化肥减量配合有机替代对赤红壤常年菜地蔬菜生长及土壤氮平衡的影响
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摘要
以赤红壤常年菜地系统为研究对象,采用田间小区试验方法,设置不同处理[对照CK、常规施肥CF、优化施肥OPT及优化施肥化肥氮10%、20%、30%有机替代(T_(10)、T_(20)、T_(30))],研究菜地养分优化减施及有机替代对小白菜生长及土壤氮平衡影响。试验连续种植4茬。结果显示,施肥显著增加小白菜产量,不同施肥处理肥料增产贡献率为23.1%～39.6%。常规施肥处理小白菜产量在3169～3369 kg/667 m~2之间,4茬小白菜总吸氮量为33.4 kg/667 m~2、平均氮肥利用率31.2%。相比常规施肥,优化施肥及优化施肥化肥氮有机替代10%、20%、30%处理分别降低化肥用量35%、38%、41%和44%,小白菜产量、氮吸收量及氮肥利用率均与常规施肥处理无显著差异。常规施肥条件下小白菜种植系统(4茬)氮盈余量10.3 kg/667 m~2,优化施肥及化肥氮有机替代降低土壤氮盈余量18%～48%。总体上,赤红壤常年菜地系统化肥减量使用35%～44%可保障蔬菜产量不降低基础上,有效降低土壤氮盈余及潜在面源污染风险。优化施肥条件下化肥氮有机替代有利于进一步降低化肥氮投入量,实现菜地系统化肥深度减施。优化施肥及化肥氮有机替代可作为区域菜地系统推荐施肥技术方案。
A plot experiment with six treatments(i.e. CK, unfertilized control; CF, conventional fertilization; OPT, optimized fertilization; ON, chemical fertilizer nitrogen substituted partially by organic nitrogen under OPT mode: T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30)) was conducted in a perennial planting vegetable field in the latosolic red soil zone to investigate the effect of optimal fertilization with or without organic nitrogen substituting partial chemical fertilizer nitrogen on vegetable growth and soil nitrogen balance. Four successive crops with a leafy vegetable Pakchoi(Brassica chinensis L.) were carried out. The results showed that the yields of Pakchoi increased significantly after different fertilizers applied, and the contribution rate of fertilizer on yield increase ranged from 23.1% to 39.6%. The yield of Pakchoi was 3169—3369 kg/667 m~2 and the plant total nitrogen uptake was 33.4 kg/667 m~2 with nitrogen use efficiency of 31.2% under CF treatment for four successive crop periods. As compared to CF, vegetable yields, plant nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in treatment of OPT, T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30) showed no significant differences. It was estimated that chemical fertilizer application rate in OPT, T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30) was reduced by 35%, 38%, 41% and 44%, respectively. Nitrogen surplus in the Pakchoi planting system was 33.42 kg/667 m~2 under CF treatment, which decreased by 18%—48% with treatment of OPT, T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30). It was suggested that the reduction of 35%—44% in chemical fertilizer application rate under conventional fertilization mode was feasible based on the stability of vegetable production and lower soil nitrogen surplus and its potential risks of nonpoint source pollution. The partial chemical fertilizer nitrogen in OPT treatment substituted by organic nitrogen contributed to further reduction of fertilizer input, leading to more reduction of fertilization in the vegetable planting system. It was concluded that OPT or T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30) treatment should be considered as a recommendation for regional vegetable production in the latosolic red soil zone.
A plot experiment with six treatments(i.e. CK, unfertilized control; CF, conventional fertilization; OPT, optimized fertilization; ON, chemical fertilizer nitrogen substituted partially by organic nitrogen under OPT mode: T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30)) was conducted in a perennial planting vegetable field in the latosolic red soil zone to investigate the effect of optimal fertilization with or without organic nitrogen substituting partial chemical fertilizer nitrogen on vegetable growth and soil nitrogen balance. Four successive crops with a leafy vegetable Pakchoi(Brassica chinensis L.) were carried out. The results showed that the yields of Pakchoi increased significantly after different fertilizers applied, and the contribution rate of fertilizer on yield increase ranged from 23.1% to 39.6%. The yield of Pakchoi was 3169—3369 kg/667 m~2 and the plant total nitrogen uptake was 33.4 kg/667 m~2 with nitrogen use efficiency of 31.2% under CF treatment for four successive crop periods. As compared to CF, vegetable yields, plant nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency in treatment of OPT, T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30) showed no significant differences. It was estimated that chemical fertilizer application rate in OPT, T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30) was reduced by 35%, 38%, 41% and 44%, respectively. Nitrogen surplus in the Pakchoi planting system was 33.42 kg/667 m~2 under CF treatment, which decreased by 18%—48% with treatment of OPT, T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30). It was suggested that the reduction of 35%—44% in chemical fertilizer application rate under conventional fertilization mode was feasible based on the stability of vegetable production and lower soil nitrogen surplus and its potential risks of nonpoint source pollution. The partial chemical fertilizer nitrogen in OPT treatment substituted by organic nitrogen contributed to further reduction of fertilizer input, leading to more reduction of fertilization in the vegetable planting system. It was concluded that OPT or T_(10), T_(20) and T_(30) treatment should be considered as a recommendation for regional vegetable production in the latosolic red soil zone.
引文
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[18]Zhao Y,Luo J H,Chen X Q,et al.Greenhouse tomato-cucumber yield and soil N leaching as affected by reducing N rate and adding manure:a case study in the Yellow River Irrigation Region China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,94:221-235.
[19]秦鱼生,涂仕华,冯文强,等.有机无机肥料对蔬菜产量和硝酸盐累积的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(5):670-674.
[20]刘苹,李彦,江丽华,等.施肥对蔬菜产量的影响-以寿光市设施蔬菜为例[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(6):1752-1758.
