An early evaluation of translocation actions for endangered plant species on Mediterranean islands
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摘要
In situ conservation is widely considered a primary conservation strategy. Plant translocation, specifically, represents an important tool for reducing the extinction risk of threatened species. However, thus far, few documented translocations have been carried out in the Mediterranean islands. The CareMediflora project, carried out on six Mediterranean islands, tackles both short-and long-term needs for the insular endangered plants through in situ and ex situ conservation actions. The project approach is based on using ex situ activities as a tool to improve in situ conservation of threatened plant species.Fifty island plants(representing 45 taxa) were selected for translocations using common criteria.During the translocations, several approaches were used, which differed in site selection method, origin of genetic material, type of propagative material, planting method, and more. Although only preliminary data are available, some general lessons can be learned from the experience of the CareMediflora project. Among the factors restricting the implementation of translocations, limited financial resources appear to be the most important. Specific preliminary management actions, sometimes to be reiterated after translocation, increase the overall cost, but often are necessary for translocation success. Translocation using juvenile/reproductive plants produces better results over the short term,although seeds may provide good results over the long run(to be assessed in the future). Regardless,plant translocation success can only be detected over long periods; therefore, proper evaluation of plant translocations requires a long-term monitoring protocol. Care-Mediflora project represents the first attempt to combine the existing approaches in a common plant conservation strategy specifically focusing on the Mediterranean islands.
In situ conservation is widely considered a primary conservation strategy. Plant translocation, specifically, represents an important tool for reducing the extinction risk of threatened species. However, thus far, few documented translocations have been carried out in the Mediterranean islands. The CareMediflora project, carried out on six Mediterranean islands, tackles both short-and long-term needs for the insular endangered plants through in situ and ex situ conservation actions. The project approach is based on using ex situ activities as a tool to improve in situ conservation of threatened plant species.Fifty island plants(representing 45 taxa) were selected for translocations using common criteria.During the translocations, several approaches were used, which differed in site selection method, origin of genetic material, type of propagative material, planting method, and more. Although only preliminary data are available, some general lessons can be learned from the experience of the CareMediflora project. Among the factors restricting the implementation of translocations, limited financial resources appear to be the most important. Specific preliminary management actions, sometimes to be reiterated after translocation, increase the overall cost, but often are necessary for translocation success. Translocation using juvenile/reproductive plants produces better results over the short term,although seeds may provide good results over the long run(to be assessed in the future). Regardless,plant translocation success can only be detected over long periods; therefore, proper evaluation of plant translocations requires a long-term monitoring protocol. Care-Mediflora project represents the first attempt to combine the existing approaches in a common plant conservation strategy specifically focusing on the Mediterranean islands.
In situ conservation is widely considered a primary conservation strategy. Plant translocation, specifically, represents an important tool for reducing the extinction risk of threatened species. However, thus far, few documented translocations have been carried out in the Mediterranean islands. The CareMediflora project, carried out on six Mediterranean islands, tackles both short-and long-term needs for the insular endangered plants through in situ and ex situ conservation actions. The project approach is based on using ex situ activities as a tool to improve in situ conservation of threatened plant species.Fifty island plants(representing 45 taxa) were selected for translocations using common criteria.During the translocations, several approaches were used, which differed in site selection method, origin of genetic material, type of propagative material, planting method, and more. Although only preliminary data are available, some general lessons can be learned from the experience of the CareMediflora project. Among the factors restricting the implementation of translocations, limited financial resources appear to be the most important. Specific preliminary management actions, sometimes to be reiterated after translocation, increase the overall cost, but often are necessary for translocation success. Translocation using juvenile/reproductive plants produces better results over the short term,although seeds may provide good results over the long run(to be assessed in the future). Regardless,plant translocation success can only be detected over long periods; therefore, proper evaluation of plant translocations requires a long-term monitoring protocol. Care-Mediflora project represents the first attempt to combine the existing approaches in a common plant conservation strategy specifically focusing on the Mediterranean islands.
