沙粒荷电测量系统设计及沙粒荷电量测量仿真
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摘要
自然环境中的沙尘带电现象可能会威胁输电线路的安全运行,准确获取沙尘的荷电特性对于定量模拟真实的风沙带电环境,研究风沙天气对外绝缘特性的影响具有非常重要意义。该文设计了一套沙粒荷电测量系统,该系统采用直流电晕方式荷电、通过装设平行电极板和开孔屏蔽盘滤除空气离子与外界电场对测量结果的干扰,并使用高阻计高精度测量沙粒的荷电量。利用此实验系统开展了不同直流电压下沙粒荷质比变化规律的研究,并基于固体荷电理论数值模拟了沙粒的荷电过程,实验结果与模拟计算结果吻合,两者均表明:沙粒荷质比随直流电压的升高线性增长。实验测量的最大沙粒荷质比超过±30mC/kg,达到了国内外学者在野外沙尘天气中测得的沙尘荷质比量值,研究结果可用于未来定量模拟真实的风沙带电环境,具有一定的工程指导意义。
Charged sand in natural environment may threaten the safe operation of transmission lines. It is significant to accurately obtain the charging characteristic of sand, which can be used to quantitatively simulate the real electrified environment of sandstorm and study the influence of dusty weather on the external insulation characteristics. In this paper, a sand charge measurement system was proposed. The DC corona method was adopted to make sand charged. The interference of air ions and the external electric field on the measurement result were filtered by installing parallel electrode plates and opening shielding plate. In addition, the charge of sands were accurately measured by the high resistance meter. By using this system, the study on the law of sand's charge-to-mass ratio under different DC voltages was carried out. Meanwhile, the charging process of sand was numerically simulated based on the solid charging theory. The experimental results were in good agreement with the simulation results. Both of them indicate that the charge-to-mass ratio of sand increases linearly with the increase of DC voltage. The measured charge-to-mass ratio of sand exceeds ±30μC/kg, reaching the values measured by domestic and foreign scholars in wild dust weather. The research results can be employed to quantitatively simulate the real electrified sandstorm in future, which has certain engineering guiding significance.
Charged sand in natural environment may threaten the safe operation of transmission lines. It is significant to accurately obtain the charging characteristic of sand, which can be used to quantitatively simulate the real electrified environment of sandstorm and study the influence of dusty weather on the external insulation characteristics. In this paper, a sand charge measurement system was proposed. The DC corona method was adopted to make sand charged. The interference of air ions and the external electric field on the measurement result were filtered by installing parallel electrode plates and opening shielding plate. In addition, the charge of sands were accurately measured by the high resistance meter. By using this system, the study on the law of sand's charge-to-mass ratio under different DC voltages was carried out. Meanwhile, the charging process of sand was numerically simulated based on the solid charging theory. The experimental results were in good agreement with the simulation results. Both of them indicate that the charge-to-mass ratio of sand increases linearly with the increase of DC voltage. The measured charge-to-mass ratio of sand exceeds ±30μC/kg, reaching the values measured by domestic and foreign scholars in wild dust weather. The research results can be employed to quantitatively simulate the real electrified sandstorm in future, which has certain engineering guiding significance.
引文
[1]冯鑫媛，王式功，程一帆，等．中国北方中西部沙尘暴气候特征[J]．中国沙漠，2010,30(2):394-399.Feng Xinyuan,Wang Shigong,Cheng Yifan,et al.Climatic characteristics of dust storms in the middle and west of Northern China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(2):394-399(in Chinese).
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[3]钱正安，宋敏红，李万元．近50年来中国北方沙尘暴的分布及变化趋势分析[J]．中国沙漠，2002,22(2):106-111.Qian Zheng’an,Song Minhong,Li Wanyuan.Analyses on distributive variation and forecast of sand-dust storms in recent 50 Years in North China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2002,22(2):106-111(in Chinese).
[4]朱雷，刘云鹏，耿江海．高海拔沙尘条件下750kV输电线路导线电晕损失特性(英文)[J]．中国电机工程学报，2015,35(22):5924-5932.Zhu Lei,Liu Yunpeng,Geng Jianghai.Influence of sandy condition on corona loss characteristic of the 750kV bundle conductors in high altitude area[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(22):5924-5932(in Chinese).
