构造型式,结合SEDEX型矿床同生断层和岩体侵位控制的正断层控矿研究实例,初步讨论了正断层中继构造扩展演化在SEDEX型矿床和正断层相关控矿断裂成矿构造研究中的作用。
The normal fault segmentation and its propagation and evolution mechanism can be summarized as relay structure model in normal fault. In this paper, the propagation and development mechanism of normal fault relay structure are summarized from three aspects, fault block deformation, fault propagation and fracture mechanics. The relay ramp can be divided into outward-dip relay ramp and inward-dip relay ramp, and deformation of relay ramp is following the fault displacement transfer, the surveyed distance-displacement graphs reveal the deformation characteristics of relay zone. There are many ways of normal fault propagation, including tip-to-parent connection, isolated-to-isolated fault linkage and normal fault arrays propagation; and the relay structures can be formed by one or several different processes. Relay structure in normal fault developing in 3D space can fully describe the space distribution of relay structure and the fracture mechanics of fault border with radiation propagation direction of fault surface. In extension tectonic setting, the relay structure in normal fault is a significant structure form which generally controls the hydrocarbon and metallic resources. The role of the evolution of normal fault relay structure in SEDEX-type deposit and the related ore-controlling fracture was preliminarily discussed, especially in terms of metallotectonics.
The normal fault segmentation and its propagation and evolution mechanism can be summarized as relay structure model in normal fault. In this paper, the propagation and development mechanism of normal fault relay structure are summarized from three aspects, fault block deformation, fault propagation and fracture mechanics. The relay ramp can be divided into outward-dip relay ramp and inward-dip relay ramp, and deformation of relay ramp is following the fault displacement transfer, the surveyed distance-displacement graphs reveal the deformation characteristics of relay zone. There are many ways of normal fault propagation, including tip-to-parent connection, isolated-to-isolated fault linkage and normal fault arrays propagation; and the relay structures can be formed by one or several different processes. Relay structure in normal fault developing in 3D space can fully describe the space distribution of relay structure and the fracture mechanics of fault border with radiation propagation direction of fault surface. In extension tectonic setting, the relay structure in normal fault is a significant structure form which generally controls the hydrocarbon and metallic resources. The role of the evolution of normal fault relay structure in SEDEX-type deposit and the related ore-controlling fracture was preliminarily discussed, especially in terms of metallotectonics.
引文
陈发景,汪新文,陈昭年,杨杰.2004.伸展断陷盆地分析.北京:地质出版社:52-85.
陈国达.1982.成矿构造研究法.北京:地质出版社:98-130.
程小久.1994.同生断层控矿作用综述.矿床地质,13(S1):111-113.
程小久,翟裕生.1995.沉积盆地中同生断层及对层控型Pb-Zn-(Ba-Cu-Ag)矿床的控制.现代地质,9(3):343-350.
戴问天.1985.海底热液沉积成矿--一种新近被认识的、普遍而重要的成矿作用.地质与勘探,21(6):22-28.
顾连兴.1999.块状硫化物矿床研究进展评述.地质论评,45(3):265-275.
顾连兴,顾素绢.1989.块状硫化物矿床的研究现状.地质科技情报,8(2):67-73.
韩发,孙海田.1999.Sedex型矿床成矿系统.地学前缘,6(1):139-162.
何绍勋.1999.雁行断裂带内的“中继构造”综述//马宗晋,杨主恩,吴正文.构造地质学--岩石圈动力学研究进展.北京:地震出版社:41-47.
芮宗瑶.1989.海底喷气沉积矿床研究的新进展.国外矿床地质,(2):1-5.
汤静如.2006.典型金属矿床中继构造控矿作用研究.长沙:中南大学博士学位论文:47-60.
田毓龙,秦德先,林幼斌,沈振兴.1999.喷流热水沉积矿床研究的现状与进展.昆明理工大学学报,24(1):150-156.
吴树仁.1993.控矿断层几何学和运动学及其控矿规律研究.地质与勘探,29(3):1-6.
奚小双,张曾荣.1995.甘肃礼岷金矿田的中继构造及其控矿作用.矿产与地质,9(1):33-37.
