位置-价值联结引发的注意捕获及其机制
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摘要
采用两阶段的训练-测试范式,本研究考察空间位置-价值联结能否引发注意捕获及其产生的机制。在训练阶段的任务中,被试对出现在10个位置中的2个相邻位置的红色目标圆环反应高概率的获得高奖励反馈,而对出现在另外2个相邻位置的红色目标圆环反应高概率的获得低奖励反馈,其它6个位置为中性位置,目标不会出现在这些位置。在测试阶段的任务中,要求被试在10个具有不同颜色的图形中搜索唯一的方形或圆形,刺激的空间位置分布与训练阶段相同。在一半试次中,红色圆环作为分心物出现。结果发现,当红色的分心物出现在训练阶段的高奖励位置上时,被试搜索目标的反应时变慢,捕获了注意;而当其出现在中性位置和低奖励位置时都不能捕获注意。研究结果表明:(1)存在基于具体空间位置的价值驱动的捕获效应;(2)注意捕获效应的泛化不是由扩散效应导致的。
The present study explored whether location-value association can capture attention or not and underlying mechanism, using a training-testing paradigm. In the training phase, red target circle appeared in one of four possible locations. Correct responses would acquired high reward when targets appeared in the two adjacent locations and acquired low reward when targets appeared in the other two adjacent locations. The other six locations were neutral, and no target was in there. In the testing phase, participants were instructed to search unique shape, and the red shape was presented as distractor. The results showed that the red stimuli elicits valuedriven attentional capture when it was presented in the locations associated with high reward. However, when it was presented in the locations associated with low reward or other neutral locations, value-driven attentional capture did not occurred. The results indicated that 1) there was the effect of value-dirven attentional capture based on specific spatial location; 2) the effect of valuedriven attentional capture was not attributed to the diffusing effect.
The present study explored whether location-value association can capture attention or not and underlying mechanism, using a training-testing paradigm. In the training phase, red target circle appeared in one of four possible locations. Correct responses would acquired high reward when targets appeared in the two adjacent locations and acquired low reward when targets appeared in the other two adjacent locations. The other six locations were neutral, and no target was in there. In the testing phase, participants were instructed to search unique shape, and the red shape was presented as distractor. The results showed that the red stimuli elicits valuedriven attentional capture when it was presented in the locations associated with high reward. However, when it was presented in the locations associated with low reward or other neutral locations, value-driven attentional capture did not occurred. The results indicated that 1) there was the effect of value-dirven attentional capture based on specific spatial location; 2) the effect of valuedriven attentional capture was not attributed to the diffusing effect.
引文
白学军,刘丽,宋娟,郭志英.(2016).特征和位置信息在价值驱动注意捕获中的作用.心理学报,48(11),1357-1369.
范玲霞,齐森青,郭仁露,黄博,杨东.(2014).奖励影响注意选择的认知加工机制.心理科学进展,22(10),1573-1584.
刘丽,李运,李力红,白学军.(2014).自上而下的注意控制定势在注意捕获中的作用.心理学报,46(10),1442-1453.
ANDERSON,B.A.(2013).A value-driven mechanism of attentional selection.Journal of Vision,13,7.
ANDERSON,B.A.(2015).Value-driven attentional capture is modulated by spatial context.Visual Cognition,23(1-2),67-81,doi:10.1080/13506285.2014.956851.
ANDERSON,B.A.,LAURENT,P.A.,&YANTIS,S.(2011).Valuedriven attentional capture.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,108(25),10367-10371,doi:10.1073/pnas.1104047108.
CHELAZZI,L.,E?TO?INOVá,J.,CALLETTI,R.,LO GERFO,E.,SANI,I.,DELLA LIBERA,C.,&SANTANDREA,E.(2014).Altering spatial priority maps via reward-based learning.The Journal of Neuroscience,34(25),8594-8604,doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0277-14.2014.
DELLA LIBERA,C.,&CHELAZZI,L.(2009).Learning to attend and to ignore is a matter of gains and losses.Psychological Science,20(6),778-784,doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02360.x.
FOLK,C.L.,REMINGTON,R.W.,&JOHNSTON,J.C.(1992).Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,18(4),1030-1044,doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1030.
HICKEY,C.,CHELAZZI,L.,&THEEUWES,J.(2010).Reward changes salience in human vision via the anterior cingulate.The Journal of Neuroscience,30(33),11096-11103,doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1026-10.2010.
KREBS,R.M.,BOEHLER,C.N.,&WOLDORFF,M.G.(2010).The influence of reward associations on conflict processing in the Stroop task.Cognition,117(3),341-347,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.018.
LAURENT,P.A.,HALL,M.G.,ANDERSON,B.A.,&YANTIS,S.(2015).Valuable orientations capture attention.Visual Cognition,23(1-2),133-146,doi:10.1080/13506285.2014.965242.
MACLEAN,M.H.,&GIESBRECHT,B.(2015a).Irrelevant reward and selection histories have different influences on task-relevant attentional selection.Attention,Perception,and Psychophysics,77(5),1515-1528,doi:10.3758/s13414-015-0851-3.