[5]陆家榆，何堃，马晓倩，等．空中颗粒物对直流电晕放电影响研究现状：颗粒物空间电荷效应[J]．中国电机工程学报，2015,35(23):6222-6234.Lu Jiayu,He Kun,MA Xiaoqian,et al.Current status of study on the effects of airborne particles on DC corona discharge:Space-charge Effect of Particles[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(23):6222-6234(in Chinese).
[6]王萍，胡文文，郑晓静．沙粒的跃移与悬移[J]．中国科学G辑：植物学力学天文学，2008,38(7):908-918.Wang Ping,Hu Wenwen,Zheng Xiaojing.The Transition and Suspending of Sand Particles[J].Chinese Science of Science,2008,38(7):908-918(in Chinese).
[7] Ansari A J,Evans B G.Microwave propagation in sand and dust storms[J].IEE Proceedings F-Communications,Radar and Signal Processing,2008,129(5):315-322.
[8] Gill E W B. Frictional electrification of sand[J].Journal of Glaciology,1949,1(5):230-230.
[9] Rudge W A D.On some sources of disturbance of the normal atmospheric potential gradient[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society A:Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,1914,90(622):571-582.
[10] Kunkel W B.The static electrification of dust particles on dispersion into a cloud[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1950,21(8):820-832.
[11] Fuerstenau S,Wilson G.A particle charge spectrometer for determining the charge and size of individual dust grains on Mars[C]//Morgan H.Electrostatics 2003.Series:Institute of Physics Conference Series.Taylor&Francis,2003:143-148,.
[12] Awad M M,Said H M,Arafa B A,et al.Effect of sandstorms with charged particles on the flashover and breakdown of transmission lines[J],2002.
[13] Sima W,Yang Q,Ma Gaquan,et al.Experiments and analysis of sand dust flashover of the flat plate model[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2010,17(2):572-581.
[14]司马文霞，程浩，杨庆，等．沙尘环境下绝缘子交流闪络特性及机理[J]．高电压技术，2011,37(4):834-840.Sima Wenxia,Cheng Hao,Yang Qing,et al.AC Flashover performance and mechanism of insulator in wind sand environment[J].High Voltage Engineering,2011,37(4):834-840(in Chinese).
[15]司马文霞，杨庆，吴亮，等．平板模型沿面工频沙尘闪络特性的试验研究及放电机制分析[J]．中国电机工程学报，2010,30(1):6-13.Sima Wenxia,Yang Qing,Wu Liang,et al.Experiment research and mechanism analysis on the sand dust flashover of flat plate model under AC voltage[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(1):6-13.
[16]张鸿发，王涛，屈建军，等．沙尘暴电效应的实验观测研究[J]．地球物理学报，2004,47(1):47-53.Zhang Hongfa,Wang Tao,Qu Jianjun,et al.An experimental and observational study on the electric effect of sandstorms[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(1):47-53(in Chinese).
[17] Schmidt D S,Schmidt R A,Dent J D.Electrostatic force on saltating sand[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1998,103(D8):8997-9001.
[18] Zhang Hongfa,Wang Tao,Qu Jianjun,et al.An experimental and observational study on the electric effect of sandstorms[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(1):53-60.
[19] Qu Jianjun,Yan Muhong,Dong Guangrong,et al.Wind tunnel simulation experiment and investigation on the electrification of sandstorms[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2004,47(6):529-539.
[20] Bo Tianli,Zhang Huan,Zheng Xiaojing.Charge-to-mass ratio of saltating particles in wind-blown sand[J].Science Reports,2014,4:5590.
[21] Hu Wenwen,Xie Li,Zheng Xiaojing.Simulation of the electrification of wind-blown sand[J]. The European Physical Journal E,2012,35:22.
[22]胡文文．风沙流中沙粒带电机理及荷质比研究[D]．兰州：兰州大学，2012.Hu Wenwen.A study on charging mechanism of sand grains and charge-to-mass ratio in wind-blown Saltation[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2012(in Chinese)
[23] Zheng Xiaojing,Huang Ning,Zhou Youhe.Laboratory measurement of electrification of wind-blown sands and simulation of its effect on sand saltation movement[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(D10):4322.