颜文,李朝阳.1993.热水喷流沉积成矿与地学思维.地球科学进展,8(2):40-46.
翟裕生,邓军,宋鸿林,程小久,彭润民.1998.同生断层对层控超大型矿床的控制.中国科学(D辑),28(3):214-218.
翟裕生,林新多.1993.矿田构造学.北京:地质出版社:40-47.
翟裕生,张湖,宋鸿林.1997.大型构造与超大型矿床.北京:地质出版社:20-25.
朱上庆,黄华盛.1988.层控矿床地质学.北京:冶金工业出版社:116-182.
Anders M H and Schlische R W.1994.Overlapping faults,intra-basin highs,and the growth of normal faults.Journal of Geology,102(2):165-180.
Betts P G.2004.Aeromagnetic patterns of half-graben and basin inversion:Implications for sediment-hosted massive sulfide Pb-Zn-Ag exploration.Journal of Structural Geology,26(6):1137-1156.
Childs C,Watterson J and Walsh J J.1995.Fault overlap zones within developing normal fault systems.Journal of the Geological Society of London,152(3):535-549.
Conneally J,Childs C and Walsh J J.2014.Contrasting origins of breached relay zone geometries.Journal of Structural Geology,58:59-68.doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2013.10.010
Cooke M L and Pollard D D.1996.Fracture propagation paths under mixed mode loading within rectangular blocks of polymethyl methacrylate.Journal of Geophysical Research,101(B2):3387-3400.
Ferrill D A and Morris A P.2001.Displacement gradient and deformation in normal fault systems.Journal of Structural Geology,23(4):619-638.
Ferrill D A,Stamatakos J A and Sims D.1999.Normal fault corrugation:Implications for growth and seismicity of active normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,21(8):1027-1038.
Freitag U A,Sanderson D J,Lonergan L and Bevan T G.2017.Comparison of upwards splaying and upwards merging segmented normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,100(1):1-11.
Gibbs A D.1984.Structural evolution of extensional basin margins.Journal of the Geological Society,141(4):609-620.
Goguel J.1952.Traite de Tectonique.Masson Paris.
Hooper E C D.1991.Fluid migration along growth faults in compacting sediments.Journal of Petroleum Geology,14(2):161-180.
Huggins P,Watterson J,Walsh J J and Childs C.1995.Relay zone geometry and displacement transfer between normal faults recorded in coal-mine plans.Journal of Structural Geology,17(12):1741-1755.
Hus R,Batist M D,Klerkx J and Matton C.2006.Fault linkage in continental rifts:Structure and evolution of a large relay ramp in Zavarotny:Lake Baikal(Russia).Journal of Structural Geology,28(7):1338-1351.
Jackson J.1994.Drainage systems and development of normal faults:An example from Pleasant Valley,Nevada.Journal of Structural Geology,16(8):1041-1059.
Kristensen M B,Childs C J and Korstgard J A.2008.The3D geometry of small-scale relay zones between normal faults in soft sediments.Journal of Structural Geology,30(2):257-272.
Large D E.1980.Geological parameters associated with sediment-hosted submarine exhalative Pb-Zn deposits:An empirical model for mineral exploration.Geologisches Jahrbuch,40(1):59-129.
Large R R.1992.Australian Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposits:Features,Styles,and Genetic Models.Economic Geology,87(3):471-510.
Larsen P H.1988.Relay structures in a Lower Permian basement involved extension system,East Greenland.Journal of Structural Geology,10(1):3-8.
Li H and Xi X S.2015.Sedimentary fans:A new genetic model for sedimentary exhalative ore deposits.Ore Geology Review,65:375-389.doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.001
Long J J and Imber J.2011.Geological controls on fault relay zone scaling.Journal of Structural Geology,33(12):1790-1800.
Long J J and Imber J.2012.Strain compatibility and fault linkage in relay zones on normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,36:16-26.doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2011.12.013
Marchal D,Guiraud T and Rives T.2003.Geometric and morphologic evolution of normal fault planes and traces from 2D to 4D data.Journal of Structural Geology,25(1):135-158.
