猕猴桃木生物质炭对溶液中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附及应用研究
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摘要
为探讨生物质炭对废水中重金属的吸附性能,以猕猴桃修剪枝为原料制备生物质炭,通过静态吸附法研究了其对复合溶液中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附,探究了溶液初始浓度、吸附时间、pH值及生物质炭投加量对溶液中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)吸附效果的影响,同时采用扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对吸附前后的生物质炭结构进行了表征,并讨论了其对养殖废水和垃圾渗滤液中Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附能力。结果表明:猕猴桃木生物质炭具有多孔结构和多种表面官能团。Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的最优吸附条件是pH为4～6,120 min吸附达到平衡,最佳投加量分别为4.0、3.0 g·L~(-1),最大吸附量分别为9.35、65.9 mg·g~(-1)。生物质炭对Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)的吸附过程用准二级动力学方程能较好地描述;在25℃条件下,生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附用Langmuir方程能更好地描述,其理论最大吸附量达13.1 mg·g~(-1),而生物质炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程用Freundlich方程能更好地描述。猕猴桃木生物质炭可作为处理轻度重金属复合污染废水的吸附剂。
This research aims to investigate the effect of biochar derived from kiwi pruning branches on Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)in aqueous solutions.The affecting factors including initial concentration, adsorption time, initial pH, and sorbent dosage were investigated in batch experiments.The adsorption capacity of biochar for Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)from aquaculture wastewater and landfill leachate was tested. The biochar before and after adsorption was characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The results indicated that kiwi pruning branches biochar had high porous structure and abundant surface functional groups. The optimal conditions for Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)adsorption were pH 4～6 with 120 min contact time(reached equilibrium). The optimal sorbent dosages were 4.0 g·L~(-1) for Cd~(2+)and 3.0 g·L~(-1) for Pb~(2+), and the maximal adsorption capacity was recorded at 9.35 and 65.9 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Additionally,Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)adsorption onto biochar followed a pseudo second order model. The adsorption characteristics of Cd~(2+)were well described by the Langmuir equation with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 13.1 mg·g~(-1), whereas the Freundlich equation was more appropriate for Pb~(2+)adsorption. Overall, the kiwi pruning branches biochar shows higher adsorption performance and potential application in Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)removal from wastewater.
This research aims to investigate the effect of biochar derived from kiwi pruning branches on Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)in aqueous solutions.The affecting factors including initial concentration, adsorption time, initial pH, and sorbent dosage were investigated in batch experiments.The adsorption capacity of biochar for Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)from aquaculture wastewater and landfill leachate was tested. The biochar before and after adsorption was characterized using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The results indicated that kiwi pruning branches biochar had high porous structure and abundant surface functional groups. The optimal conditions for Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)adsorption were pH 4～6 with 120 min contact time(reached equilibrium). The optimal sorbent dosages were 4.0 g·L~(-1) for Cd~(2+)and 3.0 g·L~(-1) for Pb~(2+), and the maximal adsorption capacity was recorded at 9.35 and 65.9 mg·g~(-1), respectively. Additionally,Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)adsorption onto biochar followed a pseudo second order model. The adsorption characteristics of Cd~(2+)were well described by the Langmuir equation with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 13.1 mg·g~(-1), whereas the Freundlich equation was more appropriate for Pb~(2+)adsorption. Overall, the kiwi pruning branches biochar shows higher adsorption performance and potential application in Cd~(2+)and Pb~(2+)removal from wastewater.
引文
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[2] Li R, Wang J J, Gaston L A, et al. An overview of carbothermal synthesis of metal–biochar composites for the removal of oxyanion contaminants from aqueous solution[J]. Carbon, 2018b 129:674-687.
[3] Ahmad M, Rajapaksha A U, Lim J E, et al. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water:A review[J]. Chemosphere,2014, 99(3):19-33.
[4]吕宏虹,宫艳艳,唐景春,等.生物质炭及其复合材料的制备与应用研究进展[J].农业环境科学学报, 2015, 34(8):1429-1440.LüHong-hong, GONG Yan-yan, TANG Jing-chun, et al. Progress in preparation and application of biochar and its composites[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2015, 34(8):1429-1440.
[5]耿勤,张平,廖柏寒,等.生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附[C].重金属污染防治及风险评价研讨会暨重金属污染防治专业委会2013年学术年会,长沙, 2013:291-296.GENG Qin, ZHANG Ping, LIAO Bai-han, et al. Adsorption of Cd2+by biochar in solution[C]. Seminar on prevention and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and 2013 Academic Annual Meeting of the Professional Committee for Prevention and Control of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 2013:291-296.
[6]谢超然,王兆炜,朱俊民,等.核桃青皮生物质炭对重金属铅、铜的吸附特性研究[J].环境科学学报, 2016, 36(4):1190-1198.XIE Chao-ran, WANG Zhao-wei, ZHU Jun-min, et al. Adsorption of lead and copper from aqueous solutions on biochar produced from walnut green husk[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2016, 36(4):1190-1198.