引文
Albrecht,M.A.,Maschinski,J.,2012.Influence of founder population size,propagule stages,and life history on the survival of reintroduced populations.In:Maschinski,J.,Haskins,K.E.(Eds.),Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate.Island Press,Washington,pp.171e188.
Albrecht,M.A.,Guerrant,E.O.,Maschinsky,J.M.,Kennedy,K.L.,2011.A long-term view of rare plant reintroduction.Biol.Conserv.144,2557e2558.
Albrecht,M.A.,Osazuwa-Peters,O.L.,Maschinski,J.,Bell,T.J.,Bowles,M.L.,Brumback,W.E.,Duquesnel,J.,Kunz,M.,Lange,J.,McCue,K.A.,McEachern,A.K.,Murray,S.,Olwell,P.,Pavlovic,N.B.,Peterson,C.L.,Possley,J.,Randall,J.L.,Wright,S.J.,2018.Effects of life history and reproduction on recruitment time lags in reintroductions of rare plants.Conserv.Biol.(in press)https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13255.
Bell,T.J.,Bowles,M.L.,McEachern,A.K.,2003.Projecting the success of plant population restoration with viability analysis.In:Brigham,C.A.,Schwartz,M.W.(Eds.),Population Viability in Plants.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg,pp.313e348.
Bonebrake,T.C.,Brown,C.J.,Bell,J.D.,Blanchard,J.L.,Chauvenet,A.,Champion,C.,Chen,I.-C.,Clark,T.D.,Colwell,R.K.,Danielsen,F.,Dell,A.I.,Donelson,J.M.,Evengard,B.,Ferrier,S.,Frusher,S.,Garcia,R.A.,Griffis,R.B.,Hobday,A.J.,Jarzyna,M.A.,Lee,E.,Lenoir,J.,Linnetved,H.,Martin,V.Y.,McCormack,P.C.,McDonald,J.,McDonald-Madden,E.,Mitchell,N.,Mustonen,T.,Pandolfi,J.M.,Pettorelli,N.,Possingham,H.,Pulsifer,P.,Reynolds,M.,Scheffers,B.R.,Sorte,C.J.B.,Strugnell,J.M.,Tuanmu,M.-N.,Twiname,S.,Ver?es,A.,Villanueva,C.,Wapstra,E.,Wernberg,T.,Pecl,G.T.,2018.Managing consequences of climate-driven species redistribution requires integration of ecology,conservation and social science.Biol.Rev.93,284e305.
Brancaleoni,L.,Gerdol,R.,Abeli,T.,Corli,A.,Rossi,G.,Orsenigo,S.,2018.Nursery pre-treatments positively affects reintroduced plant performance via plant preconditioning,but not maternal effects.Aquat.Conserv.28,641e650.
Butchart,S.H.M.,et al.,2010.Global biodiversity:indicators of recent declines.Science 328(5982),1164e1168.
Ca~nadas,E.M.,Fenu,G.,Pe~nas,J.,Lorite,J.,Mattana,E.,Bacchetta,G.,2014.Hotspots within hotspots:endemic plant richness,environmental drivers,and implications for conservation.Biol.Conserv.170,282e291.
Ceballos,G.,Ehrlich,P.R.,Barnosky,A.D.,García,A.,Pringle,R.M.,Palmer,T.M.,2015.Accelerated modern humaneinduced species losses:entering the sixth mass extinction.Sci.Adv.1,e1400253.
Cogoni,D.,Fenu,G.,Concas,E.,Bacchetta,G.,2013.The effectiveness of plant conservation measures:the Dianthus morisianus reintroduction.Oryx 47(2),203e206.
Commander,L.E.,Coates,D.,Broadhurst,L.,Offord,C.A.,Makinson,R.O.,Matthes,M.,2018.Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened Plants in Australia,third ed.Australian Network for Plant Conservation,Canberra.
Cramer,W.,Guiot,J.,Fader,M.,Garrabou,J.,Gattuso,J.-P.,Iglesias,A.,Lange,M.A.,Lionello,P.,Llasat,M.C.,Paz,S.,Pe~nuelas,J.,Snoussi,M.,Toreti,A.,Tsimplis,M.N.,Xoplaki,E.,2018.Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean.Nat.Clim.Change 8,972e980.
