城市不同材料屋面径流的污染负荷特性
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摘要
分析不同材料屋面径流污染负荷特性,对于提高城市面源污染负荷估算精度和确定初期径流截流比具有重要意义.以扬州市为研究区域,通过对小青瓦屋面、水泥瓦屋面和混凝土屋面这3种屋面进行降雨径流监测,比较不同材料屋面径流污染物浓度、冲刷规律以及初期冲刷效应.结果表明暴雨事件中,小青瓦屋面径流中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数和总悬浮物(TSS)的事件平均浓度(event mean concentration,EMC)约为水泥瓦屋面的4～9倍;小青瓦屋面径流污染物浓度变化受雨强影响程度大于水泥瓦屋面,其中TP和TSS的浓度变化趋势和雨强变化趋势的Pearson相关系数r分别为0. 853和0. 822;各材料屋面的初期冲刷强度呈水泥瓦屋面>混凝土屋面>小青瓦屋面,分别截流3种屋面初期径流的31. 5%、58. 0%和60. 4%,可以完成削减60. 0%的屋面径流污染负荷量的目标.如果未具体区分瓦屋面材料,用水泥瓦屋面径流污染物的EMC估算古建筑聚集区的屋面污染负荷量,将严重低估暴雨事件中TN、TP、TSS和高锰酸盐指数的实际排放量,表明精细化区分屋面材料对提高城市面源负荷估算精度具有重要意义.
It is of great significance to analyze the runoff pollution load characteristics of different roof materials to improve the estimation accuracy of urban non-point source pollution loads. Yangzhou City was selected as the study area. There,three types of roofs were chosen for rainfall-runoff monitoring,including a Chinese style tile roof,cement tile roof,and concrete flat roof. The pollutant concentrations,scour law,and first flush effect of the three types of roofs were compared. The results show that the event mean concentration( EMC) of total nitrogen( TN),total phosphorus( TP),permanganate index,and total suspended solids( TSS) in the runoff of Chinese style tile roofs are around 4-9 times that in the runoff of cement tile roofs. The rainfall intensity exhibits stronger effect on the change in pollutant concentrations of runoff from the Chinese style tile roof than that from the cement tile roof. The Pearson correlation coefficients( r) of rainfall intensity against TP and TSS in time series were 0. 853 and 0. 822,respectively. The first flush intensities of the three types of roof materials were in the order cement tile roof > concrete flat roof > Chinese style tile roof. It was found that 60. 0% of the roof runoff pollution load could be reduced by intercepting 31. 5%,58. 0%,and 60. 4% of the initial runoff for the Chinese style tile roof,the cement tile roof,and the concrete flat roof,respectively. The actual emissions of TN,TP,and TSS,and the permanganate index in rainstorm events would be significantly underestimated when roof materials are not distinguished. This would have negative effects on the pollution control of urban non-point sources. It is demonstrated that the fine distinction of roof materials is able to improve the estimation accuracy of urban non-point source loads.
It is of great significance to analyze the runoff pollution load characteristics of different roof materials to improve the estimation accuracy of urban non-point source pollution loads. Yangzhou City was selected as the study area. There,three types of roofs were chosen for rainfall-runoff monitoring,including a Chinese style tile roof,cement tile roof,and concrete flat roof. The pollutant concentrations,scour law,and first flush effect of the three types of roofs were compared. The results show that the event mean concentration( EMC) of total nitrogen( TN),total phosphorus( TP),permanganate index,and total suspended solids( TSS) in the runoff of Chinese style tile roofs are around 4-9 times that in the runoff of cement tile roofs. The rainfall intensity exhibits stronger effect on the change in pollutant concentrations of runoff from the Chinese style tile roof than that from the cement tile roof. The Pearson correlation coefficients( r) of rainfall intensity against TP and TSS in time series were 0. 853 and 0. 822,respectively. The first flush intensities of the three types of roof materials were in the order cement tile roof > concrete flat roof > Chinese style tile roof. It was found that 60. 0% of the roof runoff pollution load could be reduced by intercepting 31. 5%,58. 0%,and 60. 4% of the initial runoff for the Chinese style tile roof,the cement tile roof,and the concrete flat roof,respectively. The actual emissions of TN,TP,and TSS,and the permanganate index in rainstorm events would be significantly underestimated when roof materials are not distinguished. This would have negative effects on the pollution control of urban non-point sources. It is demonstrated that the fine distinction of roof materials is able to improve the estimation accuracy of urban non-point source loads.
引文
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[13]F9rster J.Variability of roof runoff quality[J].Water Science and Technology,1999,39(5):137-144.
