土壤筛选值在镉污染稻米产地环境评价与分类适用性探讨
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摘要
为科学地进行农用地土壤环境质量评价及环境质量类别划分,以稻田镉(Cd)污染为例,以全国典型稻米产区土壤与稻米Cd含量对应样点数据为基础,以土壤Cd与稻米Cd非对应性超限值情况即误判率为判定参数,分析土壤污染风险筛选值对稻米产地环境质量评价及类别划分的适用性。结果表明,在湖南长株潭、广东北部等区域采用筛选值评价产地环境质量存在较多误判情况。在高误判区,采用实地采样多参数分析混合线性建模的方式筛选影响稻米富集Cd的关键因子,结果表明,除土壤Cd全量及pH等因子外,土壤钙(Ca)也对稻米富集Cd有重要影响。因此在产地环境安全评价及类别划分时,对于以筛选值为依据误判率较高的区域,应加入其他土壤关键因子进一步研究,以避免误判。
Risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land are fundamental for the assessment and classification of soil environmental quality. However, owing to the complexity of the accumulation and enrichment of soil pollutants in crops, the evaluation of soil environmental quality and the classification of safety utilization categories of agricultural land based on the risk screening values for soil contamination are difficult to reflect the actual conditions in some regions. In the current study, Cd in paddy soils as a typical pollutant and the non-correspondence exceeding standard(misjudgment rate)between Cd concentrations in soils and rice samples as the decision parameter were used to investigate the applicability of the risk screening values in environmental quality assessment and classification of rice producing areas based on Cd concentrations in corresponding soil and rice samples in typical rice producing areas in China. The results showed that there were errors in the evaluation of environmental quality of rice producing areas using the risk screening values for the Chang-Zhu-Tan of Hunan Province and the northern area of Guangdong Province. In the high misjudgment area, the key factors affecting the accumulation of Cd in rice samples were screened by field sampling multi-parameter analysis and mixed linear modeling. It was observed that besides total Cd concentrations and pH values of soils, the concentration of Ca in soils had an important influence on Cd enrichment in rice samples. In order to avoid misjudgments, future studies should focus on the areas with high misjudgment rates based on risk screening values and other critical factors of soils.
Risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land are fundamental for the assessment and classification of soil environmental quality. However, owing to the complexity of the accumulation and enrichment of soil pollutants in crops, the evaluation of soil environmental quality and the classification of safety utilization categories of agricultural land based on the risk screening values for soil contamination are difficult to reflect the actual conditions in some regions. In the current study, Cd in paddy soils as a typical pollutant and the non-correspondence exceeding standard(misjudgment rate)between Cd concentrations in soils and rice samples as the decision parameter were used to investigate the applicability of the risk screening values in environmental quality assessment and classification of rice producing areas based on Cd concentrations in corresponding soil and rice samples in typical rice producing areas in China. The results showed that there were errors in the evaluation of environmental quality of rice producing areas using the risk screening values for the Chang-Zhu-Tan of Hunan Province and the northern area of Guangdong Province. In the high misjudgment area, the key factors affecting the accumulation of Cd in rice samples were screened by field sampling multi-parameter analysis and mixed linear modeling. It was observed that besides total Cd concentrations and pH values of soils, the concentration of Ca in soils had an important influence on Cd enrichment in rice samples. In order to avoid misjudgments, future studies should focus on the areas with high misjudgment rates based on risk screening values and other critical factors of soils.
引文
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[3] He Y B, Huang D Y, Zhu Q H. A three-season field study on the in-situ remediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soil using lime, two industrial by-products, and a low-Cd-accumulation rice cultivar[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017, 136:135-141.
[4]杜丽娜,余若祯,王海燕,等.重金属镉污染及其毒性研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志, 2013, 30(2):167-174.DU Li-na, YU Ruo-zhen, WANG Hai-yan, et al. Pollution and toxicity of cadmium:A review of recent studies[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2013, 30(2):167-174.
[5]张桃林.科学认识和防治耕地土壤重金属污染[J].土壤, 2015, 47(3):435-439.ZHANG Tao-lin. More comprehensive understanding and effective control of heavy metal pollution of cultivated soils in China[J]. Soils,2015, 47(3):435-439.