Duquesnel,J.A.,Maschinski,J.,McElderry,R.,Gann,G.D.,Bradley,K.,Cowan,E.,2017.Sequential augmentation reveals life history and suitable conditions for colonization of the rare mahogany mistletoe in South Florida.Restor.Ecol.25(4),516e523.
Falk,D.A.,1987.Integrated conservation strategies for endangered plants.Nat.Area J.7,118e123.
Fenu,G.,Cogoni,D.,Bacchetta,G.,2016.The role of fencing in the success of threatened plant species translocation.Plant Ecol.217(2),207e217.
Fenu,G.,Bacchetta,G.,Giacanelli,V.,Gargano,D.,Montagnani,C.,Orsenigo,S.,Cogoni,D.,Rossi,G.,Conti,F.,Santangelo,A.,Pinna,M.S.,Bartolucci,F.,Domina,G.,Oriolo,G.,Blasi,C.,Genovesi,P.,Abeli,T.,Ercole,S.,2017a.Conserving plant diversity in Europe:outcomes,criticisms and perspectives of the Habitats Directive application in Italy.Biodivers.Conserv.26,309e328.
Fenu,G.,Giusso del Galdo,G.P.,Montmollin,B.de,Gotsiou,P.,Cogoni,D.,Piazza,C.,Fournaraki,C.,Kyratzis,A.,Vicens,M.,Christodoulou,C.S.,Bacchetta,G.,2017b.Active management actions for the conservation of the endangered Mediterranean island flora:the CARE-MEDIFLORA project.Plant Sociol.54(2 Suppl.1),101e110.
Godefroid,S.,Piazza,C.,Rossi,G.,Buord,S.,Stevens,A.-D.,Aguraiuja,R.,Cowell,C.,Weekley,C.W.,Vogg,G.,Iriondo,J.M.,Johnson,I.,Dixon,B.,Gordon,D.,Magnanon,S.,Valentin,B.,Bjureke,K.,Koopman,R.,2011.How successful are plant species reintroductions?Biol.Conserv.144,672e682.
Guerrant Jr.,E.O.,2012.Characterizing two decades of rare plant reintroductions.In:Maschinski,J.,Haskins,K.E.(Eds.),Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate:Promises and Perils.Island Press,Washington,DC,pp.9e29.
Hewitt,N.,Klenk,N.,Smith,A.L.,Bazely,D.R.,Yan,N.,Wood,S.,MacLellan,J.I.,Lipsig-Mumme,C.,Henriques,I.,2011.Taking stock of the assisted migration debate.Biol.Conserv.144,2560e2572.
Heywood,V.H.,1993.The role of botanic gardens and arboreta in the ex-situ conservation of wild plants.Opera Bot.121,309e312.
Heywood,V.H.,2014.An overview of in situ conservation of plant species in the Mediterranean.Flora Mediterr.24,5e24.
Heywood,V.H.,2016.In situ conservation of plant species e an unattainable goal?Isr.J.Plant Sci.63,211e231.
Heywood,V.H.,2017.Plant conservation in the Anthropocene e challenges and future prospects.Plant Divers.39,314e330.
Heywood,V.H.,2019.Conserving plants within and beyond protected areas e still problematic and future uncertain.Plant Divers.41,36e49.
IPCC,W.G.I.,2013.Climate change 2013:the physical science basis.In:Stocker,T.F.,Qin,D.,Plattner,G.-K.,Tignor,M.,Allen,S.K.,Boschung,J.,Nauels,A.,Xia,Y.,Bex,V.,Midgley,P.M.(Eds.),Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
IUCN/SSC,2013.Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations.Version 1.0.IUCN Species Survival Commission,Gland,Switzerland.
Kaye,T.N.,2008.Vital steps toward success of endangered plant reintroductions.Native Plants J.9(3),313e322.
Laguna,E.,Navarro,A.,Perez-Rovira,P.,Ferrando,I.,Ferrer-Gallego,P.,2016.Translocation of Limonium perplexum(Plumbaginaceae),a threatened coastal endemic.Plant Ecol.217,1183e1194.
