广州市主要湖泊沉积物重金属污染与生态风险评价
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摘要
对广州市主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量及其空间分布特征进行分析,并采用地累积指数法、富集系数法和潜在生态风险指数评价重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险。结果表明,广州市主要湖泊沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量范围分别为0. 50～6. 90、36. 00～197. 40、32. 35～432. 00、17. 35～155. 50、32. 50～162. 70和71. 83～853. 40 mg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为2. 54、92. 27、165. 20、70. 21、90. 48和447. 88 mg·kg~(-1),明显高于广东省土壤重金属背景值。在空间分布上表现为白云湖和东山湖重金属含量高于流花湖和花都湖;地累积指数和富集系数评价结果表明,各重金属污染程度表现为Cd> Cu> Zn> Ni> Pb> Cr;潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明,Cd为主要生态风险因子,其中白云湖和东山湖重金属污染达到极严重生态风险水平,流花湖和花都湖为严重生态风险水平;多元统计分析结果表明广州市湖泊重金属污染来源主要为城市地表径流和工业、生活污水直接或间接排放。
The surface sediments collected from major lakes located in Guangzhou City were analyzed for the concentration and spatial distribution of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn. The pollution and potential ecological risk of which were assessed using the methods of geo-accumulation index,enrichment coefficient and potential ecological risk index. The results show that the concentrations of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn were 0. 50-6. 90,36. 00-197. 40,32. 35-432. 00,17. 35-155. 50,32. 50-162. 70,71. 83-853. 40 mg·kg~(-1),with average of 2. 54,92. 27,165. 20,70. 21,90. 48,447. 88 mg·kg~(-1),respectively,being significantly higher than those of background values in soils of Guangdong Province. As for spatial variation,the concentrations of heavy metals were higher in Baiyun Lake and Dongshan Lake than those of Liuhua Lake and Huadu Lake. Based on geo-accumulation index and enrichment coefficient,that the heavy metals pollution followed the order of Cd > Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cr. According to the potential ecological risk factor,Cd was identified as the key ecological risk factor and the result indicate that Baiyun Lake and Dongshan Lake met the extreme serious ecological risk,Liuhua Lake and Huadu Lake fall at the level of serious ecological risk. Multivariate statistical analysis indicate that the heavy metals in lakes of Guangzhou City were mainly derived from the runoff of city,and direct and indirect discharge of industrial and domestic sewage.
The surface sediments collected from major lakes located in Guangzhou City were analyzed for the concentration and spatial distribution of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn. The pollution and potential ecological risk of which were assessed using the methods of geo-accumulation index,enrichment coefficient and potential ecological risk index. The results show that the concentrations of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn were 0. 50-6. 90,36. 00-197. 40,32. 35-432. 00,17. 35-155. 50,32. 50-162. 70,71. 83-853. 40 mg·kg~(-1),with average of 2. 54,92. 27,165. 20,70. 21,90. 48,447. 88 mg·kg~(-1),respectively,being significantly higher than those of background values in soils of Guangdong Province. As for spatial variation,the concentrations of heavy metals were higher in Baiyun Lake and Dongshan Lake than those of Liuhua Lake and Huadu Lake. Based on geo-accumulation index and enrichment coefficient,that the heavy metals pollution followed the order of Cd > Cu > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cr. According to the potential ecological risk factor,Cd was identified as the key ecological risk factor and the result indicate that Baiyun Lake and Dongshan Lake met the extreme serious ecological risk,Liuhua Lake and Huadu Lake fall at the level of serious ecological risk. Multivariate statistical analysis indicate that the heavy metals in lakes of Guangzhou City were mainly derived from the runoff of city,and direct and indirect discharge of industrial and domestic sewage.
引文
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[5]STEAD-DEXTER K,WARD N I.Mobility of Heavy Metals Within Freshwater Sediments Affected by Motorway Stormwater[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,334/335:271-277.
[6]HOPE B K.An Examination of Ecological Risk Assessment and Management Practices[J].Environment International,2006,32(8):983-995.
[7]许友泽,刘锦军,成应向,等.湘江底泥重金属污染特征与生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(1):189-198.[XUYou-ze,LIU Jin-jun,CHENG Ying-xiang,et al.Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Sediments of the Xiangjiang River[J].Environmental Chemis-try,2016,35(1):189-198.]
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[9]刘红磊,李立青,尹澄清.人为活动对城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染的影响:以武汉墨水湖为例[J].生态毒理学报,2007,2(3):346-351.[LIU Hong-lei,LI Li-qing,YIN Cheng-qing.Metals in Sediments of an Urban Lake in China as Archives of Anthropogenic Activities:A Case Study of Moshui Lake in Wuhan[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2007,2(3):346-351.]