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[8]牟仁祥,陈铭学,朱智伟,等.水稻重金属污染研究进展[J].生态环境, 2004, 13(3):417-419.MOU Ren-xiang, CHEN Ming-xue, ZHU Zhi-wei, et al. Advance in the researches on heavy metals in rice[J]. Ecology and Environment,2004, 13(3):417-419.
[9]彭华,戴金鹏,纪雄辉,等.稻田土壤与稻米中的镉含量关系初探[J].湖南农业科学, 2013(7):68-72.PENG Hua, DAI Jin-peng, JI Xiong-hui, et al. Correlation between cadmium content in paddy soil and in rice[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2013(7):68-72.
[10]刘佳凤,田娜娜,赵玉杰,等.基于Cubist多元混合回归的稻米富集Cd模型构建研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2018, 37(6):1059-1065.LIU Jia-feng, TIAN Na-na, ZHAO Yu-jie, et al. Evaluation of cadmium accumulation in rice using a Cubist multivariate mixed regression model[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018, 37(6):1059-1065.
[11]潘杨.土壤镉污染与稻米镉富集关联性研究[D].北京：中国农业科学院, 2015.PAN Yang. The study of relevance between soil cadmium pollution and cadmium accumulation in rice[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Dissertation, 2015.
[12]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量GB 2762—2017[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2017.National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China. National food safety standards contaminant limit in food GB 2762—2017[S]. Beijing:China Standards Press, 2017.
[13] Zhu H H, Chen C, Xu C, et al. Effects of soil acidification and liming on the phytoavailability of cadmium in paddy soils of central subtropical China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 219:99-106.
[14]周斌,黄道友,朱奇宏,等.施用钝化剂对镉污染稻田土壤微生物学特征的影响[J].农业现代化研究, 2012, 33(2):234-238.ZHOU Bin, HUANG Dao-you, ZHU Qi-hong, et al. Effects of amendments on soil microbial properties in cadmium contaminated paddy soil[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 2012, 33(2):234-238.
[15] Kuhn M, Johnson K. Regression trees and rule-based models[M].Springer:Applied Predicdictive Modeling, 2013:369-413.
[16] Kuhn M, Steve W, Chris K, et al. CRAN-Package. Cubist[EB/OL].2017. http：//cran. r-project. Org/web/packages/Cubist/index. Htm-l.
[17]王鑫.绵竹玉泉镇农田土壤镉污染评价及生态效应研究[D].绵阳：西南科技大学, 2012.WANG Xin. Evaluation of cadmium pollution in farmland soil and its ecological effects in Yuquan Town of Mianzhu[D]. Mianyang:Southwest University of Science and Technology, 2012.
[18]中华人民共和国环境保护部,中华人民共和国国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报[R].北京：中华人民共和国国家环境保护部,中华人民共和国国土资源部, 2014.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People′s Republic of China, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People′s Republic of China.The report on the national general survey of soil contamination[R].Beijing:Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People′s Republic of China, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People′s Republic of China, 2014.
[19]熊礼明,鲁如坤.几种物质对水稻吸收镉的影响及机理[J].土壤,1992(4):197-200.XIONG Li-ming. LU Ru-kun. Effects and mechanisms of several substances on cadmium absorption of rice[J]. Soils, 1992(4):197-200.
[20]董明芳.根际铁锰氧化菌对水稻铁锰膜形成和镉吸收转运的影响[D].南宁：广西大学, 2016.DONG Ming-fang. Effects of iron manganese oxidizing bacteria on iron plaque formation and Cd uptake and translocation in rice[D].Nanning:Guangxi University, 2016.
[21] Chaney L. How does contamination of rice soils with Cd and Zn cause high incidence of human Cd disease in subsistence rice farmers[J].Current Pollution Reports, 2015, 1(1):13-22.
[22]?ster?s A H, Greger M. Accumulation of, and interactions between,calcium and heavy metals in wood and bark of Picea abies[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition&Soil Science, 2003(166):246-253.
[23] Suzuki N. Alleviation by calcium of cadmium-induced root growth inhibition in Arabidopsis seedling[J]. Plant Tissue Culture Letters, 2005(1):19-25.
[24] Chen S, Sun L N, Sun T H, et al. Interaction between cadmium, lead and potassium fertilizer(K2SO4)in a soil plant system[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2007, 29(5):435-446.