Liu,H.,Ren,H.,Liu,Q.,Wen,X.,Maunder,M.,Gao,J.,2015.Translocation of threatened plants as a conservation measure in China.Conserv.Biol.29,1537e1551.
Maschinski,J.,Duquesnel,J.,2006.Successful reintroductions of the endangered long-lived Sargent's cherry palm,Pseudophoenix sargentii,in the Florida Keys.Biol.Conserv.134,122e129.
Maunder,M.,Higgens,S.,Culham,A.,2001.The effectiveness of botanic garden collections in supporting plant conservation:a European case study.Biodivers.Conserv.10,383e401.
Maunder,M.,Havens,K.,Guerrant,E.O.,Falk,D.A.,2004.Ex situ methods:a vital but underused set of conservation resources.In:Guerrant,E.O.,Havens,K.,Maunder,M.(Eds.),Ex situ Plant Conservation.Supporting Species Survival in the Wild.Island Press,Washington,DC,USA,pp.3e20.
Medail,F.,Quezel,P.,1997.Hot-spots analysis for conservation of plant biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin.Ann.Missouri Bot.Gard.84,112e127.
Meek,M.H.,Wells,C.,Tomalty,K.M.,Ashander,J.,Cole,E.M.,Gille,D.A.,Putman,B.J.,Rose,J.P.,Savoca,M.S.,Yamane,L.,Hull,J.M.,2015.Fear of failure in conservation:the problem and potential solutions to aid conservation of extremely small populations.Biol.Conserv.184,209e217.
Menges,E.S.,Smith,S.A.,Weekley,C.W.,2016.Adaptive introductions:how multiple experiments and comparisons to wild populations provide insights into requirements for long-term introduction success of an endangered shrub.Plant Divers.38,238e246.
Monks,L.,Coates,D.,Bell,T.,Bowles,M.L.,2012.Determining success criteria for reintroductions of threatened long-lived plants.In:Maschinski,J.,Haskins,K.E.(Eds.),Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate.Island Press,Washington,DC,pp.189e208.
No€el,F.,Prati,D.,Kleunen,M.,Gygax,A.,Moser,D.,Fischer,M.,2011.Establishment success of 25 rare wetland species introduced into restored habitats is best predicted by ecological distance to source habitats.Biol.Conserv.144,602e609.
Orsenigo,S.,2018.How to halt the extinction of wetland-dependent plant species?The role of translocations and restoration ecology.Aquat.Conserv.28,772e775.
Piazza,C.,Hugot,L.,Richard,F.,Schatz,B.,2011.Bilan des operations de conservation in situ realisees entre 1987 et 2004 en Corse:quelles le?ons pour demain?Ecol.Mediterr.37(2),7e16.
Pimm,S.L.,Russel,G.J.,Gittleman,J.L.,Brooks,T.M.,1995.The future of Biodiversity.Science 269(5222),347e350.
Rita,J.,Cursach,J.,2013.Creating new populations of Apium bermejoi(Apiaceae),a critically endangered endemic plant on Menorca(Balearic Islands).Anales J.Bot.Madrid 70,27e38.
Thomas,C.D.,2011.Translocation of species,climate change,and the end of trying to recreate past ecological communities.Trends Ecol.Evol.26,216e221.
Thompson,J.D.,2005.Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean.Oxford University Press,Oxford,UK.
Vogiatzakis,I.N.,Mannion,A.M.,Sarris,D.,2016.Mediterranean island biodiversity and climate change:the last 10,000 years and the future.Biodivers.Conserv.25(13),2597e2627.
Volis,S.,2016a.Conservation meets restoration e rescuing threatened plant species by restoring their environments and restoring environments using threatened plant species.Isr.J.Plant Sci.63,262e275.
Volis,S.,2016b.Species-targeted plant conservation:time for conceptual integration.Isr.J.Plant Sci.63,232e249.
Volis,S.,2017.Complementarities of two existing intermediate conservation approaches.Plant Divers.39,379e382.
Volis,S.,2019.Killing two birds with one stone:conservation-oriented restoration as a way to restore threatened species and their habitats.Plant Divers.41,50e58.
