铅锌冶炼厂周边农田土壤重金属污染空间分布特征及风险评估
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摘要
以焦作某铅锌冶炼厂为例,采用网格布点法在冶炼厂周围64 km2范围内采集表层农田土壤样品135个.在实验室测定了土壤重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Ni、V、Co)含量,利用Arcgis 10.1进行克里格插值分析研究区域农田土壤中重金属的空间分布特征,并利用富集因子法、潜在生态风险以及健康风险模型对研究区域农田土壤中重金属污染状况及潜在风险进行评价.结果表明,研究区域农田土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn的平均值均高于河南省A层土壤元素背景值,Cd的平均值为国家土壤环境质量二级标准的2.8倍;研究区域内总体污染分布呈西高东低,中部冶炼厂附近为Pb、Cd重度污染区,在3 km范围内距离工厂越近污染越严重.在研究区域内,Cd为重度污染,部分样点Pb、Cu、Zn污染较严重,Cr、Co为轻度污染,Ni和V几乎不受工厂影响.风险评估结果显示,研究区域内Cd存在严重的潜在生态风险和健康风险,Pb、Cu存在较严重潜在生态风险,Cr存在较严重的致癌风险.
Surface farmland soil samples were collected from 135 different sites in a 64 km2 area around a lead and zinc smelter in Jiaozuo City,China.The concentration of the selected heavy metals(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Cd,Ni,V,and Co) was analyzed and the spatial distribution of these heavy metals in the farmland was determined using the kriging interpolation technique(Arc Gis 10.1).The enrichment factor,potential ecological risk model,and potential health risk model were used to assess the contamination level and potential risk of heavy metals in farmland surface soil.The results show that the average contents of Cd,Pb,Cr,and Zn in farmland soil are higher than the background content of these metals in the Henan Province and the average content of Cd is 2.8 times higher than that of class Ⅱ of the environmental quality standard for soils in China(GB 15618-1995).The heavy metal contamination in the west of the study area is higher than that in the east and the soil around the lead and zinc smelter(within 3 km) is severely contaminated with Pb and Cd,which is consistent with the location of the industries causing the pollution.The enrichment factors show that the soil is severely contaminated with Cd;partial sampling points are seriously contaminated with Pb,Cu,and Zn;the Cr and Co pollution is small;and Ni and V are almost not affected by human activities.The results of the risk assessment indicate that Cd poses serious ecological and health risks,Pb and Cu pose serious ecological risks,and Cr poses a serious cancer risk.
Surface farmland soil samples were collected from 135 different sites in a 64 km2 area around a lead and zinc smelter in Jiaozuo City,China.The concentration of the selected heavy metals(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Cd,Ni,V,and Co) was analyzed and the spatial distribution of these heavy metals in the farmland was determined using the kriging interpolation technique(Arc Gis 10.1).The enrichment factor,potential ecological risk model,and potential health risk model were used to assess the contamination level and potential risk of heavy metals in farmland surface soil.The results show that the average contents of Cd,Pb,Cr,and Zn in farmland soil are higher than the background content of these metals in the Henan Province and the average content of Cd is 2.8 times higher than that of class Ⅱ of the environmental quality standard for soils in China(GB 15618-1995).The heavy metal contamination in the west of the study area is higher than that in the east and the soil around the lead and zinc smelter(within 3 km) is severely contaminated with Pb and Cd,which is consistent with the location of the industries causing the pollution.The enrichment factors show that the soil is severely contaminated with Cd;partial sampling points are seriously contaminated with Pb,Cu,and Zn;the Cr and Co pollution is small;and Ni and V are almost not affected by human activities.The results of the risk assessment indicate that Cd poses serious ecological and health risks,Pb and Cu pose serious ecological risks,and Cr poses a serious cancer risk.
引文
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[17]廖晓勇,陈同斌,武斌,等.典型矿业城市的土壤重金属分布特征与复合污染评价---以“镍都”金昌市为例[J].地理研究,2006,25(5):843-852.Liao X Y,Chen T B,Wu B,et al.Mining urban soil pollution:concentrations and patterns of heavy metals in the soils of Jinchang,China[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(5):843-852.
[18]Stafilov T,ajn R,Pancˇevski Z,et al.Heavy metal contamination of topsoils around a lead and zinc smelter in the Republic of Macedonia[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,175(1-3):896-914.
[19]陈志凡,范礼东,陈云增,等.城乡交错区农田土壤重金属总量及形态空间分布特征与源分析---以河南省某市东郊城乡交错区为例[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(4):1317-1327.Chen Z F,Fan L D,Chen Y Z,et al.Spatial distribution and source analysis of heavy metals in agricultural soils in a Periurban area based on IDW interpolation and chemical fractions:a case study in Henan Province[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(4):1317-1327.