[7]张小玲,乔玉辉,李花粉.玉米秸秆生物质炭对溶液体系中不同重金属离子的吸附特性[J].中国农业大学学报, 2018, 23(5):15-21.ZHANG Xiao-ling, QIAO Yu-hui, LI Hua-fen. Adsorption characteristics of different heavy metal ions in solution system by biochar from maize straw[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2018, 23(5):15-21.
[8]张越,林珈羽,刘沅,等.改性生物质炭对镉离子吸附性能研究[J].武汉科技大学学报, 2016, 39(1):48-52.ZHANG Yue, LIN Jia-yu, LIU Yuan, et al. Adsorption of cadmium ions by modified biochar[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 2016, 39(1):48-52.
[9]段眉会.陕西猕猴桃产业问题与对策[J].西北园艺（综合）, 2017(4):4-5.DUAN Mei-hui. Problems and countermeasures of kiwi fruit industry in Shaanxi Province[J]. Northwest Horticulture(Synthesis), 2017(4):4-5.
[10]简敏菲,高凯芳,余厚平.不同裂解温度对水稻秸秆制备生物质炭及其特性的影响[J].环境科学学报, 2016, 36(5):1757-1765.JIAN Min-fei, GAO Kai-fang, YU Hou-ping. Effects of different pyrolysis temperatures on the preparation of biochar from rice straw and its characteristics[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2016, 36(5):1757-1765.
[11] Boehm H P, Eley D D. Chemical identification of functional groups[J].Advances in Catalysis, 1966, 16:179-274.
[12] Yu K L, Lau B F, Show P L, et al. Recent developments on algal biochar production and characterization[J]. Bioresource Technology,2017, 246:2-11.
[13]邓潇,周航,陈珊,等.改性玉米秸秆炭和花生壳炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附[J].环境工程学报, 2016, 10(11):6325-6331.DENG Xiao, ZHOU Hang, CHEN Shan, et al. Adsorption of Cd2+in solution by modified corn and peanut biochar[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016, 10(11):6325-6331.
[14]何秋香,陈祖亮.柚子皮制备生物质炭吸附苯酚的特性和动力学[J].环境工程学报, 2014, 8(9):3853-3859.HE Qiu-xiang, CHEN Zu-liang. Characteristics and kinetics of adsorption of phenol by biochar from pomelo peel[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2014, 8(9):3853-3859.
[15] Boehm H. Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons[J]. Carbon, 1994, 32(5):759-769.
[16] Qiu Y, Cheng H, Xu C, et al. Surface characteristics of crop-residuederived black carbon and lead（Ⅱ）adsorption[J]. Water Research,2008, 42(3):567-574.
[17]程启明,黄青,刘英杰,等.花生壳与花生壳生物质炭对镉离子吸附性能研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(10):2022-2029.CHENG Qi-ming, HUANG Qing, LIU Ying-jie, et al. Adsorption of cadmium ions by peanut and peanut biochar[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(10):2022-2029.
[18] Wahab M, Jellali S, Jedidi N. Ammonium biosorption onto sawdust:FTIR analysis, kinetics and adsorption isotherms modeling[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(14):5070-5075.
[19]李力,陆宇超,刘娅,等.玉米秸秆生物质炭对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附机理研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2012, 31(11):2277-2283.LI Li, LU Yu-chao, LIU Ya, et al. Adsorption mechanism of Cd（Ⅱ）by corn biochar[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2012, 31(11):2277-2283.
[20] Paku?a M, Walczyk M, Biniak S, et al. Electrochemical and FTIR studies of the mutual influence of lead（Ⅱ）or iron（Ⅲ）and phenol on their adsorption from aqueous acid solution by modified activated carbons[J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 69(2):209-219.
[21] Li R, Liang W, Wang J J, et al. Facilitative capture of As（Ⅴ）, Pb（Ⅱ）and methylene blue from aqueous solutions with MgO hybrid spongelike carbonaceous composite derived from sugarcane leafy trash[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 2018a, 212:77-87.
[22] Mukome F N D, Six J, Parikh S J. The effects of walnut shell and wood feedstock biochar amendments on greenhouse gas emissions from a fertile soil[J]. Geoderma, 2013, 200/201(27):90-98.
[23]刘莹莹,秦海芝,李恋卿,等.不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性[J].生态环境学报, 2012, 21(1):146-152.LIU Ying-ying, QIN Hai-zhi, LI Lian-qing, et al. Adsorption characteristics of Cd2+and Pb2+in solution by pyrolytic biochar from different crop raw materials[J]. Journal of Ecological Environment, 2012, 21(1):146-152.