Albrecht,M.A.,Guerrant,E.O.,Maschinsky,J.M.,Kennedy,K.L.,2011.A long-term view of rare plant reintroduction.Biol.Conserv.144,2557e2558.
Albrecht,M.A.,Osazuwa-Peters,O.L.,Maschinski,J.,Bell,T.J.,Bowles,M.L.,Brumback,W.E.,Duquesnel,J.,Kunz,M.,Lange,J.,McCue,K.A.,McEachern,A.K.,Murray,S.,Olwell,P.,Pavlovic,N.B.,Peterson,C.L.,Possley,J.,Randall,J.L.,Wright,S.J.,2018.Effects of life history and reproduction on recruitment time lags in reintroductions of rare plants.Conserv.Biol.(in press)https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13255.
Bell,T.J.,Bowles,M.L.,McEachern,A.K.,2003.Projecting the success of plant population restoration with viability analysis.In:Brigham,C.A.,Schwartz,M.W.(Eds.),Population Viability in Plants.Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg,pp.313e348.
Bonebrake,T.C.,Brown,C.J.,Bell,J.D.,Blanchard,J.L.,Chauvenet,A.,Champion,C.,Chen,I.-C.,Clark,T.D.,Colwell,R.K.,Danielsen,F.,Dell,A.I.,Donelson,J.M.,Evengard,B.,Ferrier,S.,Frusher,S.,Garcia,R.A.,Griffis,R.B.,Hobday,A.J.,Jarzyna,M.A.,Lee,E.,Lenoir,J.,Linnetved,H.,Martin,V.Y.,McCormack,P.C.,McDonald,J.,McDonald-Madden,E.,Mitchell,N.,Mustonen,T.,Pandolfi,J.M.,Pettorelli,N.,Possingham,H.,Pulsifer,P.,Reynolds,M.,Scheffers,B.R.,Sorte,C.J.B.,Strugnell,J.M.,Tuanmu,M.-N.,Twiname,S.,Ver?es,A.,Villanueva,C.,Wapstra,E.,Wernberg,T.,Pecl,G.T.,2018.Managing consequences of climate-driven species redistribution requires integration of ecology,conservation and social science.Biol.Rev.93,284e305.
Brancaleoni,L.,Gerdol,R.,Abeli,T.,Corli,A.,Rossi,G.,Orsenigo,S.,2018.Nursery pre-treatments positively affects reintroduced plant performance via plant preconditioning,but not maternal effects.Aquat.Conserv.28,641e650.
Butchart,S.H.M.,et al.,2010.Global biodiversity:indicators of recent declines.Science 328(5982),1164e1168.
Ca~nadas,E.M.,Fenu,G.,Pe~nas,J.,Lorite,J.,Mattana,E.,Bacchetta,G.,2014.Hotspots within hotspots:endemic plant richness,environmental drivers,and implications for conservation.Biol.Conserv.170,282e291.
Ceballos,G.,Ehrlich,P.R.,Barnosky,A.D.,García,A.,Pringle,R.M.,Palmer,T.M.,2015.Accelerated modern humaneinduced species losses:entering the sixth mass extinction.Sci.Adv.1,e1400253.
Cogoni,D.,Fenu,G.,Concas,E.,Bacchetta,G.,2013.The effectiveness of plant conservation measures:the Dianthus morisianus reintroduction.Oryx 47(2),203e206.
Commander,L.E.,Coates,D.,Broadhurst,L.,Offord,C.A.,Makinson,R.O.,Matthes,M.,2018.Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened Plants in Australia,third ed.Australian Network for Plant Conservation,Canberra.
Cramer,W.,Guiot,J.,Fader,M.,Garrabou,J.,Gattuso,J.-P.,Iglesias,A.,Lange,M.A.,Lionello,P.,Llasat,M.C.,Paz,S.,Pe~nuelas,J.,Snoussi,M.,Toreti,A.,Tsimplis,M.N.,Xoplaki,E.,2018.Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean.Nat.Clim.Change 8,972e980.