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[16]何梦男,张劲,陈诚,等.上海市淀北片降雨径流过程污染时空特性分析[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(2):536-545.He M N,Zhang J,Chen C,et al.Analysis of the temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall-runoff pollution in Dianbei basin of Shanghai[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(2):536-545.
[17]HJ 494-2009,水质采样技术指导[S].
[18]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[19]Sartor J D,Boyd G B,Agardy F J.Water pollution aspects of street surface contaminants[J].Journal(Water Pollution Control Federation),1974,46(3):458-467.
[20]Deletic A.The first flush load of urban surface runoff[J].Water Research,1998,32(8):2462-2470.
[21]尹澄清.城市面源污染的控制原理和技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.
[22]王彪,李田,孟莹莹,等.屋面径流中营养物质的分布形态研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(11):3035-3042.Wang B,Li T,Meng Y Y,et al.Distribution form of nutrients in roof runoff[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(11):3035-3042.
[23]任玉芬,王效科,欧阳志云,等.北京城市典型下垫面降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应分析[J].环境科学,2013,34(1):373-378.Ren Y F,Wang X K,Ouyang Z Y,et al.Analysis of first flush effect of typical underlying surface runoff in Beijing urban city[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(1):373-378.
[24]Yusop Z,Tan L W,Ujang Z,et al.Runoff quality and pollution loadings from a tropical urban catchment[J].Water Science&Technology:A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research,2005,52(9):125-132.
[25]王书敏.山地城市面源污染时空分布特征研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2012.
[26]高勇.山地城市居民区面源污染特征及其控制研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.
[27]李立青,朱仁肖,郭树刚,等.基于源区监测的城市地表径流污染空间分异性研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(12):2896-2904.Li L Q,Zhu R X,Guo S G,et al.Research on spatial differentiation of urban stormwater runoff quality by source area monitoring[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(12):2896-2904.
[28]张静,周玉文,王中正,等.北方城市天然降雨中氨氮污染特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(6):129-134.Zhang J,Zhou Y W,Wang Z Z,et al.Characteristics of ammonia nitrogen pollution in natural rainfall of Chinese Northern city[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,39(6):129-134.
[29]Chang M,Mc Broom M W,Beasley R S.Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2004,73(4):307-315.
[30]魏伟.陶土瓦与通体彩色水泥瓦的对比[J].砖瓦,2011,(4):35-36.
[31]王闪,李敏,张立秋.不同屋面材料径流过程中重金属的污染特征[J].城市环境与城市生态,2015,28(3):35-38.Wang S,Li M,Zhang L Q.Characteristics analysis of heavy metal pollution in runoff from different types of roof[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2015,28(3):35-38.
[32]李春林,刘淼,胡远满,等.沈阳市降雨径流初期冲刷效应[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):5952-5961.Li C L,Liu M,Hu Y M,et al.Analysis of first flush in rainfall runoff in Shenyang urban city[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(18):5952-5961.
[33]何流,陈文淼,张超.城市雨水径流污染控制研究[J].能源与环境,2011,(4):95-96.
[34]陆怡诚,纪桂霞,吕天恒,等.城市屋面雨水初期径流污染特征与规律研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2011,22(4):85-88.Lu Y C,Ji G X,Lv T H,et al.Research on the pollution characteristics and rule of runoff from roofs of urban buildings in primary stage[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,2011,22(4):85-88.
[2]Walsh C J,Fletcher T D,Burns M J.Urban stormwater runoff:a new class of environmental flow problem[J].PLo S One,2012,7(9):e45814.
[3]张千千,李向全,王效科,等.城市路面降雨径流污染特征及源解析的研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(2):352-358.Zhang Q Q,Li X Q,Wang X K,et al.Research advance in the characterization and source apportionment of pollutants in urban roadway runoff[J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,2014,23(2):352-358.
[4]贺缠生,傅伯杰,陈利顶.非点源污染的管理及控制[J].环境科学,1998,19(5):87-91.He C S,Fu B J,Chen L D.Non-point source pollution control and management[J].Environmental Science,1998,19(5):87-91.
[5]Perdikaki K,Mason C F.Impact of road run-off on receiving streams in eastern England[J].Water Research,1999,33(7):1627-1633.
[6]León L F,Soulis E D,Kouwen N,et al.Nonpoint source pollution:a distributed water quality modeling approach[J].Water Research,2001,35(4):997-1007.
[7]王和意.上海城市降雨径流污染过程及管理措施研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2005.