[24]王彤彤,马江波,曲东,等.两种木材生物质炭对铜离子的吸附特性及其机制[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(5):2161-2171.WANG Tong-tong, MA Jiang-bo, QU Dong, et al. Adsorption characteristics and mechanism of copper ions by two kinds of wood biochar[J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(5):2161-2171.
[25]张越,林珈羽,刘沅,等.生物质炭对铅离子的吸附性能[J].化工环保, 2015, 35(2):177-181.ZHANG Yue, LIN Jia-yu, LIU Yuan, et al. Adsorption of lead ions by biochar[J]. Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry, 2015, 35(2):177-181.
[26] Shen Z, Fei J, Fei W, et al. Sorption of lead by salisbury biochar produced from British broadleaf hardwood[J]. Bioresour Technology, 2015,193:553-556.
[27] Wang C, Gu L, Liu X, et al. Sorption behavior of Cr（Ⅵ）on pineapple-peel-derived biochar and the influence of coexisting pyrene[J].International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2016, 111:78-84.
[28]王菁姣.生物质炭对重金属的吸附作用及腐殖酸的影响[D].北京：中国地质大学, 2015.WANG Qing-jiao. Effect of biochar on heavy metal adsorption and humic acid[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences, 2015.
[29] Kadirvelu K, Kavipriya M, Karthika C, et al. Mercury（Ⅱ）adsorption by activated carbon made from sago waste[J]. Carbon, 2004, 42(4):745-752.
[30] Tan X, Liu Y, Zeng G, et al. Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions[J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 125:70-85.
[2] Li R, Wang J J, Gaston L A, et al. An overview of carbothermal synthesis of metal–biochar composites for the removal of oxyanion contaminants from aqueous solution[J]. Carbon, 2018b 129:674-687.
[3] Ahmad M, Rajapaksha A U, Lim J E, et al. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water:A review[J]. Chemosphere,2014, 99(3):19-33.
[4]吕宏虹,宫艳艳,唐景春,等.生物质炭及其复合材料的制备与应用研究进展[J].农业环境科学学报, 2015, 34(8):1429-1440.LüHong-hong, GONG Yan-yan, TANG Jing-chun, et al. Progress in preparation and application of biochar and its composites[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2015, 34(8):1429-1440.
[5]耿勤,张平,廖柏寒,等.生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附[C].重金属污染防治及风险评价研讨会暨重金属污染防治专业委会2013年学术年会,长沙, 2013:291-296.GENG Qin, ZHANG Ping, LIAO Bai-han, et al. Adsorption of Cd2+by biochar in solution[C]. Seminar on prevention and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and 2013 Academic Annual Meeting of the Professional Committee for Prevention and Control of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 2013:291-296.
[6]谢超然,王兆炜,朱俊民,等.核桃青皮生物质炭对重金属铅、铜的吸附特性研究[J].环境科学学报, 2016, 36(4):1190-1198.XIE Chao-ran, WANG Zhao-wei, ZHU Jun-min, et al. Adsorption of lead and copper from aqueous solutions on biochar produced from walnut green husk[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2016, 36(4):1190-1198.
[7]张小玲,乔玉辉,李花粉.玉米秸秆生物质炭对溶液体系中不同重金属离子的吸附特性[J].中国农业大学学报, 2018, 23(5):15-21.ZHANG Xiao-ling, QIAO Yu-hui, LI Hua-fen. Adsorption characteristics of different heavy metal ions in solution system by biochar from maize straw[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2018, 23(5):15-21.
[8]张越,林珈羽,刘沅,等.改性生物质炭对镉离子吸附性能研究[J].武汉科技大学学报, 2016, 39(1):48-52.ZHANG Yue, LIN Jia-yu, LIU Yuan, et al. Adsorption of cadmium ions by modified biochar[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 2016, 39(1):48-52.
[9]段眉会.陕西猕猴桃产业问题与对策[J].西北园艺（综合）, 2017(4):4-5.DUAN Mei-hui. Problems and countermeasures of kiwi fruit industry in Shaanxi Province[J]. Northwest Horticulture(Synthesis), 2017(4):4-5.
[10]简敏菲,高凯芳,余厚平.不同裂解温度对水稻秸秆制备生物质炭及其特性的影响[J].环境科学学报, 2016, 36(5):1757-1765.JIAN Min-fei, GAO Kai-fang, YU Hou-ping. Effects of different pyrolysis temperatures on the preparation of biochar from rice straw and its characteristics[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2016, 36(5):1757-1765.
[11] Boehm H P, Eley D D. Chemical identification of functional groups[J].Advances in Catalysis, 1966, 16:179-274.
[12] Yu K L, Lau B F, Show P L, et al. Recent developments on algal biochar production and characterization[J]. Bioresource Technology,2017, 246:2-11.