Duquesnel,J.A.,Maschinski,J.,McElderry,R.,Gann,G.D.,Bradley,K.,Cowan,E.,2017.Sequential augmentation reveals life history and suitable conditions for colonization of the rare mahogany mistletoe in South Florida.Restor.Ecol.25(4),516e523.
Falk,D.A.,1987.Integrated conservation strategies for endangered plants.Nat.Area J.7,118e123.
Fenu,G.,Cogoni,D.,Bacchetta,G.,2016.The role of fencing in the success of threatened plant species translocation.Plant Ecol.217(2),207e217.
Fenu,G.,Bacchetta,G.,Giacanelli,V.,Gargano,D.,Montagnani,C.,Orsenigo,S.,Cogoni,D.,Rossi,G.,Conti,F.,Santangelo,A.,Pinna,M.S.,Bartolucci,F.,Domina,G.,Oriolo,G.,Blasi,C.,Genovesi,P.,Abeli,T.,Ercole,S.,2017a.Conserving plant diversity in Europe:outcomes,criticisms and perspectives of the Habitats Directive application in Italy.Biodivers.Conserv.26,309e328.
Fenu,G.,Giusso del Galdo,G.P.,Montmollin,B.de,Gotsiou,P.,Cogoni,D.,Piazza,C.,Fournaraki,C.,Kyratzis,A.,Vicens,M.,Christodoulou,C.S.,Bacchetta,G.,2017b.Active management actions for the conservation of the endangered Mediterranean island flora:the CARE-MEDIFLORA project.Plant Sociol.54(2 Suppl.1),101e110.
Godefroid,S.,Piazza,C.,Rossi,G.,Buord,S.,Stevens,A.-D.,Aguraiuja,R.,Cowell,C.,Weekley,C.W.,Vogg,G.,Iriondo,J.M.,Johnson,I.,Dixon,B.,Gordon,D.,Magnanon,S.,Valentin,B.,Bjureke,K.,Koopman,R.,2011.How successful are plant species reintroductions?Biol.Conserv.144,672e682.
Guerrant Jr.,E.O.,2012.Characterizing two decades of rare plant reintroductions.In:Maschinski,J.,Haskins,K.E.(Eds.),Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate:Promises and Perils.Island Press,Washington,DC,pp.9e29.
Hewitt,N.,Klenk,N.,Smith,A.L.,Bazely,D.R.,Yan,N.,Wood,S.,MacLellan,J.I.,Lipsig-Mumme,C.,Henriques,I.,2011.Taking stock of the assisted migration debate.Biol.Conserv.144,2560e2572.
Heywood,V.H.,1993.The role of botanic gardens and arboreta in the ex-situ conservation of wild plants.Opera Bot.121,309e312.
Heywood,V.H.,2014.An overview of in situ conservation of plant species in the Mediterranean.Flora Mediterr.24,5e24.
Heywood,V.H.,2016.In situ conservation of plant species e an unattainable goal?Isr.J.Plant Sci.63,211e231.
Heywood,V.H.,2017.Plant conservation in the Anthropocene e challenges and future prospects.Plant Divers.39,314e330.
Heywood,V.H.,2019.Conserving plants within and beyond protected areas e still problematic and future uncertain.Plant Divers.41,36e49.
IPCC,W.G.I.,2013.Climate change 2013:the physical science basis.In:Stocker,T.F.,Qin,D.,Plattner,G.-K.,Tignor,M.,Allen,S.K.,Boschung,J.,Nauels,A.,Xia,Y.,Bex,V.,Midgley,P.M.(Eds.),Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.
IUCN/SSC,2013.Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations.Version 1.0.IUCN Species Survival Commission,Gland,Switzerland.
Kaye,T.N.,2008.Vital steps toward success of endangered plant reintroductions.Native Plants J.9(3),313e322.
Laguna,E.,Navarro,A.,Perez-Rovira,P.,Ferrando,I.,Ferrer-Gallego,P.,2016.Translocation of Limonium perplexum(Plumbaginaceae),a threatened coastal endemic.Plant Ecol.217,1183e1194.