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[12]马婷,赵大勇,曾巾,等.南京主要湖泊表层沉积物中重金属污染潜在生态风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(6):37-42.[MA Ting,ZHAO Da-yong,ZENG Jin,et al.Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Surface Sediments of the Lakes in Nanjing[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(6):37-42.]
[13]张家泉,田倩,许大毛,等.大冶湖表层水和沉积物中重金属污染特征与风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2355-2363.[ZHANG Jia-quan,TIAN Qian,XU Da-mao,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Wa-ter and Sediment From Daye Lake[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2355-2363.]
[14]SHANG S T,ZHONG W,WEI Z Q,et al.Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Lakes in Guangzhou Public Parks in China and Their Relations With Anthropogenic Activities and Urbanization[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2017,23(8):2002-2016.
[15]KIKUCHI T,HAI H T,TANAKA S.Characterization of Heavy Metal Contamination From Their Spatial Distributions in Sediment of an Urban Lake of Hanoi,Vietnam[J].Journal of Water and Environment Technology,2010,8(2):111-123.
[16]LI H B,YU S,LI G L,et al.Urbanization Increased Metal Levels in Lake Surface Sediment and Catchment Topsoil of Water-scape Parks[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,432:202-209.
[17]彭进平,谢卓佳,吴雅红,等.东山湖水体无机氮年际变化及其来源分析[J].云南地理环境研究,2007,19(3):36-39.[PENG Jin-ping,XIE Zhuo-jia,WU Ya-hong,et al.A Study on Inorganic Nitrogen Annual Change of Urban Lake[J].Yunnan Geographic Environment Research,2007,19(3):36-39.]
[18]余帆洋,张明珠,庞志研,等.白云湖水生态构建示范区水质改善效果分析[J].环境工程,2014,32(S1):325-329.[YUFan-yang,ZHANG Ming-zhu,PANG Zhi-yan,et al.Analysis of Water Quality Improvement Effect of Ecological Construction Demonstration Area in Baiyun Lake[J].Environmental Engineer-ing,2014,32(S1):325-329.]
[19]乔永民,林潮平,黄长江.两种王水消化方法对测定近海沉积物中重金属含量的比较研究[J].海洋技术,2004,23(2):35-37,67.[QIAO Yong-min,LIN Chao-ping,HUANG Chang-ji-ang.Comparative Study on Two Aqua Regia Digestion Methods for Measuring the Heavy Metal Contents in Offshore Sediments[J].Ocean Technology,2004,23(2):35-37,67.]
[20]霍文毅,黄风茹,陈静生,等.河流颗粒物重金属污染评价方法比较研究[J].地理科学,1997,17(1):81-86.[HUO Wen-yi,HUANG Feng-ru,CHEN Jing-sheng,et al.Comparative Study of Assessment Method for River Particulate Heavy Metal Pollution[J].Scientia Gelgraphica Sinica,1997,17(1):81-86.]
[21]中国环境保护局.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:450-490.
[22]LOSKA K,WIECHU?A D,KORUS I.Metal Contamination of Farming Soils Affected by Industry[J].Environment International,2004,30(2):159-165.
[23]SUTHERLAND R A.Bed Sediment-Associated Trace Metals in an Urban Stream,Oahu,Hawaii[J].Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):611-627.
[24]HAKANSON L.An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control:A Sedimentological Approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[25]陈静生,董林,邓宝山,等.铜在沉积物各相中分配的实验模拟与数值模拟研究:以鄱阳湖为例[J].环境科学学报,1987,7(2):140-149.[CHEN Jing-sheng,DONG Lin,DENGBao-shan,et al.Modeling Study on Copper Partitioning in Sediments,a Case Study of Poyang Lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circum-stantiae,1987,7(2):140-149.]
[26]李欢娟,李会霞,史兴民.西安市主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染及生态风险评估[J].干旱区资源与环境,2019,33(2):122-126.[LI Huan-juan,LI Hui-xia,SHI Xing-min.Pol-lution Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Surface Sediments of the Lakes in Xi'an[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2019,33(2):122-126.]
[27]XIA F,QU L Y,WANG T,et al.Distribution and Source Anal-ysis of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Sediments of a Rapid Developing Urban River System[J].Chemosphere,2018,207:218-228.
[28]刘宝林,张鸿,谢刘伟,等.珠江干流表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2015,47(2):141-147.[LIU Bao-lin,ZHANG Hong,XIELiu-wei,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments From the Pearl River Artery[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2015,47(2):141-147.]
[29]周树杰,古健,黄卓尔.广州市主要河涌沉积物重金属污染状况调查[J].广州环境科学,2012,27(2):4-6,17.[ZHOUShu-jie,GU Jian,HUANG Zhuo-er.Heavy Metal Pollution of River Sediment in Guangzhou[J].Guangzhou Environmental Sci-ences,2012,27(2):4-6,17.]