[25]王芳,郑瑞伦,何刃,等.氯离子和乙二胺四乙酸对镉的植物有效性的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2006, 17(10):1953-1957WANG Fang, ZHENG Rui-lun, HE Ren, et al. Effects of chlorine ion and EDTA on cadmium availability to plants[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(10):1953-1957.
[26]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,2000.LU Ru-kun. Analytical method of soil agricultural chemistry[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000.
[27]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京：中国农业出版社, 2000.BAO Shi-dan. Soil agricultural chemistry analysis[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2000.
[28] Moor C, Lymberopoulou T, Dietrich V J. Determination of heavy metals in soils, sediments and geological materials by ICP-AES and ICPMS[J]. Mikrochimica Acta, 2001, 136(3):123-128.
[29] Zheng F R, Ali S, Zhang H T, et al. The influence of pH and organic matter content in paddy soil on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(1):84-91.
[30] Wang S, Huang D Y, Zhu Q H, et al. Speciation and phytoavailability of cadmium in soil treated with cadmium-contaminated rice straw[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research, 2015, 22(4):2679-2686.
[31] Bolan N S, Adriano D C, Mani P A, et al. Immobilization and phytoavailability of cadmium in variable charge soils.Ⅱ. Effect of lime addition[J]. Plant and Soil, 2003, 251(2):187-198.
[2]肖昕,冯启言,季丽英.重金属Cd Cu Zn在小麦中富集特征的实验研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2006, 25(5):1133-1137.XIAO Xin, FENG Qi-yan, JI Li-ying. Enrichment character of heavy metals Cd, Cu and Zn in wheat[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2006, 25(5):1133-1137.
[3] He Y B, Huang D Y, Zhu Q H. A three-season field study on the in-situ remediation of Cd-contaminated paddy soil using lime, two industrial by-products, and a low-Cd-accumulation rice cultivar[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017, 136:135-141.
[4]杜丽娜,余若祯,王海燕,等.重金属镉污染及其毒性研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志, 2013, 30(2):167-174.DU Li-na, YU Ruo-zhen, WANG Hai-yan, et al. Pollution and toxicity of cadmium:A review of recent studies[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2013, 30(2):167-174.
[5]张桃林.科学认识和防治耕地土壤重金属污染[J].土壤, 2015, 47(3):435-439.ZHANG Tao-lin. More comprehensive understanding and effective control of heavy metal pollution of cultivated soils in China[J]. Soils,2015, 47(3):435-439.
[6]中华人民共和国生态环境部.土壤环境质量标准GB 15618—1995[S].北京：中国标准出版社, 1995.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People′s Republic of China. Environmental quality standard for soils GB 15618—1995[S]. Beijing:China Standards Press, 1995.
[7]中华人民共和国生态环境部.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）GB 15618—2018[S].北京：中国标准出版社, 2018.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People′s Republic of China. Soil environmental quality risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land GB 15618—2018[S]. Beijing:China Standards Press, 2018.
[8]牟仁祥,陈铭学,朱智伟,等.水稻重金属污染研究进展[J].生态环境, 2004, 13(3):417-419.MOU Ren-xiang, CHEN Ming-xue, ZHU Zhi-wei, et al. Advance in the researches on heavy metals in rice[J]. Ecology and Environment,2004, 13(3):417-419.
[9]彭华,戴金鹏,纪雄辉,等.稻田土壤与稻米中的镉含量关系初探[J].湖南农业科学, 2013(7):68-72.PENG Hua, DAI Jin-peng, JI Xiong-hui, et al. Correlation between cadmium content in paddy soil and in rice[J]. Hunan Agricultural Sciences, 2013(7):68-72.
[10]刘佳凤,田娜娜,赵玉杰,等.基于Cubist多元混合回归的稻米富集Cd模型构建研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2018, 37(6):1059-1065.LIU Jia-feng, TIAN Na-na, ZHAO Yu-jie, et al. Evaluation of cadmium accumulation in rice using a Cubist multivariate mixed regression model[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2018, 37(6):1059-1065.
[11]潘杨.土壤镉污染与稻米镉富集关联性研究[D].北京：中国农业科学院, 2015.PAN Yang. The study of relevance between soil cadmium pollution and cadmium accumulation in rice[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Dissertation, 2015.
[12]中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会.食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量GB 2762—2017[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2017.National Health Commission of the People′s Republic of China. National food safety standards contaminant limit in food GB 2762—2017[S]. Beijing:China Standards Press, 2017.