[24] Gomez A,Tang Keqi.Charge and fission of droplets in electrostatic sprays[J].Physics of Fluids,1994,6(1):404-414.
[25] Keskinen J,Pietarinen K,Lehtim?ki M.Electrical low pressure impactor[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,1992,23(4):353-360.
[26]陈志刚，孙英琨，储金宇，等．网状目标法测量雾滴或粉尘荷质比的精度分析[J]．排灌机械工程学报，2006,24(4):40-43.Chen Zhigang,Sun Yingkun,Chu Jinyu,et al.Study of measuring precision for charge to mass ratio by mesh target[J]. Drainage and Irrigation Machinery,2006,24(4):40-43(in Chinese).
[27]张宝峰，张连洪，李双义，等．法拉第杯直接测量颗粒荷电量的屏蔽问题[J]．物理测试，2003(3):15-17,23.Zhang Baofeng,Zhang Lianhong,Li Shuangyi,et al.The screening for directly determining the charges of particles by faladay cup[J].Physical Examination and Testing,2003(3):15-17,23(in Chinese).
[28]鲍重光．静电技术原理[M]．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1993.Bao Chongguang.Electrostatic technology principles[M].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology Press,1993(in Chinese).
[29]小奥格尔斯比S．电除尘器[M]．谭天裕，译．北京：水利电力出版社，1983.Oglesby S Jr.Electrostatic precipitat’or[M].Tan Tianyu,trans.Beijing:Water Power Press,1983.
[30] Cross J. Electrostatics, principles, problems and applications[M].Boca Raton:CRC Press,1987.
[31]骆仲泱，江建平，赵磊，等．不同电场中细颗粒物的荷电特性研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2014,34(23):3959-3969.Luo Zhongyang,Jiang Jianping,Zhao Lei,et al.Research on the charging of fine particulate in different electric fields[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(23):3959-3969(in Chinese).
[32] Wang L K,Pereira N C,Hung Y T.Air pollution control engineering[M]. Tsinghua University Press, 2000:459-463.
[33]王宝和，王喜忠．计算球形颗粒自由沉降速度的一种新方法[J]．粉体技术，1996,2(2):30-39.Wang Baohe, Wang Xizhong. A new method for calculation the free settling velocity of a spherodial particle[J].Powder Science and Technology,1996,2(2):30-39(in Chinese).
[34]刘云鹏，吴振扬，朱雷，等．基于迁移管法气压对氮气正电晕放电离子迁移率的影响[J]．电工技术学报，2016,31(22):223-229.Liu Yunpeng,Wu Zhenyang,Zhu Lei,et al.Influence of air pressure on corona discharge ion mobility of nitrogen based on drift tube method[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(22):223-229(in Chinese),
[35] Perry R H.PERRY化学工程手册[M].6版．北京：化学工业出版社，1992.Perry R H.Perry’s chemical engineer’s handbook[M].6th ed.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,1992(in Chinese).
[36]张新建，谭丹，叶齐政．偏心电偶极子模型在计算颗粒间相互作用力中的应用[J]．电工技术学报，2007,22(4):27-31.Zhang Xinjian,Tan Dan,Ye Qizheng.A displaced diploes model for calculating particles interaction force[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2007,22(4):27-31(in Chinese).
[37]严璋，朱德恒．高电压绝缘技术[M].3版．北京：中国电力出版社，2015.Yan Zhang, Zhu Deheng. High voltage insulation technology[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2015(in Chinese).
[2]邓鹤鸣，李勇杰，张伟，等．沙漠区域输电问题研究现状及展望[J]．高电压技术，2017,43(12):3850-3861.Deng Heming,Li Yongjie,Zhang Wei,et al.Statu and prospect on technical research of power transmission in desert areas[J].High Voltage Engineering,2017,43(12):3850-3861(in Chinese).
[3]钱正安，宋敏红，李万元．近50年来中国北方沙尘暴的分布及变化趋势分析[J]．中国沙漠，2002,22(2):106-111.Qian Zheng’an,Song Minhong,Li Wanyuan.Analyses on distributive variation and forecast of sand-dust storms in recent 50 Years in North China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2002,22(2):106-111(in Chinese).
