北美海相页岩油形成条件、富集特征与启示
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摘要
北美海相页岩油气的成功开发为将中国陆相页岩油巨大资源潜力转化为现实产量带来了希望。目前全球范围内对页岩油的研究与探索尚处于起步阶段,对能否在页岩中实现原油规模化开采还远没有达成共识。北美海相层系页岩油勘探开发实践表明,稳定宽缓的构造环境是形成页岩油的有利背景,大面积分布的优质烃源岩是页岩油形成的资源基础,区域性致密顶底板控制页岩油的远景区分布,烃源岩热演化程度控制页岩油核心区分布,而地质和工程"甜点"控制页岩油的规模富集和高产稳产。与北美相比,中国地质构造演化稳定性较差,沉积盆地类型多、分割性和后期活动性强,发育淡水湖泊、混积湖泊与咸化湖泊等多种沉积体系,相变快、岩性复杂、储盖组合多样。烃源岩层系的非均质性、成岩改造作用、裂缝发育程度及其与致密顶底板的配置关系,控制中国陆相页岩油"甜点"分布规律和富集高产能力。正确认识陆相页岩油资源潜力、找准页岩油富集的有利核心区、发展适应性高产稳产工程技术,是中国陆相页岩油取得突破的关键。
The successful development of marine shale oil and gas in North America brings great hope to the production of lacustrine shale oil in China with great potential. At present,the research and exploration of shale oil in the world is still in its infantry,and there is no consensus on the commercial production of crude oil from the shale. Practice of marine shale oil exploration and production in North America indicates that the stable and gentle tectonic setting is favorable for the enrichment of shale oil,the large-area distribution of high-quality organic rich source rocks is the resource basis for shale oil formation,the tight top/bottom formations control the distribution of shale oil prospect area,the thermal evolution of source rocks controls the distribution of shale oil core areas,while geological and engineering"sweet spots"control the largescale enrichment and stable production of shale oil. In contrast to the North American shale basins,Chinese lacustrine shale plays develop in less stable and relatively tectonically active basins. These sedimentary basins have many types being characterized by strong segmentation and strong activity. Additionally,there are many sedimentary systems such as freshwater,brackish and saline lakes,with significant variation in lithology and sedimentary facies both laterally and vertically,and with diverse reservoir-caprock association. The heterogeneity in the deposition,diagenesis and fracture development in both shale reservoir and its top and bottom seals determine the"sweet spots"and ultimate recoverable oil resources in the shale reservoir. Road map for the large scale development of shale oil resources in China includes three important points,a clear understanding of shale oil resource potential,an accurate estimation of core areas for shale oil enrichment,and a development of high adaptive and stable technology for shale oil production.
The successful development of marine shale oil and gas in North America brings great hope to the production of lacustrine shale oil in China with great potential. At present,the research and exploration of shale oil in the world is still in its infantry,and there is no consensus on the commercial production of crude oil from the shale. Practice of marine shale oil exploration and production in North America indicates that the stable and gentle tectonic setting is favorable for the enrichment of shale oil,the large-area distribution of high-quality organic rich source rocks is the resource basis for shale oil formation,the tight top/bottom formations control the distribution of shale oil prospect area,the thermal evolution of source rocks controls the distribution of shale oil core areas,while geological and engineering"sweet spots"control the largescale enrichment and stable production of shale oil. In contrast to the North American shale basins,Chinese lacustrine shale plays develop in less stable and relatively tectonically active basins. These sedimentary basins have many types being characterized by strong segmentation and strong activity. Additionally,there are many sedimentary systems such as freshwater,brackish and saline lakes,with significant variation in lithology and sedimentary facies both laterally and vertically,and with diverse reservoir-caprock association. The heterogeneity in the deposition,diagenesis and fracture development in both shale reservoir and its top and bottom seals determine the"sweet spots"and ultimate recoverable oil resources in the shale reservoir. Road map for the large scale development of shale oil resources in China includes three important points,a clear understanding of shale oil resource potential,an accurate estimation of core areas for shale oil enrichment,and a development of high adaptive and stable technology for shale oil production.
引文
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[24]POLLASTRO R M,ROBERTS L N R,COOK T A.Geologic model for the assessment of technically recoverable oil in the DevonianMississippian Bakken Formation,Williston Basin[M]//BREYERJ A.Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st Century:AAPGMemoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:205-257.
[25]DONOVAN A D,STAERKER T S,GARDNER R M,et al.Findings from the Eagle Ford Outcrops of West Texas&implication to the Subsurface of South Texas[M]//BRYER J A.The Eagle Ford Shale-A renaissance in U.S.Oil Production:AAPG Memoir110.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2016:301-336.
[26]GRABOWSKI G J.Organic-rich chalks and calcareous mudstones of the Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk and Eagle Ford Formation,south-central Texas,USA[M]//KATZ B J.Petroleum Source Rocks.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1995:209-234.