[21]Gai X,Liu H,Zhai L,et al.Vegetable yields and soil biochemical properties as influenced by fertilization in Southern China[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2016,107:170-181.
[22]宋以玲,于建,陈士更,等.化肥减量配施生物有机肥对油菜生长及土壤微生物和酶活性影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):352-360.
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[24]闫湘,金继运,梁鸣早.我国主要粮食作物化肥增产效应与肥料利用效率[J].土壤,2017,49(6):1067-1077.
[25]Huang B,Shi X,Yu D,et al.Environmental assessment of small-scale vegetable farming systems in peri-urban areas of the Yangtze River Delta Region[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2006,112:391-402.
[26]王荣萍,余炜敏,李淑仪,等.华南地区主要蔬菜氮肥肥料利用率研究[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(25):34-39.
[27]张学军,赵营,陈晓群,等.滴灌施肥中施氮量对两年蔬菜产量、氮素平衡及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(11):2535-2545.
[28]Choi W J,Ro H M,Chang S X.Recovery of fertilizer-derived inorganic-15N in a vegetable field soil as affected by application of an organic amendment[J].Plant and Soil,2004,263:191-201.
[29]Oenema O,Kros H,de Vries W.Approaches and uncertainties in nutrient budgets:Implications for nutrient management and environmental policies[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2003,20(1/2):3-16.
[2]黎小建,李欢,罗慧君,等.2015年广东蔬菜产业发展形势与对策建议[J].广东农业科学,2016,43(4):6-10.
[3]广东省土壤肥料总站.珠江三角洲耕地质量评价与利用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[4]黄绍文,唐继伟,李春花,等.我国蔬菜化肥减施潜力与科学施用对策[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1480-1493.
[5]刘钦普.中国化肥面源污染环境风险时空变化[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(7):1247-1253.
[6]王朝辉,宗志强,李生秀.菜地和一般农田土壤主要养分累积的差异[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(9):1091-1094.
[7]宋科,徐爱国,张维理,等.太湖水网地区不同种植类型农田氮素渗漏流失研究[J].南京农业大学学报,2009,32(3):88-92.
[8]黄东风,邱孝煊,李卫华,等.福州市郊菜地氮磷面源污染现状分析与评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2009,28(6):1191-1199.
[9]南京农业大学.土壤农化分析[M].2版,北京:农业出版社,1996:213-216.
[10]王西娜,王朝辉,李生秀.黄土高原旱地冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤的氮素平衡[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(6):759-764.
[11]魏猛,张爱君,诸葛玉平,等.长期不同施肥对黄潮土区冬小麦产量及土壤养分的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):304-312.
[12]Widowati L R,Neve S D,Sukristiyonubowo,et al.Nitrogen balances and nitrogen use efficiency of intensive vegetable rotations in South East Asian tropical Andisols[J].Nutrient Cyclying in Agroecosystems,2011,91:131-143.
[13]刘宏斌,李志宏,张维理,等.露地栽培条件下大白菜氮肥利用率与硝态氮淋溶损失研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2004,10(3):286-291.
[14]李淑仪,张育灿,王荣萍,等.叶菜类蔬菜测土配方施肥技术规程:DB44/T 1614-2015[S].广州:广东省质量技术监督局,[2015-07-01].
[15]姚春霞,郭开秀,赵志辉,等.减量施肥对三种蔬菜硝酸盐含量、营养品质和生理特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):153-156.
[16]何传龙,马友华,于红梅,等.减量施肥对保护地土壤养分淋失及番茄产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(4):846-851.
[17]Shen W,Lin X,Shi W,et al.Higher rates of nitrogen fertilization decrease soil enzyme activities,microbial functional diversity and nitrification capacity in a Chinese polytunnel greenhouse vegetable land[J].Plant and Soil,2010,337:137-150.
[18]Zhao Y,Luo J H,Chen X Q,et al.Greenhouse tomato-cucumber yield and soil N leaching as affected by reducing N rate and adding manure:a case study in the Yellow River Irrigation Region China[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,94:221-235.
[19]秦鱼生,涂仕华,冯文强,等.有机无机肥料对蔬菜产量和硝酸盐累积的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(5):670-674.
[20]刘苹,李彦,江丽华,等.施肥对蔬菜产量的影响-以寿光市设施蔬菜为例[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(6):1752-1758.
[21]Gai X,Liu H,Zhai L,et al.Vegetable yields and soil biochemical properties as influenced by fertilization in Southern China[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2016,107:170-181.
[22]宋以玲,于建,陈士更,等.化肥减量配施生物有机肥对油菜生长及土壤微生物和酶活性影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(1):352-360.
[23]王海滨.生物有机无机复合肥对蔬菜产量、品质及土壤性质的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2013.
[24]闫湘,金继运,梁鸣早.我国主要粮食作物化肥增产效应与肥料利用效率[J].土壤,2017,49(6):1067-1077.
[25]Huang B,Shi X,Yu D,et al.Environmental assessment of small-scale vegetable farming systems in peri-urban areas of the Yangtze River Delta Region[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2006,112:391-402.
[26]王荣萍,余炜敏,李淑仪,等.华南地区主要蔬菜氮肥肥料利用率研究[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(25):34-39.
[27]张学军,赵营,陈晓群,等.滴灌施肥中施氮量对两年蔬菜产量、氮素平衡及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(11):2535-2545.
[28]Choi W J,Ro H M,Chang S X.Recovery of fertilizer-derived inorganic-15N in a vegetable field soil as affected by application of an organic amendment[J].Plant and Soil,2004,263:191-201.
[29]Oenema O,Kros H,de Vries W.Approaches and uncertainties in nutrient budgets:Implications for nutrient management and environmental policies[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2003,20(1/2):3-16.
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