[4]朱雷，刘云鹏，耿江海．高海拔沙尘条件下750kV输电线路导线电晕损失特性(英文)[J]．中国电机工程学报，2015,35(22):5924-5932.Zhu Lei,Liu Yunpeng,Geng Jianghai.Influence of sandy condition on corona loss characteristic of the 750kV bundle conductors in high altitude area[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(22):5924-5932(in Chinese).
[5]陆家榆，何堃，马晓倩，等．空中颗粒物对直流电晕放电影响研究现状：颗粒物空间电荷效应[J]．中国电机工程学报，2015,35(23):6222-6234.Lu Jiayu,He Kun,MA Xiaoqian,et al.Current status of study on the effects of airborne particles on DC corona discharge:Space-charge Effect of Particles[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2015,35(23):6222-6234(in Chinese).
[6]王萍，胡文文，郑晓静．沙粒的跃移与悬移[J]．中国科学G辑：植物学力学天文学，2008,38(7):908-918.Wang Ping,Hu Wenwen,Zheng Xiaojing.The Transition and Suspending of Sand Particles[J].Chinese Science of Science,2008,38(7):908-918(in Chinese).
[7] Ansari A J,Evans B G.Microwave propagation in sand and dust storms[J].IEE Proceedings F-Communications,Radar and Signal Processing,2008,129(5):315-322.
[8] Gill E W B. Frictional electrification of sand[J].Journal of Glaciology,1949,1(5):230-230.
[9] Rudge W A D.On some sources of disturbance of the normal atmospheric potential gradient[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society A:Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,1914,90(622):571-582.
[10] Kunkel W B.The static electrification of dust particles on dispersion into a cloud[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1950,21(8):820-832.
[11] Fuerstenau S,Wilson G.A particle charge spectrometer for determining the charge and size of individual dust grains on Mars[C]//Morgan H.Electrostatics 2003.Series:Institute of Physics Conference Series.Taylor&Francis,2003:143-148,.
[12] Awad M M,Said H M,Arafa B A,et al.Effect of sandstorms with charged particles on the flashover and breakdown of transmission lines[J],2002.
[13] Sima W,Yang Q,Ma Gaquan,et al.Experiments and analysis of sand dust flashover of the flat plate model[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2010,17(2):572-581.
[14]司马文霞，程浩，杨庆，等．沙尘环境下绝缘子交流闪络特性及机理[J]．高电压技术，2011,37(4):834-840.Sima Wenxia,Cheng Hao,Yang Qing,et al.AC Flashover performance and mechanism of insulator in wind sand environment[J].High Voltage Engineering,2011,37(4):834-840(in Chinese).
[15]司马文霞，杨庆，吴亮，等．平板模型沿面工频沙尘闪络特性的试验研究及放电机制分析[J]．中国电机工程学报，2010,30(1):6-13.Sima Wenxia,Yang Qing,Wu Liang,et al.Experiment research and mechanism analysis on the sand dust flashover of flat plate model under AC voltage[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(1):6-13.
[16]张鸿发，王涛，屈建军，等．沙尘暴电效应的实验观测研究[J]．地球物理学报，2004,47(1):47-53.Zhang Hongfa,Wang Tao,Qu Jianjun,et al.An experimental and observational study on the electric effect of sandstorms[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(1):47-53(in Chinese).
[17] Schmidt D S,Schmidt R A,Dent J D.Electrostatic force on saltating sand[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1998,103(D8):8997-9001.
[18] Zhang Hongfa,Wang Tao,Qu Jianjun,et al.An experimental and observational study on the electric effect of sandstorms[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(1):53-60.
[19] Qu Jianjun,Yan Muhong,Dong Guangrong,et al.Wind tunnel simulation experiment and investigation on the electrification of sandstorms[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2004,47(6):529-539.
[20] Bo Tianli,Zhang Huan,Zheng Xiaojing.Charge-to-mass ratio of saltating particles in wind-blown sand[J].Science Reports,2014,4:5590.
