草原生态保护补助奖励政策牧民满意度及影响因素研究
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摘要
基于内蒙古自治区草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原、沙地草原、草原化荒漠五大草原类型15个旗(县)632户牧民的调研数据,采用多元有序Logistic回归模型,就内蒙古自治区草原生态保护补助奖励政策牧民满意度及其影响因素进行实证研究。结果表明:1)内蒙古自治区草原生态保护补助奖励政策牧户满意度较高,均值为2.61;2)内蒙古自治区牧民政策满意度由高到低依次排序为:沙地草原>草甸草原>荒漠草原>草原化荒漠>典型草原(P<0.01),存在显著的区域差异;3)户主年龄、草场流转情况、草畜平衡补奖收入、家畜数量变化情况和政策执行情况对牧民的政策满意度产生显著影响;4)政策满意度为非常满意、一般满意和不满意的牧民在人口统计变量上无显著差异,表现出政策实施无差异的良好特性;三类牧民的政策满意度与草场资源拥有量和草畜平衡补奖收入呈逆向关系,与政策实施效果呈正向关系。
This study used a multivariate ordered logistic regression model to examine satisfaction with the Grassland Ecological Protection Subsidy Incentive policy, and factors influencing satisfaction for 632 herdsmen in the meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, sandy steppe and desert regions in Inner Mongolia. It was found that: 1) The herdsmen were generally well satisfied with the policy; as indicated by an average score of 2.61 on a 1-3 scale. 2) There were regional differences in satisfaction score. The regional rankings for satisfaction were: sandy steppe>meadow steppe>desert steppe>desert>typical steppe. 3) Satisfaction with the policy tended to be higher when the household head was older, when farmers owned higher numbers of livestock, or when farmers exercised their grassland management policy transfer right, to move from the grass-livestock balance incentive scheme to the grassland ecological protection subsidy incentive scheme. 4) There were no significant demographic differences among the herdsmen who were very satisfied, generally satisfied or unsatisfied with the policy. However, satisfaction was negatively correlated with the area of grassland owned by the herdsmen, and positively correlated with the level of support received under the policy.
This study used a multivariate ordered logistic regression model to examine satisfaction with the Grassland Ecological Protection Subsidy Incentive policy, and factors influencing satisfaction for 632 herdsmen in the meadow steppe, typical steppe, desert steppe, sandy steppe and desert regions in Inner Mongolia. It was found that: 1) The herdsmen were generally well satisfied with the policy; as indicated by an average score of 2.61 on a 1-3 scale. 2) There were regional differences in satisfaction score. The regional rankings for satisfaction were: sandy steppe>meadow steppe>desert steppe>desert>typical steppe. 3) Satisfaction with the policy tended to be higher when the household head was older, when farmers owned higher numbers of livestock, or when farmers exercised their grassland management policy transfer right, to move from the grass-livestock balance incentive scheme to the grassland ecological protection subsidy incentive scheme. 4) There were no significant demographic differences among the herdsmen who were very satisfied, generally satisfied or unsatisfied with the policy. However, satisfaction was negatively correlated with the area of grassland owned by the herdsmen, and positively correlated with the level of support received under the policy.
引文
[1] Ding W Q, Li P, Yin Y T, et al. Evaluation of the herder households vulnerability under the framework of sustainable livelihoods in the grassland of Northern China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2017, 26(8): 1-11.丁文强, 李平, 尹燕亭, 等. 可持续生计视角下中国北方草原区牧户脆弱性评价研究. 草业学报, 2017, 26(8): 1-11.
[2] Hou X Y, Yin Y T, Ding Y. An overview and prospects for grassland adaptive management in China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(2): 262-269.侯向阳, 尹燕亭, 丁勇. 中国草原适应性管理研究现状与展望. 草业学报, 2011, 20(2): 262-269.
[3] Morris J, Gowing D J G, Mills J, et al. Reconciling agricultural economic and environmental objectives: The case of recreating wetlands in the Fenland area of eastern England. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2000, 79(23): 245-257.
[4] Klimek S, Kemmermann A R G, Steinmann H, et al. Rewarding farmers for delivering vascular plant diversity in managed grasslands: A transdisciplinary case- study approach. Biological Conservation, 2008, 141(11): 2888-2897.
[5] H?ft A, Müller J, Gerowitt B. Vegetation indicators for grazing activities on grassland to be implemented in outcome-oriented agri-environmental payment schemes in North-East Germany. Ecological Indicators, 2010, 10(3): 719-726.
[6] Blignaut J, Mander M, Schulze R, et al. Restoring and managing natural capital towards fostering economic development: Evidence from the Drakensberg, South Africa. Ecological Economics, 2010, 69(6): 1313-1323.