[20]滕彦国,庹先国,倪师军,等.攀枝花工矿区土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析[J].土壤与环境,2002,11(1):13-16.Teng Y G,Tuo X G,Ni S J,et al.Application of an enrichment factor in determining anthropogenical pollution of heavy metal in topsoil[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,2002,11(1):13-16.
[21]Sutherland R A.Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream,Oahu,Hawaii[J].Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):611-627.
[22]李娟娟,马金涛,楚秀娟,等.应用地积累指数法和富集因子法对铜矿区土壤重金属污染的安全评价[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(12):135-139.Li J J,Ma J T,Chu X J,et al.Application of index of geoaccumulation and enrichment factor in safety assessment of heavymetal contamination in soil of copper refining[J].China Safety Science Journal,2006,16(12):135-139.
[23]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.Xu Z Q,Ni S J,Tuo X G,et al.Calculation of heavy metals'toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,31(2):112-115.
[24]朱朝云,王铁宇,徐笠,等.农药企业场地土壤重金属污染状况及风险评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(4):67-72.Zhu Z Y,Wang T Y,Xu L,et al.Contamination and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils from pesticide factory[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(4):67-72.
[25]Yuswir N S,Praveena S M,Aris A Z,et al.Health risk assessment of heavy metal in urban surface soil(Klang District,Malaysia)[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,95(1):80-89.
[26]王兰化,李明明,张莺,等.华北地区某蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].地球学报,2014,35(2):191-196.Wang L H,Li M M,Zhang Y,et al.Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil of a vegetable base in North China[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2014,35(2):191-196.
[27]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[28]GB 15618-1995,土壤环境质量标准[S].
[29]Zhang X Y,Lin F F,Wong M T F,et al.Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,154(1-4):439-449.
[30]王秋丽.畜禽养殖导致土壤重金属污染现状及对策[J].现代农业科技,2016,(11):245,247.Wang Q L.Status and countermeasures on soil heavy metal pollution of livestock[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,(11):245,247.
[31]Kaushik A,Kansal A,Santosh,et al.Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna,Haryana,India:assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sediments[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,164(1):265-270.
[32]Han Y M,Du P X,Cao J J,et al.Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an,Central China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,355(1-3):176-186.
[2]Jrup L.Hazards of heavy metal contamination[J].British Medical Bulletin,2003,68(1):167-182.
[3]Luo C L,Liu C P,Wang Y,et al.Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site,South China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,186(1):481-490.
[4]Zhuang P,Zou B,Li N Y,et al.Heavy metal contamination in soils and food crops around Dabaoshan mine in Guangdong,China:implication for human health[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2009,31(6):707-715.
[5]Sun Y B,Zhou Q X,Xie X K,et al.Spatial,sources and risk assessment of heavy metal contamination of urban soils in typical regions of Shenyang,China[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,174(1-3):455-462.
[6]李崇,李法云,张营,等.沈阳市街道灰尘中重金属的空间分布特征研究[J].生态环境,2008,17(2):560-564.Li C,Li F Y,Zhang Y,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in street dust in Shenyang city[J].Ecology and Environment,2008,17(2):560-564.
[7]Chen T B,Zheng Y M,Lei M,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution in surface soils of urban parks in Beijing,China[J].Chemosphere,2005,60(4):542-551.
[8]杜平.铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤中重金属污染的空间分布及其形态研究[D].北京:中国环境科学研究院,2007.Du P.Distribution of heavy metals and their chemical speciation in soils around a Pb-Zn smelter[D].Beijing:Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,2007.
[9]王利军,卢新卫,荆淇,等.宝鸡长青镇铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(2):325-330.Wang L J,Lu X W,Jing Q,et al.Heavy metals pollution in soil around the lead-zinc smelting plant in Changqing Town of Baoji City,China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2012,31(2):325-330.
[10]ajn R,Aliu M,Stafilov T,et al.Heavy metal contamination of topsoil around a lead and zinc smelter in Kosovska Mitrovica/Mitrovic?,Kosovo/Kosov?[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,134:1-16.
[11]袁艺宁,杨志辉,柴立元,等.铅锌冶炼厂渣堆场周边土壤铅污染特征[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(2):307-311.Yuan Y N,Yang Z H,Chai L Y,et al.The Characteristics of lead pollution in the soil around the slag yard in lead and zinc smeltery[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(2):307-311.
[12]徐玉霞,薛雷,汪志华,等.关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边耕地土壤重金属污染特征及评价[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(2):251-256.Xu Y X,Xue L,Wang Z H,et al.Pollution characteristics of heavy metals in farmland soil around a lead-zinc smelting plant in western Guanzhong Plain[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(2):251-256.