[13] Zhu H H, Chen C, Xu C, et al. Effects of soil acidification and liming on the phytoavailability of cadmium in paddy soils of central subtropical China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 219:99-106.
[14]周斌,黄道友,朱奇宏,等.施用钝化剂对镉污染稻田土壤微生物学特征的影响[J].农业现代化研究, 2012, 33(2):234-238.ZHOU Bin, HUANG Dao-you, ZHU Qi-hong, et al. Effects of amendments on soil microbial properties in cadmium contaminated paddy soil[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 2012, 33(2):234-238.
[15] Kuhn M, Johnson K. Regression trees and rule-based models[M].Springer:Applied Predicdictive Modeling, 2013:369-413.
[16] Kuhn M, Steve W, Chris K, et al. CRAN-Package. Cubist[EB/OL].2017. http：//cran. r-project. Org/web/packages/Cubist/index. Htm-l.
[17]王鑫.绵竹玉泉镇农田土壤镉污染评价及生态效应研究[D].绵阳：西南科技大学, 2012.WANG Xin. Evaluation of cadmium pollution in farmland soil and its ecological effects in Yuquan Town of Mianzhu[D]. Mianyang:Southwest University of Science and Technology, 2012.
[18]中华人民共和国环境保护部,中华人民共和国国土资源部.全国土壤污染状况调查公报[R].北京：中华人民共和国国家环境保护部,中华人民共和国国土资源部, 2014.Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People′s Republic of China, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People′s Republic of China.The report on the national general survey of soil contamination[R].Beijing:Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People′s Republic of China, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People′s Republic of China, 2014.
[19]熊礼明,鲁如坤.几种物质对水稻吸收镉的影响及机理[J].土壤,1992(4):197-200.XIONG Li-ming. LU Ru-kun. Effects and mechanisms of several substances on cadmium absorption of rice[J]. Soils, 1992(4):197-200.
[20]董明芳.根际铁锰氧化菌对水稻铁锰膜形成和镉吸收转运的影响[D].南宁：广西大学, 2016.DONG Ming-fang. Effects of iron manganese oxidizing bacteria on iron plaque formation and Cd uptake and translocation in rice[D].Nanning:Guangxi University, 2016.
[21] Chaney L. How does contamination of rice soils with Cd and Zn cause high incidence of human Cd disease in subsistence rice farmers[J].Current Pollution Reports, 2015, 1(1):13-22.
[22]?ster?s A H, Greger M. Accumulation of, and interactions between,calcium and heavy metals in wood and bark of Picea abies[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition&Soil Science, 2003(166):246-253.
[23] Suzuki N. Alleviation by calcium of cadmium-induced root growth inhibition in Arabidopsis seedling[J]. Plant Tissue Culture Letters, 2005(1):19-25.
[24] Chen S, Sun L N, Sun T H, et al. Interaction between cadmium, lead and potassium fertilizer(K2SO4)in a soil plant system[J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2007, 29(5):435-446.
[25]王芳,郑瑞伦,何刃,等.氯离子和乙二胺四乙酸对镉的植物有效性的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2006, 17(10):1953-1957WANG Fang, ZHENG Rui-lun, HE Ren, et al. Effects of chlorine ion and EDTA on cadmium availability to plants[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(10):1953-1957.
[26]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京：中国农业科技出版社,2000.LU Ru-kun. Analytical method of soil agricultural chemistry[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000.
[27]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京：中国农业出版社, 2000.BAO Shi-dan. Soil agricultural chemistry analysis[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2000.
[28] Moor C, Lymberopoulou T, Dietrich V J. Determination of heavy metals in soils, sediments and geological materials by ICP-AES and ICPMS[J]. Mikrochimica Acta, 2001, 136(3):123-128.
[29] Zheng F R, Ali S, Zhang H T, et al. The influence of pH and organic matter content in paddy soil on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2011, 159(1):84-91.
[30] Wang S, Huang D Y, Zhu Q H, et al. Speciation and phytoavailability of cadmium in soil treated with cadmium-contaminated rice straw[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research, 2015, 22(4):2679-2686.
[31] Bolan N S, Adriano D C, Mani P A, et al. Immobilization and phytoavailability of cadmium in variable charge soils.Ⅱ. Effect of lime addition[J]. Plant and Soil, 2003, 251(2):187-198.
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