MACLEAN,M.H.,&GIESBRECHT,B.(2015b).Neural evidence reveals the rapid effects of reward history on selective attention.Brain Research,1606,86-94,doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.016.
QI,S.Q.,ZENG,Q.H.,DING,C.,&LI,H.(2013).Neural correlates of reward-driven attentional capture in visual search.Brain Research,1532,32-43,doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.044.
ST?RMER,V.,EPPINGER,B.,&LI,S.C.(2014).Reward speeds up and increases consistency of visual selective attention:A lifespan comparison.Cognitive,Affective,and Behavioral Neuroscience,14(2),659-671,doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0273-z.
THEEUWES,J.(1992).Perceptual selectivity for color and form.Perception and Psychophysics,51(6),599-606,doi:10.3758/BF03211656.
TREISMAN,A.(1992).Perceiving and re-perceiving objects.American Psychologist,47(7),862-875,doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.7.862.
WANG,L.H.,YU,H.B.,&ZHOU,X.L.(2013).Interaction between value and perceptual salience in value-driven attentional capture.Journal of Vision,13(3),pii:5,doi:10.1167/13.3.5.
YOKOYAMA,T.,PADMALA,S.,&PESSOA,L.(2015).Reward learning and negative emotion during rapid attentional competition.Frontiers in Psychology,6,269.
范玲霞,齐森青,郭仁露,黄博,杨东.(2014).奖励影响注意选择的认知加工机制.心理科学进展,22(10),1573-1584.
刘丽,李运,李力红,白学军.(2014).自上而下的注意控制定势在注意捕获中的作用.心理学报,46(10),1442-1453.
ANDERSON,B.A.(2013).A value-driven mechanism of attentional selection.Journal of Vision,13,7.
ANDERSON,B.A.(2015).Value-driven attentional capture is modulated by spatial context.Visual Cognition,23(1-2),67-81,doi:10.1080/13506285.2014.956851.
ANDERSON,B.A.,LAURENT,P.A.,&YANTIS,S.(2011).Valuedriven attentional capture.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,108(25),10367-10371,doi:10.1073/pnas.1104047108.
CHELAZZI,L.,E?TO?INOVá,J.,CALLETTI,R.,LO GERFO,E.,SANI,I.,DELLA LIBERA,C.,&SANTANDREA,E.(2014).Altering spatial priority maps via reward-based learning.The Journal of Neuroscience,34(25),8594-8604,doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0277-14.2014.
DELLA LIBERA,C.,&CHELAZZI,L.(2009).Learning to attend and to ignore is a matter of gains and losses.Psychological Science,20(6),778-784,doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02360.x.
FOLK,C.L.,REMINGTON,R.W.,&JOHNSTON,J.C.(1992).Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,18(4),1030-1044,doi:10.1037/0096-1523.18.4.1030.
HICKEY,C.,CHELAZZI,L.,&THEEUWES,J.(2010).Reward changes salience in human vision via the anterior cingulate.The Journal of Neuroscience,30(33),11096-11103,doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1026-10.2010.
KREBS,R.M.,BOEHLER,C.N.,&WOLDORFF,M.G.(2010).The influence of reward associations on conflict processing in the Stroop task.Cognition,117(3),341-347,doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.08.018.
LAURENT,P.A.,HALL,M.G.,ANDERSON,B.A.,&YANTIS,S.(2015).Valuable orientations capture attention.Visual Cognition,23(1-2),133-146,doi:10.1080/13506285.2014.965242.
MACLEAN,M.H.,&GIESBRECHT,B.(2015a).Irrelevant reward and selection histories have different influences on task-relevant attentional selection.Attention,Perception,and Psychophysics,77(5),1515-1528,doi:10.3758/s13414-015-0851-3.
MACLEAN,M.H.,&GIESBRECHT,B.(2015b).Neural evidence reveals the rapid effects of reward history on selective attention.Brain Research,1606,86-94,doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.016.
QI,S.Q.,ZENG,Q.H.,DING,C.,&LI,H.(2013).Neural correlates of reward-driven attentional capture in visual search.Brain Research,1532,32-43,doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.044.
ST?RMER,V.,EPPINGER,B.,&LI,S.C.(2014).Reward speeds up and increases consistency of visual selective attention:A lifespan comparison.Cognitive,Affective,and Behavioral Neuroscience,14(2),659-671,doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0273-z.
THEEUWES,J.(1992).Perceptual selectivity for color and form.Perception and Psychophysics,51(6),599-606,doi:10.3758/BF03211656.
TREISMAN,A.(1992).Perceiving and re-perceiving objects.American Psychologist,47(7),862-875,doi:10.1037/0003-066X.47.7.862.
WANG,L.H.,YU,H.B.,&ZHOU,X.L.(2013).Interaction between value and perceptual salience in value-driven attentional capture.Journal of Vision,13(3),pii:5,doi:10.1167/13.3.5.
YOKOYAMA,T.,PADMALA,S.,&PESSOA,L.(2015).Reward learning and negative emotion during rapid attentional competition.Frontiers in Psychology,6,269.
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