[21] Hu Wenwen,Xie Li,Zheng Xiaojing.Simulation of the electrification of wind-blown sand[J]. The European Physical Journal E,2012,35:22.
[22]胡文文．风沙流中沙粒带电机理及荷质比研究[D]．兰州：兰州大学，2012.Hu Wenwen.A study on charging mechanism of sand grains and charge-to-mass ratio in wind-blown Saltation[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2012(in Chinese)
[23] Zheng Xiaojing,Huang Ning,Zhou Youhe.Laboratory measurement of electrification of wind-blown sands and simulation of its effect on sand saltation movement[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2003,108(D10):4322.
[24] Gomez A,Tang Keqi.Charge and fission of droplets in electrostatic sprays[J].Physics of Fluids,1994,6(1):404-414.
[25] Keskinen J,Pietarinen K,Lehtim?ki M.Electrical low pressure impactor[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,1992,23(4):353-360.
[26]陈志刚，孙英琨，储金宇，等．网状目标法测量雾滴或粉尘荷质比的精度分析[J]．排灌机械工程学报，2006,24(4):40-43.Chen Zhigang,Sun Yingkun,Chu Jinyu,et al.Study of measuring precision for charge to mass ratio by mesh target[J]. Drainage and Irrigation Machinery,2006,24(4):40-43(in Chinese).
[27]张宝峰，张连洪，李双义，等．法拉第杯直接测量颗粒荷电量的屏蔽问题[J]．物理测试，2003(3):15-17,23.Zhang Baofeng,Zhang Lianhong,Li Shuangyi,et al.The screening for directly determining the charges of particles by faladay cup[J].Physical Examination and Testing,2003(3):15-17,23(in Chinese).
[28]鲍重光．静电技术原理[M]．北京：北京理工大学出版社，1993.Bao Chongguang.Electrostatic technology principles[M].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology Press,1993(in Chinese).
[29]小奥格尔斯比S．电除尘器[M]．谭天裕，译．北京：水利电力出版社，1983.Oglesby S Jr.Electrostatic precipitat’or[M].Tan Tianyu,trans.Beijing:Water Power Press,1983.
[30] Cross J. Electrostatics, principles, problems and applications[M].Boca Raton:CRC Press,1987.
[31]骆仲泱，江建平，赵磊，等．不同电场中细颗粒物的荷电特性研究[J]．中国电机工程学报，2014,34(23):3959-3969.Luo Zhongyang,Jiang Jianping,Zhao Lei,et al.Research on the charging of fine particulate in different electric fields[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(23):3959-3969(in Chinese).
[32] Wang L K,Pereira N C,Hung Y T.Air pollution control engineering[M]. Tsinghua University Press, 2000:459-463.
[33]王宝和，王喜忠．计算球形颗粒自由沉降速度的一种新方法[J]．粉体技术，1996,2(2):30-39.Wang Baohe, Wang Xizhong. A new method for calculation the free settling velocity of a spherodial particle[J].Powder Science and Technology,1996,2(2):30-39(in Chinese).
[34]刘云鹏，吴振扬，朱雷，等．基于迁移管法气压对氮气正电晕放电离子迁移率的影响[J]．电工技术学报，2016,31(22):223-229.Liu Yunpeng,Wu Zhenyang,Zhu Lei,et al.Influence of air pressure on corona discharge ion mobility of nitrogen based on drift tube method[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2016, 31(22):223-229(in Chinese),
[35] Perry R H.PERRY化学工程手册[M].6版．北京：化学工业出版社，1992.Perry R H.Perry’s chemical engineer’s handbook[M].6th ed.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,1992(in Chinese).
[36]张新建，谭丹，叶齐政．偏心电偶极子模型在计算颗粒间相互作用力中的应用[J]．电工技术学报，2007,22(4):27-31.Zhang Xinjian,Tan Dan,Ye Qizheng.A displaced diploes model for calculating particles interaction force[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2007,22(4):27-31(in Chinese).
[37]严璋，朱德恒．高电压绝缘技术[M].3版．北京：中国电力出版社，2015.Yan Zhang, Zhu Deheng. High voltage insulation technology[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Electric Power Press,2015(in Chinese).
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