[7] Wang O. Study on ecological compensation mechanism in the area of returning grazing to grassland. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(4): 33-38.王欧. 退牧还草地区生态补偿机制研究. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2006, 16(4): 33-38.
[8] Qian G X, Guo J J. Impact study of Beijing and Tianjin sand source control on ecological economics. Agricultural Economic Issues, 2007, (10): 54-57.钱贵霞, 郭建军. 京津风沙源治理工程及生态经济影响解析. 农业经济问题, 2007, (10): 54-57.
[9] Li W Q, Hu Z Z, Long R J, et al. The application effect of the project of restoring grassland from overgrazing in Gansu and the ways for its sustainable development. Pratacultural Science, 2007, 24(1): 1-6.李文卿, 胡自治, 龙瑞军, 等. 甘肃省退牧还草工程实施绩效、存在问题和对策. 草业科学, 2007, 24(1): 1-6.
[10] Hou X Y, Yang L, Han Y. The significance tendency and suggestions to grassland eco-compensation in China. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2008, 30(5): 1-6.侯向阳, 杨理, 韩颖. 实施草原生态补偿的意义、趋势和建议. 中国草地学报, 2008, 30(5): 1-6.
[11] Wang X G, Bai J. Study on ecological construction compensation basis and standards of grassland in northwest pastoral areas: Taking the grazing withdrawal project for example. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 16(3): 216-220.王学恭, 白洁. 西北牧区草地生态建设补偿依据与标准研究-以退牧还草工程为例. 水土保持研究, 2009, 16(3): 216-220.
[12] Cao Y J, Li X C, Liu T M, et al. Analysis of problems and causes in grassland eco-compensation——taking Xilinguole as a case. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2010, 32(4): 10-16.曹叶军, 李笑春, 刘天明, 等. 草原生态补偿存在的问题及其原因分析——以锡林郭勒盟为例. 中国草地学报, 2010, 32(4): 10-16.
[13] Li X C, Cao Y J, Liu T M, et al. Discussion of core issue in grassland eco-compensation mechanism——taking grassland eco-compensation in Xilinguole as an example. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2011, 33(6): 1-7.李笑春, 曹叶军, 刘天明, 等. 草原生态补偿机制核心问题探析——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟草原生态补偿为例. 中国草地学报, 2011, 33(6): 1-7.
[14] Wei H L, Zong X. Incentive incompatibility between government and herdsmen under grassland ecological compensation policy-taking Maqu County, Gansu Province as an example. Rural Economy, 2014, (11): 102-106.韦惠兰, 宗鑫. 草原生态补偿政策下政府与牧民之间的激励不相容问题——以甘肃玛曲县为例. 农村经济, 2014, (11): 102-106.
[15] Lu G J, Liu Y G. The implementation effect of grassland ecological premium policy. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2015, 29(7): 29-32.路冠军, 刘永功. 草原生态奖补政策实施效应——基于政治社会学视角的实证分析. 干旱区资源与环境, 2015, 29(7): 29-32.
[16] Yin X Q. Grassland ecological compensation policy: Suggestions for improvement in implementation: A case study of Ulat Houqi, Inner Mongolia. Ecological economy, 2017, 33(3): 39-45.尹晓青. 草原生态补偿政策: 实施效果即改进建议——以内蒙古乌拉特后旗为例. 生态经济, 2017, 33(3): 39-45.
[17] Li Y X, Wei T Y, Jin L S. Herds people attitudes towards grassland ecocompensation policies in Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia. Resources Science, 2014, 36(11): 2442-2450.李玉新, 魏同洋, 靳乐山. 牧民对草原生态补偿政策评价及其影响因素研究——以内蒙古四子王旗为例. 资源科学, 2014, 36(11): 2442-2450.
[18] He C X, Bai S, Zhao X. An empirical research on herdsmen’ satisfaction to breeding balance awarding policy and its influencing factors. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2015, 37(2): 1-6.何晨曦, 白爽, 赵霞. 内蒙古地区草畜平衡奖励政策满意度及影响因素的实证研究. 中国草地学报, 2015, 37(2): 1-6.
[19] Lei W Y. An empirical study on the implementation effect of grassland ecological compensation policy. Hohhot: Agricultural University of the Inner Mongolia, 2016.雷文玉. 草原生态补偿政策实施效果的实证研究. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2016.
[20] Han F, Zhu L Z. Analysis on the satisfaction degree of pastoral households based on grassland ecological construction: Taking Gannan grassland as an example. Agricultural Technical Economy, 2017, (3): 120-128.韩枫, 朱立志. 基于草原生态建设的牧户满意度分析——以甘南草原为例. 农业技术经济, 2017, (3): 120-128.