Mcclay K R.1991.Deformation of stratiform Zn-Pb(-barite)deposits in the northern Canadian Cordillera.Ore Geology Reviews,6(5):435-462.
Mcgrath A G and Davison I.1995.Damage zone geometry around fault tips.Journal of Structural Geology,17(7):1011-1024.
Morley C K,Nelson R A,Patton T L and Munn S G.1990.Transfer ones in the East African Rift System and their relevance to hydrocarbon exploration in rifts.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,74(8):1234-1253.
Nicol A,Gillespie P A,Childs C and Walsh J J.2002.Relay zones between mesoscopic thrust faults in layered sedimentary sequences.Journal of Structural Geology,24(4):709-727.
Peacock D C P and Parfitt E A.2002b.Active relay ramps and normal fault propagation on Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii.Journal of Structural Geology,24(4):729-742.
Peacock D C P and Sanderson D J.1991.Displacements,segment linkage,and relay ramps in normal fault zones.Journal of Structural Geology,13(6):721-733.
Peacock D C P and Sanderson D J.1994.Geometry and development of relay ramps in normal fault systems.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,78(2):147-165.
Peacock D C P.2002a.Propagation,interaction and linkage in normal fault systems.Earth-Science Reviews,58(1-2):121-142.
Peacock D C P,Dimmen V,Rotevatn A and Sanderson D J.2017.A broader classification of damage zones.Journal of Structural Geology,102:179-192.doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2017.08.004
Schlische R W.1995.Geometry and Origin of Fault-Related Folds in Extensional Settings.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,79(11):1661-1678.
Sharp I R.2000.Fault-propagation folding in extensional settings:Examples of structural style and synrift sedimentary response from the Suez rift,Sinai,Egypt.Geological Society of America Bulletin,112(12):1877-1899.
Soliva R,Maerten F,Petit J P and Auzias V.2010.Field evidences for the role of static friction on fracture orientation in extensional relays along strike-slip faults:Comparison with photoelasticity and 3-D numerical modeling.Journal of Structural Geology,32(11):1721-1731.
Stewart I S.1991.Scales of structural heterogeneity within neotectonic normal fault zones in the Aegean region.Journal of Structural Geology,13(2):191-204.
Trudgill B D and Cartwright J A.1994.Relay ramp forms and normal fault linkages-Canyonlands National Park,Utah.Geological Society of America Bulletin,106(9):1143-1157.
Walsh J J and Watterson J.1987.Distributions of cumulative displacement and seismic slip on a single normal fault.Journal of Structural Geology,9(8):1039-1046.
Walsh J J,Bailey W R and Childs C.2003.Formation of segmented normal fault:A 3-D perspective.Journal of Structural Geology,25(8):1251-1262.
Walsh J J,Watterson J,Bailey W R and Childs C.1999.Fault relays,bends and branch-lines.Journal of Structural Geology,21(8-9):1019-1026.
Wernicke B and Burchfiel B C.1982.Model of extensional tectonics.Journal of Structural Geology,4(2):105-116.
Xi X S,Tang J R,Kong H and He S X.2005.Control of Mineralization by relay structures in synfaults of graben systems:Two examples from Northwestern China.Journal of Central South University of Technology(English Edition),12(2):340-345.
陈国达.1982.成矿构造研究法.北京:地质出版社:98-130.
程小久.1994.同生断层控矿作用综述.矿床地质,13(S1):111-113.
程小久,翟裕生.1995.沉积盆地中同生断层及对层控型Pb-Zn-(Ba-Cu-Ag)矿床的控制.现代地质,9(3):343-350.
戴问天.1985.海底热液沉积成矿--一种新近被认识的、普遍而重要的成矿作用.地质与勘探,21(6):22-28.
顾连兴.1999.块状硫化物矿床研究进展评述.地质论评,45(3):265-275.
顾连兴,顾素绢.1989.块状硫化物矿床的研究现状.地质科技情报,8(2):67-73.
韩发,孙海田.1999.Sedex型矿床成矿系统.地学前缘,6(1):139-162.
