京杭大运河“运河之脊”南旺分水枢纽生态智慧探析
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摘要
南旺分水枢纽是京杭大运河实现南北通航的重要组成部分,被誉为"江北都江堰",是交通性水利设施的典型代表,体现了中国华北平原治水工程的生态智慧。通过系统梳理南旺分水枢纽区域格局的历史演变,可以发现水源探寻和漕运兴衰贯穿整个大运河山东段发展历程,体现了区域环境的"适地性"和运河与聚落"共生性"的生态智慧。在区域选址方面,以整体环境观为理念,连通区域水系;在枢纽组织方面,遵循系统性原则,构建梯级式功能网络;在营造技术方面,主动适应并适度改造自然环境,科学合理地构建"拦、引、分、蓄、排"不同功能的水利设施,实现通航。南旺分水枢纽与周边城乡聚落形成了"因河而兴,农商一体"的互动共生关系,通过严格管控和协同管理,确保漕运功能,从而实现财赋北进和政治一统的国家战略。南旺分水枢纽所蕴含的适应华北平原的"适地性"和"共生性"的生态智慧和生态实践,对中国北方平原地区的生态、社会、经济的可持续发展具有实践指导意义。
Nanwang Water-diversion Hydro-junction is an important part of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to achieve navigation between the north and the south of China. Known as the "Dujiangyan in the north", it is a typical representative of traffic water conservancy facilities, reflecting the ecological wisdom of water control projects in the North China Plain. By systematically combing the historical evolution of Nanwang Water-diversion Hydro-junction's pattern, we have found that the exploration of water sources and the rise and fall of canal transportation have penetrated the development of the Shandong section of the Grand Canal. In the meantime, it reflects the ecological wisdom of "natural adaptability" and"settlement symbiosis". Nanwang Water-diversion Hydro-junction takes the overall environmental concept and connects with the regional water network. In terms of the hub organization, it follows the principle of systematization to build a ladder-type functional network. In terms of technology, Nanwang Waterdiversion Hydro-junction adapts to and moderately transforms the natural environment. It has scientifically and rationally constructed water conservancy facilities to realize the functions of "blocking, diversion,dividing, impoundment and drainage" while achieving navigation. Nanwang Water-diversion Hydrojunction and the surrounding settlements have formed an interactive symbiotic relationship featuring"prosperity because of the canal" and "integration of agriculture and business". Through strict control and collaborative management, it has ensured the function of water-transportation, thus achieving the national strategy of financial transfer northward and political unification. The ecological wisdom and practice of"natural adaptability" and "symbiosis" in Nanwang Water-diversion Hydro-junction has practical guiding significance for the sustainable development of ecological, social and economic in the North China Plain.
Nanwang Water-diversion Hydro-junction is an important part of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to achieve navigation between the north and the south of China. Known as the "Dujiangyan in the north", it is a typical representative of traffic water conservancy facilities, reflecting the ecological wisdom of water control projects in the North China Plain. By systematically combing the historical evolution of Nanwang Water-diversion Hydro-junction's pattern, we have found that the exploration of water sources and the rise and fall of canal transportation have penetrated the development of the Shandong section of the Grand Canal. In the meantime, it reflects the ecological wisdom of "natural adaptability" and"settlement symbiosis". Nanwang Water-diversion Hydro-junction takes the overall environmental concept and connects with the regional water network. In terms of the hub organization, it follows the principle of systematization to build a ladder-type functional network. In terms of technology, Nanwang Waterdiversion Hydro-junction adapts to and moderately transforms the natural environment. It has scientifically and rationally constructed water conservancy facilities to realize the functions of "blocking, diversion,dividing, impoundment and drainage" while achieving navigation. Nanwang Water-diversion Hydrojunction and the surrounding settlements have formed an interactive symbiotic relationship featuring"prosperity because of the canal" and "integration of agriculture and business". Through strict control and collaborative management, it has ensured the function of water-transportation, thus achieving the national strategy of financial transfer northward and political unification. The ecological wisdom and practice of"natural adaptability" and "symbiosis" in Nanwang Water-diversion Hydro-junction has practical guiding significance for the sustainable development of ecological, social and economic in the North China Plain.
引文
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[26]吴欣.大运河文化的内涵与价值[N].光明日报,2018-02-05(14).
[2]李奕成,张薇,王墨,等.品不够的风景:都江堰水利工程系统的生态智慧及人居意义[J].现代城市研究,2018(5):124-132.
[3]毛华松,杜春兰,陈心怡.“西湖文化”的生态智慧及其现实意义探索[J].风景园林,2014(6):59-63.
[4]车越,杨凯.发挥河网调蓄功能消减城市雨洪灾害:基于传统生态智慧的思考[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):4946-4948.
[5]杨会会,闫水玉,任天漫.丽江古城适应水文环境的生态智慧研究[J].风景园林,2014(6):54-58.
[6]张建华.农耕时代济南泉城聚落环境景观的溯考与思索:有感于济南泉水申遗走入国家程序之时[J].城市规划,2011,35(3):89-93.
[7]潘明涛.海河平原水环境与水利研究(1360—1945)[D].天津:南开大学,2014.
[8]姚汉源.京杭运河史[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998:146.
[9]苏天爵.元朝名臣事略:第2卷[M].北京:中华书局,1985:20.
[10]汶上县水利志编纂办公室.汶上县水利志[M].济宁:济宁市新闻出版局,1991:58.
[11]奚雪松.实现整体保护与可持续利用的大运河遗产廊道构建:概念、途径与设想[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2012:93.
[12]何乔远.名山藏[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1993:2769-2770.
[13]傅泽洪.行水金鉴:第121卷[M].上海:商务印书馆,1936:1758.
[14]张志熙,刘靖宇.山东省东平县志[M].台北:成文出版社,1968:103-104.
[15]钟行明.明清山东运河船闸的空间分布与管理运作[J].建筑与文化,2016(5):120-121.
[16]张廷玉.明史:河渠志·三[M].北京:中华书局,1974:1336.
[17]王玉朋,高元杰.明清山东运河区域城市洪涝及御洪之策[J].聊城大学学报(社会科学版),2017(2):8-18.
[18]钟行明.明清山东运河水柜管理运作[J].建筑与文化,2016(6):214-215.
[19]李德楠.比较视野下的明清运河城市:以济宁、临清为例[J].中国名城,2015(7):84-90.
[20]孙竞昊.明清北方运河地区城市化途径与城市形态探析:以济宁为个案的研究[J].中国史研究,2016(3):145-174.
[21]王玉芬,王德椿.京杭运河·齐鲁风情:济宁卷[M].济南:山东人民出版社,2013:31-32.
[22]冀朝鼎,朱诗鳌.中国历史上的基本经济区与水利事业的发展[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981:114.
[23]曹志敏.清代山东运河补给及其对农业生态的影响[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(15):4944-4947.
[24]王颖.20世纪京杭运河(华北段)的变迁及其社会影响[D].天津:南开大学,2005.
[25]董兆瑞,高星.北京:担起大运河文化带“龙头”之责[N/OL].人民日报,2018-09-05[2018-11-28].http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2018/0905/c14540-32018692.html.
[26]吴欣.大运河文化的内涵与价值[N].光明日报,2018-02-05(14).
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