[30]WU S S,YANG H,GUO F,et al.Spatial Patterns and Origins of Heavy Metals in Sheyang River Catchment in Jiangsu,China Based on Geographically Weighted Regression[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,580:1518-1529.
[31]WANG A J,BONG C W,XU Y H,et al.Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Surficial Sediments From a Tropical River-Estuary-Shelf System:A Case Study of Kelantan River,Malaysia[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,125(1/2):492-500.
[32]余辉,张文斌,余建平.洪泽湖表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):437-444.[YUHui,ZHANG Wen-bin,YU Jian-ping.Distribution and Poten-tial Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Hongze Lake[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(2):437-444.]
[33]SURESH G,SUTHARSAN P,RAMASAMY V,et al.Assess-ment of Spatial Distribution and Potential Ecological Risk of the Heavy Metals in Relation to Granulometric Contents of Veeranam Lake Sediments,India[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,84:117-124.
[2]MOHIUDDIN K M,ZAKIR H M,OTOMO K,et al.Geochemi-cal Distribution of Trace Metal Pollutants in Water and Sediments of Downstream of an Urban River[J].International Journal of En-vironmental Science&Technology,2010,7(1):17-28.
[3]LEUNG A O W,DUZGOREN-AYDIN N S,CHEUNG K C,et al.Heavy Metals Concentrations of Surface Dust from e-Waste Recycling and Its Human Health Implications in Southeast China[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(7):2674-2680.
[4]佘海燕.河湖沉积物对重金属吸附-解吸的研究概况[J].化学工程师,2005,19(7):30-33.[SHE Hai-yan.Introduction of the Absorption-Desorption of Heavy Metals in the Sediment of Rivers and Lakes[J].Chemical Engineer,2005,19(7):30-33.]
[5]STEAD-DEXTER K,WARD N I.Mobility of Heavy Metals Within Freshwater Sediments Affected by Motorway Stormwater[J].Science of the Total Environment,2004,334/335:271-277.
[6]HOPE B K.An Examination of Ecological Risk Assessment and Management Practices[J].Environment International,2006,32(8):983-995.
[7]许友泽,刘锦军,成应向,等.湘江底泥重金属污染特征与生态风险评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(1):189-198.[XUYou-ze,LIU Jin-jun,CHENG Ying-xiang,et al.Characteristics and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Sediments of the Xiangjiang River[J].Environmental Chemis-try,2016,35(1):189-198.]
[8]ROGNERUD S,FJELD E.Trace Element Contamination of Nor-wegian Lake Sediments[J].AMBIO:A Journal of the Human Environment,2001,30(1):11.
[9]刘红磊,李立青,尹澄清.人为活动对城市湖泊沉积物重金属污染的影响:以武汉墨水湖为例[J].生态毒理学报,2007,2(3):346-351.[LIU Hong-lei,LI Li-qing,YIN Cheng-qing.Metals in Sediments of an Urban Lake in China as Archives of Anthropogenic Activities:A Case Study of Moshui Lake in Wuhan[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2007,2(3):346-351.]
[10]刘振东,刘庆生,杜耘,等.武汉市东湖沉积物重金属与城市污染环境的关系[J].湖泊科学,2006,18(1):79-85.[LIUZhen-dong,LIU Qing-sheng,DU Yun,et al.Characteristics of Heavy Elements in Sediments of Lake Donghu(Wuhan)and Re-lations to Urban Pollution[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2006,18(1):79-85.]
[11]杨静,刘敏,陈玲,等.上海市湖泊沉积物重金属的空间分布[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(10):3941-3948.[YANGJing,LIU Min,CHEN Ling,et al.Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Lake Surface Sediments in Shanghai[J].China Envi-ronmental Science,2018,38(10):3941-3948.]
[12]马婷,赵大勇,曾巾,等.南京主要湖泊表层沉积物中重金属污染潜在生态风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(6):37-42.[MA Ting,ZHAO Da-yong,ZENG Jin,et al.Potential Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Surface Sediments of the Lakes in Nanjing[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(6):37-42.]
[13]张家泉,田倩,许大毛,等.大冶湖表层水和沉积物中重金属污染特征与风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2355-2363.[ZHANG Jia-quan,TIAN Qian,XU Da-mao,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Wa-ter and Sediment From Daye Lake[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2355-2363.]
[14]SHANG S T,ZHONG W,WEI Z Q,et al.Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Lakes in Guangzhou Public Parks in China and Their Relations With Anthropogenic Activities and Urbanization[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment:An International Journal,2017,23(8):2002-2016.
[15]KIKUCHI T,HAI H T,TANAKA S.Characterization of Heavy Metal Contamination From Their Spatial Distributions in Sediment of an Urban Lake of Hanoi,Vietnam[J].Journal of Water and Environment Technology,2010,8(2):111-123.