何绍勋.1999.雁行断裂带内的“中继构造”综述//马宗晋,杨主恩,吴正文.构造地质学--岩石圈动力学研究进展.北京:地震出版社:41-47.
芮宗瑶.1989.海底喷气沉积矿床研究的新进展.国外矿床地质,(2):1-5.
汤静如.2006.典型金属矿床中继构造控矿作用研究.长沙:中南大学博士学位论文:47-60.
田毓龙,秦德先,林幼斌,沈振兴.1999.喷流热水沉积矿床研究的现状与进展.昆明理工大学学报,24(1):150-156.
吴树仁.1993.控矿断层几何学和运动学及其控矿规律研究.地质与勘探,29(3):1-6.
奚小双,张曾荣.1995.甘肃礼岷金矿田的中继构造及其控矿作用.矿产与地质,9(1):33-37.
颜文,李朝阳.1993.热水喷流沉积成矿与地学思维.地球科学进展,8(2):40-46.
翟裕生,邓军,宋鸿林,程小久,彭润民.1998.同生断层对层控超大型矿床的控制.中国科学(D辑),28(3):214-218.
翟裕生,林新多.1993.矿田构造学.北京:地质出版社:40-47.
翟裕生,张湖,宋鸿林.1997.大型构造与超大型矿床.北京:地质出版社:20-25.
朱上庆,黄华盛.1988.层控矿床地质学.北京:冶金工业出版社:116-182.
Anders M H and Schlische R W.1994.Overlapping faults,intra-basin highs,and the growth of normal faults.Journal of Geology,102(2):165-180.
Betts P G.2004.Aeromagnetic patterns of half-graben and basin inversion:Implications for sediment-hosted massive sulfide Pb-Zn-Ag exploration.Journal of Structural Geology,26(6):1137-1156.
Childs C,Watterson J and Walsh J J.1995.Fault overlap zones within developing normal fault systems.Journal of the Geological Society of London,152(3):535-549.
Conneally J,Childs C and Walsh J J.2014.Contrasting origins of breached relay zone geometries.Journal of Structural Geology,58:59-68.doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2013.10.010
Cooke M L and Pollard D D.1996.Fracture propagation paths under mixed mode loading within rectangular blocks of polymethyl methacrylate.Journal of Geophysical Research,101(B2):3387-3400.
Ferrill D A and Morris A P.2001.Displacement gradient and deformation in normal fault systems.Journal of Structural Geology,23(4):619-638.
Ferrill D A,Stamatakos J A and Sims D.1999.Normal fault corrugation:Implications for growth and seismicity of active normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,21(8):1027-1038.
Freitag U A,Sanderson D J,Lonergan L and Bevan T G.2017.Comparison of upwards splaying and upwards merging segmented normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,100(1):1-11.
Gibbs A D.1984.Structural evolution of extensional basin margins.Journal of the Geological Society,141(4):609-620.
Goguel J.1952.Traite de Tectonique.Masson Paris.
Hooper E C D.1991.Fluid migration along growth faults in compacting sediments.Journal of Petroleum Geology,14(2):161-180.
Huggins P,Watterson J,Walsh J J and Childs C.1995.Relay zone geometry and displacement transfer between normal faults recorded in coal-mine plans.Journal of Structural Geology,17(12):1741-1755.
Hus R,Batist M D,Klerkx J and Matton C.2006.Fault linkage in continental rifts:Structure and evolution of a large relay ramp in Zavarotny:Lake Baikal(Russia).Journal of Structural Geology,28(7):1338-1351.
Jackson J.1994.Drainage systems and development of normal faults:An example from Pleasant Valley,Nevada.Journal of Structural Geology,16(8):1041-1059.
Kristensen M B,Childs C J and Korstgard J A.2008.The3D geometry of small-scale relay zones between normal faults in soft sediments.Journal of Structural Geology,30(2):257-272.
Large D E.1980.Geological parameters associated with sediment-hosted submarine exhalative Pb-Zn deposits:An empirical model for mineral exploration.Geologisches Jahrbuch,40(1):59-129.
Large R R.1992.Australian Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposits:Features,Styles,and Genetic Models.Economic Geology,87(3):471-510.