Liu,H.,Ren,H.,Liu,Q.,Wen,X.,Maunder,M.,Gao,J.,2015.Translocation of threatened plants as a conservation measure in China.Conserv.Biol.29,1537e1551.
Maschinski,J.,Duquesnel,J.,2006.Successful reintroductions of the endangered long-lived Sargent's cherry palm,Pseudophoenix sargentii,in the Florida Keys.Biol.Conserv.134,122e129.
Maunder,M.,Higgens,S.,Culham,A.,2001.The effectiveness of botanic garden collections in supporting plant conservation:a European case study.Biodivers.Conserv.10,383e401.
Maunder,M.,Havens,K.,Guerrant,E.O.,Falk,D.A.,2004.Ex situ methods:a vital but underused set of conservation resources.In:Guerrant,E.O.,Havens,K.,Maunder,M.(Eds.),Ex situ Plant Conservation.Supporting Species Survival in the Wild.Island Press,Washington,DC,USA,pp.3e20.
Medail,F.,Quezel,P.,1997.Hot-spots analysis for conservation of plant biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin.Ann.Missouri Bot.Gard.84,112e127.
Meek,M.H.,Wells,C.,Tomalty,K.M.,Ashander,J.,Cole,E.M.,Gille,D.A.,Putman,B.J.,Rose,J.P.,Savoca,M.S.,Yamane,L.,Hull,J.M.,2015.Fear of failure in conservation:the problem and potential solutions to aid conservation of extremely small populations.Biol.Conserv.184,209e217.
Menges,E.S.,Smith,S.A.,Weekley,C.W.,2016.Adaptive introductions:how multiple experiments and comparisons to wild populations provide insights into requirements for long-term introduction success of an endangered shrub.Plant Divers.38,238e246.
Monks,L.,Coates,D.,Bell,T.,Bowles,M.L.,2012.Determining success criteria for reintroductions of threatened long-lived plants.In:Maschinski,J.,Haskins,K.E.(Eds.),Plant Reintroduction in a Changing Climate.Island Press,Washington,DC,pp.189e208.
No€el,F.,Prati,D.,Kleunen,M.,Gygax,A.,Moser,D.,Fischer,M.,2011.Establishment success of 25 rare wetland species introduced into restored habitats is best predicted by ecological distance to source habitats.Biol.Conserv.144,602e609.
Orsenigo,S.,2018.How to halt the extinction of wetland-dependent plant species?The role of translocations and restoration ecology.Aquat.Conserv.28,772e775.
Piazza,C.,Hugot,L.,Richard,F.,Schatz,B.,2011.Bilan des operations de conservation in situ realisees entre 1987 et 2004 en Corse:quelles le?ons pour demain?Ecol.Mediterr.37(2),7e16.
Pimm,S.L.,Russel,G.J.,Gittleman,J.L.,Brooks,T.M.,1995.The future of Biodiversity.Science 269(5222),347e350.
Rita,J.,Cursach,J.,2013.Creating new populations of Apium bermejoi(Apiaceae),a critically endangered endemic plant on Menorca(Balearic Islands).Anales J.Bot.Madrid 70,27e38.
Thomas,C.D.,2011.Translocation of species,climate change,and the end of trying to recreate past ecological communities.Trends Ecol.Evol.26,216e221.
Thompson,J.D.,2005.Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean.Oxford University Press,Oxford,UK.
Vogiatzakis,I.N.,Mannion,A.M.,Sarris,D.,2016.Mediterranean island biodiversity and climate change:the last 10,000 years and the future.Biodivers.Conserv.25(13),2597e2627.
Volis,S.,2016a.Conservation meets restoration e rescuing threatened plant species by restoring their environments and restoring environments using threatened plant species.Isr.J.Plant Sci.63,262e275.
Volis,S.,2016b.Species-targeted plant conservation:time for conceptual integration.Isr.J.Plant Sci.63,232e249.
Volis,S.,2017.Complementarities of two existing intermediate conservation approaches.Plant Divers.39,379e382.
Volis,S.,2019.Killing two birds with one stone:conservation-oriented restoration as a way to restore threatened species and their habitats.Plant Divers.41,50e58.
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