[13]邓潇,周航,陈珊,等.改性玉米秸秆炭和花生壳炭对溶液中Cd2+的吸附[J].环境工程学报, 2016, 10(11):6325-6331.DENG Xiao, ZHOU Hang, CHEN Shan, et al. Adsorption of Cd2+in solution by modified corn and peanut biochar[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2016, 10(11):6325-6331.
[14]何秋香,陈祖亮.柚子皮制备生物质炭吸附苯酚的特性和动力学[J].环境工程学报, 2014, 8(9):3853-3859.HE Qiu-xiang, CHEN Zu-liang. Characteristics and kinetics of adsorption of phenol by biochar from pomelo peel[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2014, 8(9):3853-3859.
[15] Boehm H. Some aspects of the surface chemistry of carbon blacks and other carbons[J]. Carbon, 1994, 32(5):759-769.
[16] Qiu Y, Cheng H, Xu C, et al. Surface characteristics of crop-residuederived black carbon and lead（Ⅱ）adsorption[J]. Water Research,2008, 42(3):567-574.
[17]程启明,黄青,刘英杰,等.花生壳与花生壳生物质炭对镉离子吸附性能研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2014, 33(10):2022-2029.CHENG Qi-ming, HUANG Qing, LIU Ying-jie, et al. Adsorption of cadmium ions by peanut and peanut biochar[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(10):2022-2029.
[18] Wahab M, Jellali S, Jedidi N. Ammonium biosorption onto sawdust:FTIR analysis, kinetics and adsorption isotherms modeling[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(14):5070-5075.
[19]李力,陆宇超,刘娅,等.玉米秸秆生物质炭对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附机理研究[J].农业环境科学学报, 2012, 31(11):2277-2283.LI Li, LU Yu-chao, LIU Ya, et al. Adsorption mechanism of Cd（Ⅱ）by corn biochar[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2012, 31(11):2277-2283.
[20] Paku?a M, Walczyk M, Biniak S, et al. Electrochemical and FTIR studies of the mutual influence of lead（Ⅱ）or iron（Ⅲ）and phenol on their adsorption from aqueous acid solution by modified activated carbons[J]. Chemosphere, 2007, 69(2):209-219.
[21] Li R, Liang W, Wang J J, et al. Facilitative capture of As（Ⅴ）, Pb（Ⅱ）and methylene blue from aqueous solutions with MgO hybrid spongelike carbonaceous composite derived from sugarcane leafy trash[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 2018a, 212:77-87.
[22] Mukome F N D, Six J, Parikh S J. The effects of walnut shell and wood feedstock biochar amendments on greenhouse gas emissions from a fertile soil[J]. Geoderma, 2013, 200/201(27):90-98.
[23]刘莹莹,秦海芝,李恋卿,等.不同作物原料热裂解生物质炭对溶液中Cd2+和Pb2+的吸附特性[J].生态环境学报, 2012, 21(1):146-152.LIU Ying-ying, QIN Hai-zhi, LI Lian-qing, et al. Adsorption characteristics of Cd2+and Pb2+in solution by pyrolytic biochar from different crop raw materials[J]. Journal of Ecological Environment, 2012, 21(1):146-152.
[24]王彤彤,马江波,曲东,等.两种木材生物质炭对铜离子的吸附特性及其机制[J].环境科学, 2017, 38(5):2161-2171.WANG Tong-tong, MA Jiang-bo, QU Dong, et al. Adsorption characteristics and mechanism of copper ions by two kinds of wood biochar[J]. Environmental Science, 2017, 38(5):2161-2171.
[25]张越,林珈羽,刘沅,等.生物质炭对铅离子的吸附性能[J].化工环保, 2015, 35(2):177-181.ZHANG Yue, LIN Jia-yu, LIU Yuan, et al. Adsorption of lead ions by biochar[J]. Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry, 2015, 35(2):177-181.
[26] Shen Z, Fei J, Fei W, et al. Sorption of lead by salisbury biochar produced from British broadleaf hardwood[J]. Bioresour Technology, 2015,193:553-556.
[27] Wang C, Gu L, Liu X, et al. Sorption behavior of Cr（Ⅵ）on pineapple-peel-derived biochar and the influence of coexisting pyrene[J].International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2016, 111:78-84.
[28]王菁姣.生物质炭对重金属的吸附作用及腐殖酸的影响[D].北京：中国地质大学, 2015.WANG Qing-jiao. Effect of biochar on heavy metal adsorption and humic acid[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences, 2015.
[29] Kadirvelu K, Kavipriya M, Karthika C, et al. Mercury（Ⅱ）adsorption by activated carbon made from sago waste[J]. Carbon, 2004, 42(4):745-752.
[30] Tan X, Liu Y, Zeng G, et al. Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions[J]. Chemosphere, 2015, 125:70-85.
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