[21] Wang L J, Liu X Y. Satisfaction with grassland eco-compensation policies for herders: An empirical study on the Gansu Pastoral area. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(17): 1-9.王丽佳, 刘兴元. 牧民对草地生态补偿政策的满意度实证研究. 生态学报, 2017, 37(17): 1-9.
[22] Hu Z T. China grassland eco-compensation mechanism: Empirical research in Inner Mongolia and Gansu. Beijing: China Agriculture University, 2016.胡振通. 中国草原生态补偿机制基于内蒙甘肃两省区的实证研究. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2016.
[23] Hu Z T, Liu D, Jin L S. Grassland eco-compensation: Ecological performance income effect and policy satisfaction. China Population Resources and Environment, 2016, 26(1): 165-176.胡振通, 柳荻, 靳乐山. 草原生态补偿: 生态绩效、收入影响和政策满意度. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2016, 26(1): 165-176.
[24] Liu G Q. Cause of multi-collinearity and its diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Hefei University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2001, 24(4): 607-610.刘国旗. 多重共线性的产生原因及其诊断处理. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 24(4): 607-610.
[25] Wei Q, Hou X Y. Reflections on establishing a long-term mechanism of grassland ecological compensation in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(18): 3719-3726.魏琦, 侯向阳. 建立中国草原生态补偿长效机制的思考. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(18): 3719-3726.
[26] Ding W Q, Li P, Ren W P, et al. Evaluation of the livelihood vulnerability of pastoral households in northern China to natural disasters and climate change. The Rangeland Journal, 2014, 36: 535-543.
[2] Hou X Y, Yin Y T, Ding Y. An overview and prospects for grassland adaptive management in China. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(2): 262-269.侯向阳, 尹燕亭, 丁勇. 中国草原适应性管理研究现状与展望. 草业学报, 2011, 20(2): 262-269.
[3] Morris J, Gowing D J G, Mills J, et al. Reconciling agricultural economic and environmental objectives: The case of recreating wetlands in the Fenland area of eastern England. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2000, 79(23): 245-257.
[4] Klimek S, Kemmermann A R G, Steinmann H, et al. Rewarding farmers for delivering vascular plant diversity in managed grasslands: A transdisciplinary case- study approach. Biological Conservation, 2008, 141(11): 2888-2897.
[5] H?ft A, Müller J, Gerowitt B. Vegetation indicators for grazing activities on grassland to be implemented in outcome-oriented agri-environmental payment schemes in North-East Germany. Ecological Indicators, 2010, 10(3): 719-726.
[6] Blignaut J, Mander M, Schulze R, et al. Restoring and managing natural capital towards fostering economic development: Evidence from the Drakensberg, South Africa. Ecological Economics, 2010, 69(6): 1313-1323.
[7] Wang O. Study on ecological compensation mechanism in the area of returning grazing to grassland. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2006, 16(4): 33-38.王欧. 退牧还草地区生态补偿机制研究. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2006, 16(4): 33-38.
[8] Qian G X, Guo J J. Impact study of Beijing and Tianjin sand source control on ecological economics. Agricultural Economic Issues, 2007, (10): 54-57.钱贵霞, 郭建军. 京津风沙源治理工程及生态经济影响解析. 农业经济问题, 2007, (10): 54-57.
[9] Li W Q, Hu Z Z, Long R J, et al. The application effect of the project of restoring grassland from overgrazing in Gansu and the ways for its sustainable development. Pratacultural Science, 2007, 24(1): 1-6.李文卿, 胡自治, 龙瑞军, 等. 甘肃省退牧还草工程实施绩效、存在问题和对策. 草业科学, 2007, 24(1): 1-6.
[10] Hou X Y, Yang L, Han Y. The significance tendency and suggestions to grassland eco-compensation in China. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2008, 30(5): 1-6.侯向阳, 杨理, 韩颖. 实施草原生态补偿的意义、趋势和建议. 中国草地学报, 2008, 30(5): 1-6.
[11] Wang X G, Bai J. Study on ecological construction compensation basis and standards of grassland in northwest pastoral areas: Taking the grazing withdrawal project for example. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 16(3): 216-220.王学恭, 白洁. 西北牧区草地生态建设补偿依据与标准研究-以退牧还草工程为例. 水土保持研究, 2009, 16(3): 216-220.