Larsen P H.1988.Relay structures in a Lower Permian basement involved extension system,East Greenland.Journal of Structural Geology,10(1):3-8.
Li H and Xi X S.2015.Sedimentary fans:A new genetic model for sedimentary exhalative ore deposits.Ore Geology Review,65:375-389.doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.001
Long J J and Imber J.2011.Geological controls on fault relay zone scaling.Journal of Structural Geology,33(12):1790-1800.
Long J J and Imber J.2012.Strain compatibility and fault linkage in relay zones on normal faults.Journal of Structural Geology,36:16-26.doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2011.12.013
Marchal D,Guiraud T and Rives T.2003.Geometric and morphologic evolution of normal fault planes and traces from 2D to 4D data.Journal of Structural Geology,25(1):135-158.
Mcclay K R.1991.Deformation of stratiform Zn-Pb(-barite)deposits in the northern Canadian Cordillera.Ore Geology Reviews,6(5):435-462.
Mcgrath A G and Davison I.1995.Damage zone geometry around fault tips.Journal of Structural Geology,17(7):1011-1024.
Morley C K,Nelson R A,Patton T L and Munn S G.1990.Transfer ones in the East African Rift System and their relevance to hydrocarbon exploration in rifts.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,74(8):1234-1253.
Nicol A,Gillespie P A,Childs C and Walsh J J.2002.Relay zones between mesoscopic thrust faults in layered sedimentary sequences.Journal of Structural Geology,24(4):709-727.
Peacock D C P and Parfitt E A.2002b.Active relay ramps and normal fault propagation on Kilauea Volcano,Hawaii.Journal of Structural Geology,24(4):729-742.
Peacock D C P and Sanderson D J.1991.Displacements,segment linkage,and relay ramps in normal fault zones.Journal of Structural Geology,13(6):721-733.
Peacock D C P and Sanderson D J.1994.Geometry and development of relay ramps in normal fault systems.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,78(2):147-165.
Peacock D C P.2002a.Propagation,interaction and linkage in normal fault systems.Earth-Science Reviews,58(1-2):121-142.
Peacock D C P,Dimmen V,Rotevatn A and Sanderson D J.2017.A broader classification of damage zones.Journal of Structural Geology,102:179-192.doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2017.08.004
Schlische R W.1995.Geometry and Origin of Fault-Related Folds in Extensional Settings.American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,79(11):1661-1678.
Sharp I R.2000.Fault-propagation folding in extensional settings:Examples of structural style and synrift sedimentary response from the Suez rift,Sinai,Egypt.Geological Society of America Bulletin,112(12):1877-1899.
Soliva R,Maerten F,Petit J P and Auzias V.2010.Field evidences for the role of static friction on fracture orientation in extensional relays along strike-slip faults:Comparison with photoelasticity and 3-D numerical modeling.Journal of Structural Geology,32(11):1721-1731.
Stewart I S.1991.Scales of structural heterogeneity within neotectonic normal fault zones in the Aegean region.Journal of Structural Geology,13(2):191-204.
Trudgill B D and Cartwright J A.1994.Relay ramp forms and normal fault linkages-Canyonlands National Park,Utah.Geological Society of America Bulletin,106(9):1143-1157.
Walsh J J and Watterson J.1987.Distributions of cumulative displacement and seismic slip on a single normal fault.Journal of Structural Geology,9(8):1039-1046.
Walsh J J,Bailey W R and Childs C.2003.Formation of segmented normal fault:A 3-D perspective.Journal of Structural Geology,25(8):1251-1262.
Walsh J J,Watterson J,Bailey W R and Childs C.1999.Fault relays,bends and branch-lines.Journal of Structural Geology,21(8-9):1019-1026.
Wernicke B and Burchfiel B C.1982.Model of extensional tectonics.Journal of Structural Geology,4(2):105-116.
Xi X S,Tang J R,Kong H and He S X.2005.Control of Mineralization by relay structures in synfaults of graben systems:Two examples from Northwestern China.Journal of Central South University of Technology(English Edition),12(2):340-345.
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