[8]侯培强,任玉芬,王效科,等.北京市城市降雨径流水质评价研究[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):71-75.Hou P Q,Ren Y F,Wang X K,et al.Research on evaluation of water quality of Beijing urban stormwater runoff[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(1):71-75.
[9]郝丽岭.重庆城市居民区不同下垫面降雨径流污染及其控制研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2012.
[10]张科峰.南京市屋面雨水径流水质特性研究[D].南京:东南大学,2011.
[11]刘守城,何兆芳,张烨,等.屋面雨水径流水质特性研究[J].环境科技,2012,25(6):28-31.Liu S C,He Z F,Zhang Y,et al.Characteristics of the roof runoff water quality[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2012,25(6):28-31.
[12]Larsen T,Broch K,Andersen M R.First flush effects in an urban catchment area in aalborg[J].Water Science and Technology,1998,37(1):251-257.
[13]F9rster J.Variability of roof runoff quality[J].Water Science and Technology,1999,39(5):137-144.
[14]丁纯,何金发,王少鹏,等.扬州市水环境现状和治理对策研究[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012.440-449.
[15]GB/T 28592-2012,降水量等级[S].
[16]何梦男,张劲,陈诚,等.上海市淀北片降雨径流过程污染时空特性分析[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(2):536-545.He M N,Zhang J,Chen C,et al.Analysis of the temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall-runoff pollution in Dianbei basin of Shanghai[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(2):536-545.
[17]HJ 494-2009,水质采样技术指导[S].
[18]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[19]Sartor J D,Boyd G B,Agardy F J.Water pollution aspects of street surface contaminants[J].Journal(Water Pollution Control Federation),1974,46(3):458-467.
[20]Deletic A.The first flush load of urban surface runoff[J].Water Research,1998,32(8):2462-2470.
[21]尹澄清.城市面源污染的控制原理和技术[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.
[22]王彪,李田,孟莹莹,等.屋面径流中营养物质的分布形态研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(11):3035-3042.Wang B,Li T,Meng Y Y,et al.Distribution form of nutrients in roof runoff[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(11):3035-3042.
[23]任玉芬,王效科,欧阳志云,等.北京城市典型下垫面降雨径流污染初始冲刷效应分析[J].环境科学,2013,34(1):373-378.Ren Y F,Wang X K,Ouyang Z Y,et al.Analysis of first flush effect of typical underlying surface runoff in Beijing urban city[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(1):373-378.
[24]Yusop Z,Tan L W,Ujang Z,et al.Runoff quality and pollution loadings from a tropical urban catchment[J].Water Science&Technology:A Journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research,2005,52(9):125-132.
[25]王书敏.山地城市面源污染时空分布特征研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2012.
[26]高勇.山地城市居民区面源污染特征及其控制研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.
[27]李立青,朱仁肖,郭树刚,等.基于源区监测的城市地表径流污染空间分异性研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(12):2896-2904.Li L Q,Zhu R X,Guo S G,et al.Research on spatial differentiation of urban stormwater runoff quality by source area monitoring[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(12):2896-2904.
[28]张静,周玉文,王中正,等.北方城市天然降雨中氨氮污染特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(6):129-134.Zhang J,Zhou Y W,Wang Z Z,et al.Characteristics of ammonia nitrogen pollution in natural rainfall of Chinese Northern city[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2016,39(6):129-134.
[29]Chang M,Mc Broom M W,Beasley R S.Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2004,73(4):307-315.
[30]魏伟.陶土瓦与通体彩色水泥瓦的对比[J].砖瓦,2011,(4):35-36.
[31]王闪,李敏,张立秋.不同屋面材料径流过程中重金属的污染特征[J].城市环境与城市生态,2015,28(3):35-38.Wang S,Li M,Zhang L Q.Characteristics analysis of heavy metal pollution in runoff from different types of roof[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2015,28(3):35-38.
[32]李春林,刘淼,胡远满,等.沈阳市降雨径流初期冲刷效应[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):5952-5961.Li C L,Liu M,Hu Y M,et al.Analysis of first flush in rainfall runoff in Shenyang urban city[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(18):5952-5961.
[33]何流,陈文淼,张超.城市雨水径流污染控制研究[J].能源与环境,2011,(4):95-96.
[34]陆怡诚,纪桂霞,吕天恒,等.城市屋面雨水初期径流污染特征与规律研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2011,22(4):85-88.Lu Y C,Ji G X,Lv T H,et al.Research on the pollution characteristics and rule of runoff from roofs of urban buildings in primary stage[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,2011,22(4):85-88.
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