[16]LI H B,YU S,LI G L,et al.Urbanization Increased Metal Levels in Lake Surface Sediment and Catchment Topsoil of Water-scape Parks[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,432:202-209.
[17]彭进平,谢卓佳,吴雅红,等.东山湖水体无机氮年际变化及其来源分析[J].云南地理环境研究,2007,19(3):36-39.[PENG Jin-ping,XIE Zhuo-jia,WU Ya-hong,et al.A Study on Inorganic Nitrogen Annual Change of Urban Lake[J].Yunnan Geographic Environment Research,2007,19(3):36-39.]
[18]余帆洋,张明珠,庞志研,等.白云湖水生态构建示范区水质改善效果分析[J].环境工程,2014,32(S1):325-329.[YUFan-yang,ZHANG Ming-zhu,PANG Zhi-yan,et al.Analysis of Water Quality Improvement Effect of Ecological Construction Demonstration Area in Baiyun Lake[J].Environmental Engineer-ing,2014,32(S1):325-329.]
[19]乔永民,林潮平,黄长江.两种王水消化方法对测定近海沉积物中重金属含量的比较研究[J].海洋技术,2004,23(2):35-37,67.[QIAO Yong-min,LIN Chao-ping,HUANG Chang-ji-ang.Comparative Study on Two Aqua Regia Digestion Methods for Measuring the Heavy Metal Contents in Offshore Sediments[J].Ocean Technology,2004,23(2):35-37,67.]
[20]霍文毅,黄风茹,陈静生,等.河流颗粒物重金属污染评价方法比较研究[J].地理科学,1997,17(1):81-86.[HUO Wen-yi,HUANG Feng-ru,CHEN Jing-sheng,et al.Comparative Study of Assessment Method for River Particulate Heavy Metal Pollution[J].Scientia Gelgraphica Sinica,1997,17(1):81-86.]
[21]中国环境保护局.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990:450-490.
[22]LOSKA K,WIECHU?A D,KORUS I.Metal Contamination of Farming Soils Affected by Industry[J].Environment International,2004,30(2):159-165.
[23]SUTHERLAND R A.Bed Sediment-Associated Trace Metals in an Urban Stream,Oahu,Hawaii[J].Environmental Geology,2000,39(6):611-627.
[24]HAKANSON L.An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control:A Sedimentological Approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[25]陈静生,董林,邓宝山,等.铜在沉积物各相中分配的实验模拟与数值模拟研究:以鄱阳湖为例[J].环境科学学报,1987,7(2):140-149.[CHEN Jing-sheng,DONG Lin,DENGBao-shan,et al.Modeling Study on Copper Partitioning in Sediments,a Case Study of Poyang Lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circum-stantiae,1987,7(2):140-149.]
[26]李欢娟,李会霞,史兴民.西安市主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染及生态风险评估[J].干旱区资源与环境,2019,33(2):122-126.[LI Huan-juan,LI Hui-xia,SHI Xing-min.Pol-lution Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Surface Sediments of the Lakes in Xi'an[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2019,33(2):122-126.]
[27]XIA F,QU L Y,WANG T,et al.Distribution and Source Anal-ysis of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Sediments of a Rapid Developing Urban River System[J].Chemosphere,2018,207:218-228.
[28]刘宝林,张鸿,谢刘伟,等.珠江干流表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2015,47(2):141-147.[LIU Bao-lin,ZHANG Hong,XIELiu-wei,et al.Pollution Characteristics and Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments From the Pearl River Artery[J].Journal of Northeast Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2015,47(2):141-147.]
[29]周树杰,古健,黄卓尔.广州市主要河涌沉积物重金属污染状况调查[J].广州环境科学,2012,27(2):4-6,17.[ZHOUShu-jie,GU Jian,HUANG Zhuo-er.Heavy Metal Pollution of River Sediment in Guangzhou[J].Guangzhou Environmental Sci-ences,2012,27(2):4-6,17.]
[30]WU S S,YANG H,GUO F,et al.Spatial Patterns and Origins of Heavy Metals in Sheyang River Catchment in Jiangsu,China Based on Geographically Weighted Regression[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,580:1518-1529.
[31]WANG A J,BONG C W,XU Y H,et al.Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Surficial Sediments From a Tropical River-Estuary-Shelf System:A Case Study of Kelantan River,Malaysia[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,125(1/2):492-500.
[32]余辉,张文斌,余建平.洪泽湖表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其风险评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(2):437-444.[YUHui,ZHANG Wen-bin,YU Jian-ping.Distribution and Poten-tial Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Hongze Lake[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(2):437-444.]
[33]SURESH G,SUTHARSAN P,RAMASAMY V,et al.Assess-ment of Spatial Distribution and Potential Ecological Risk of the Heavy Metals in Relation to Granulometric Contents of Veeranam Lake Sediments,India[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2012,84:117-124.
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