[12] Cao Y J, Li X C, Liu T M, et al. Analysis of problems and causes in grassland eco-compensation——taking Xilinguole as a case. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2010, 32(4): 10-16.曹叶军, 李笑春, 刘天明, 等. 草原生态补偿存在的问题及其原因分析——以锡林郭勒盟为例. 中国草地学报, 2010, 32(4): 10-16.
[13] Li X C, Cao Y J, Liu T M, et al. Discussion of core issue in grassland eco-compensation mechanism——taking grassland eco-compensation in Xilinguole as an example. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2011, 33(6): 1-7.李笑春, 曹叶军, 刘天明, 等. 草原生态补偿机制核心问题探析——以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟草原生态补偿为例. 中国草地学报, 2011, 33(6): 1-7.
[14] Wei H L, Zong X. Incentive incompatibility between government and herdsmen under grassland ecological compensation policy-taking Maqu County, Gansu Province as an example. Rural Economy, 2014, (11): 102-106.韦惠兰, 宗鑫. 草原生态补偿政策下政府与牧民之间的激励不相容问题——以甘肃玛曲县为例. 农村经济, 2014, (11): 102-106.
[15] Lu G J, Liu Y G. The implementation effect of grassland ecological premium policy. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 2015, 29(7): 29-32.路冠军, 刘永功. 草原生态奖补政策实施效应——基于政治社会学视角的实证分析. 干旱区资源与环境, 2015, 29(7): 29-32.
[16] Yin X Q. Grassland ecological compensation policy: Suggestions for improvement in implementation: A case study of Ulat Houqi, Inner Mongolia. Ecological economy, 2017, 33(3): 39-45.尹晓青. 草原生态补偿政策: 实施效果即改进建议——以内蒙古乌拉特后旗为例. 生态经济, 2017, 33(3): 39-45.
[17] Li Y X, Wei T Y, Jin L S. Herds people attitudes towards grassland ecocompensation policies in Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia. Resources Science, 2014, 36(11): 2442-2450.李玉新, 魏同洋, 靳乐山. 牧民对草原生态补偿政策评价及其影响因素研究——以内蒙古四子王旗为例. 资源科学, 2014, 36(11): 2442-2450.
[18] He C X, Bai S, Zhao X. An empirical research on herdsmen’ satisfaction to breeding balance awarding policy and its influencing factors. Chinese Journal of Grassland, 2015, 37(2): 1-6.何晨曦, 白爽, 赵霞. 内蒙古地区草畜平衡奖励政策满意度及影响因素的实证研究. 中国草地学报, 2015, 37(2): 1-6.
[19] Lei W Y. An empirical study on the implementation effect of grassland ecological compensation policy. Hohhot: Agricultural University of the Inner Mongolia, 2016.雷文玉. 草原生态补偿政策实施效果的实证研究. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古农业大学, 2016.
[20] Han F, Zhu L Z. Analysis on the satisfaction degree of pastoral households based on grassland ecological construction: Taking Gannan grassland as an example. Agricultural Technical Economy, 2017, (3): 120-128.韩枫, 朱立志. 基于草原生态建设的牧户满意度分析——以甘南草原为例. 农业技术经济, 2017, (3): 120-128.
[21] Wang L J, Liu X Y. Satisfaction with grassland eco-compensation policies for herders: An empirical study on the Gansu Pastoral area. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(17): 1-9.王丽佳, 刘兴元. 牧民对草地生态补偿政策的满意度实证研究. 生态学报, 2017, 37(17): 1-9.
[22] Hu Z T. China grassland eco-compensation mechanism: Empirical research in Inner Mongolia and Gansu. Beijing: China Agriculture University, 2016.胡振通. 中国草原生态补偿机制基于内蒙甘肃两省区的实证研究. 北京: 中国农业大学, 2016.
[23] Hu Z T, Liu D, Jin L S. Grassland eco-compensation: Ecological performance income effect and policy satisfaction. China Population Resources and Environment, 2016, 26(1): 165-176.胡振通, 柳荻, 靳乐山. 草原生态补偿: 生态绩效、收入影响和政策满意度. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2016, 26(1): 165-176.
[24] Liu G Q. Cause of multi-collinearity and its diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Hefei University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2001, 24(4): 607-610.刘国旗. 多重共线性的产生原因及其诊断处理. 合肥工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2001, 24(4): 607-610.
[25] Wei Q, Hou X Y. Reflections on establishing a long-term mechanism of grassland ecological compensation in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(18): 3719-3726.魏琦, 侯向阳. 建立中国草原生态补偿长效机制的思考. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(18): 3719-3726.
[26] Ding W Q, Li P, Ren W P, et al. Evaluation of the livelihood vulnerability of pastoral households in northern China to natural disasters and climate change. The Rangeland Journal, 2014, 36: 535-543.
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