[13]佘娟娟,赵世君,杨柳,等.铅锌冶炼厂周边土壤重金属的空间分布特征研究[J].江西农业学报,2014,26(6):110-113.She J J,Zhao S J,Yang L,et al.Research on spatial distribution characteristics of soil heavy metal near lead and zinc smelting plant[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2014,26(6):110-113.
[14]刘勇,王成军,刘华,等.铅锌冶炼厂周边重金属的空间分布及生态风险评价[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(1):477-484.Liu Y,Wang C J,Liu H,et al.Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soil around a lead and zinc smelter[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2015,9(1):477-484.
[15]龙加洪,谭菊,吴银菊,等.土壤重金属含量测定不同消解方法比较研究[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(1):123-126.Long J H,Tan J,Wu Y J,et al.A comparative study on the detection of heavy metal in soil with different digestion methods[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2013,29(1):123-126.
[16]郭笑笑,刘丛强,朱兆洲,等.土壤重金属污染评价方法[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(5):889-896.Guo X X,Liu C Q,Zhu Z Z,et al.Evaluation methods for soil heavy metals contamination:a review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(5):889-896.
[17]廖晓勇,陈同斌,武斌,等.典型矿业城市的土壤重金属分布特征与复合污染评价---以“镍都”金昌市为例[J].地理研究,2006,25(5):843-852.Liao X Y,Chen T B,Wu B,et al.Mining urban soil pollution:concentrations and patterns of heavy metals in the soils of Jinchang,China[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(5):843-852.
[18]Stafilov T,ajn R,Pancˇevski Z,et al.Heavy metal contamination of topsoils around a lead and zinc smelter in the Republic of Macedonia[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,175(1-3):896-914.
[19]陈志凡,范礼东,陈云增,等.城乡交错区农田土壤重金属总量及形态空间分布特征与源分析---以河南省某市东郊城乡交错区为例[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(4):1317-1327.Chen Z F,Fan L D,Chen Y Z,et al.Spatial distribution and source analysis of heavy metals in agricultural soils in a Periurban area based on IDW interpolation and chemical fractions:a case study in Henan Province[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(4):1317-1327.
[20]滕彦国,庹先国,倪师军,等.攀枝花工矿区土壤重金属人为污染的富集因子分析[J].土壤与环境,2002,11(1):13-16.Teng Y G,Tuo X G,Ni S J,et al.Application of an enrichment factor in determining anthropogenical pollution of heavy metal in topsoil[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,2002,11(1):13-16.
[21]Sutherland R A.Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream,Oahu,Hawaii[J].Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):611-627.
[22]李娟娟,马金涛,楚秀娟,等.应用地积累指数法和富集因子法对铜矿区土壤重金属污染的安全评价[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(12):135-139.Li J J,Ma J T,Chu X J,et al.Application of index of geoaccumulation and enrichment factor in safety assessment of heavymetal contamination in soil of copper refining[J].China Safety Science Journal,2006,16(12):135-139.
[23]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):112-115.Xu Z Q,Ni S J,Tuo X G,et al.Calculation of heavy metals'toxicity coefficient in the evaluation of potential ecological risk index[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,31(2):112-115.
[24]朱朝云,王铁宇,徐笠,等.农药企业场地土壤重金属污染状况及风险评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2013,23(4):67-72.Zhu Z Y,Wang T Y,Xu L,et al.Contamination and risk assessment of heavy metals in soils from pesticide factory[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2013,23(4):67-72.
[25]Yuswir N S,Praveena S M,Aris A Z,et al.Health risk assessment of heavy metal in urban surface soil(Klang District,Malaysia)[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,95(1):80-89.
[26]王兰化,李明明,张莺,等.华北地区某蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].地球学报,2014,35(2):191-196.Wang L H,Li M M,Zhang Y,et al.Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil of a vegetable base in North China[J].Acta Geoscientica Sinica,2014,35(2):191-196.
[27]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[28]GB 15618-1995,土壤环境质量标准[S].
[29]Zhang X Y,Lin F F,Wong M T F,et al.Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,154(1-4):439-449.
[30]王秋丽.畜禽养殖导致土壤重金属污染现状及对策[J].现代农业科技,2016,(11):245,247.Wang Q L.Status and countermeasures on soil heavy metal pollution of livestock[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,(11):245,247.
[31]Kaushik A,Kansal A,Santosh,et al.Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna,Haryana,India:assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sediments[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,164(1):265-270.
[32]Han Y M,Du P X,Cao J J,et al.Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an,Central China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,355(1-3):176-186.
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