[27]ROBISON C R.Hydrocarbon source rock variability within the Austin Chalk and Eagle Ford Shale(Upper Cretaceous),East Texas,USA[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,1997,34(3/4):287-305.
[28]JACKSON J,JACKSON K.Integrated synthesis of the Permian Basin:Data and models for recovering existing and undiscovered oil resources from the largest oil-bearing basin in the US[R].Austin:Bureau of Economic Geology the University of Texas,2008.
[29]DICKERSON P W.Evolution of the Delaware Basin[M]//MUEHL-BERGER W R,DICKERSON P W,DYER J R,et al.Structure and Stratigraphy of Trans-Pecos Texas:El Paso to Guadalupe Mountains and Big Bend July20-29,1989.[S.l.]:American Geophysical Union,2013:113-122.
[30]BAUMGARDNER R W,HAMLIN H S.Core-based geochemical study of mudrocks in basinal lithofacies in the Wolfberry Play,Midland Basin,Texas,PartⅡ[M].[S.l.]:AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition,2014.
[31]DUTTON S P,KIM E M,BROADHEAD R F,et al.Play analysis and leading-edge oil-reservoir development methods in the Permian Basin:Increased recovery through advanced technologies[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(5):553-576.
[32]SCHENK C J,POLLASTRO R M,COOK T A,et al.Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Permian Basin Province of West Texas and Southeast New Mexico2007[M].[S.l.]:U SGeological Survey,2008.
[33]SONNENBERG S A,WEIMER R J.Oil production from Niobrara Formation,Silo Field,Wyoming:Fracturing associated with a possible wrench fault system(?)[J].The Mountain Geologist,1993,72(2):38-59.
[34]GAUTIER D L,DOLTON G L,TAKAHASHI K I,et al.National assessment of United States oil and gas resources-results,methodology,and supporting data[M].[S.l.]:U.S.Geological Survey,2003.
[35]RUSSUM D A,BELONOGOV A.The emerging oil revolution in Western Canada[R].AAPG Search and Discovery Article#80128,2011.
[36]SMOSNA R,BRUNER K R.Resource assessment of the Marcellus Shale[M]//BREYER J A.Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the21st Century:AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:201-204.
[37]CHEN Z H,OSADETZ K G,JIANG C Q,et al.Spatial variation of Bakken or Lodgepole oils in the Canadian Williston Basin[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(6):829-851.
[38]STOAKES F A,CREANEY S.Sedimentology of a carbonate source rock:The Duvernay Formation of Alberta Canada[M].[S.l.]:Rocky Mountain Carbonate Reservoirs,1984:132-147.
[39]LI M W,YAO H X,FOWLER M G,et al.Geochemical constraints on models for secondary petroleum migration along the Upper Devonian Rimbey-Meadowbrook reef trend in central Alberta,Canada[J].Organic Geochemistry,1998,29:163-182.
[40]ALEXANDRE C S,SONNENBERG S A,SARG F J.Reservoir characterization and petrology of the Bakken Formation,Elm Coulee field,Richland County,Montana[R].AAPG Search and Discovery Article#20108,2011.
[41]DONG T,HARRIS N B,KNAPP L J,et al.The effect of thermal maturity on geomechanical properties in shale reservoirs:An example from the Upper Devonian Duvernay Formation,Western Canada Sedimentary Basin[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2018,97:137-153.
[42]CHEN Z,OSADETZ K G.An assessment of tight oil resource potential in Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation,Western Canada Sedimentary Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration&Development Online,2013,40(3):344-353.
[43]任纪舜,王作勋,陈炳蔚.从全球看中国大地构造:中国及邻区大地构造图简要说明[M].北京:地质出版社,1999.REN Jishun,WANG Zuoxun,CHEN Bingwei.A view of Chinese tectonics:Brief introduction of the tectonic maps of China and region[M].Beijing:Geological Press,1999.
[44]JARVIE D M,LUNDELL L L.Kerogen type and thermal transformation of organic matter in the Miocene Monterey Formation[M]//ISAACS C M,RULLKOTTER J.The Monterey Formation:From Rocks to Molecules.New York:Columbia University Press,2001:268-95.
[45]JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part2-Shaleoil resource systems[M]//BREYER J A.Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st Century:AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:89-119.
[2]US Energy Information Bureau.2017.https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860/.
[3]邹才能,等.非常规油气地质学[M].北京:地质出版社,2014.ZOU Caineng,et al.Unconventional petroleum geology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2014.
[4]傅成玉,等.非常规油气资源勘探开发[M].北京:中国石化出版社,2015.FU Chengyu,et al.Exploration and development of unconventionalpetroleumresources[M].Beijing:ChinaPetrochemicalPress,2015.
[5]LI M W,MA X X,LI Z M,et al.Emerging shale oil plays in hypersaline lacustrine Qianjiang Formation,Jianghan Basin,Central China[C].Houston:SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,2015.
[6]邹才能,董大忠,王玉满,等.页岩气地质评价方法:GB/T31483-2015[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2015.ZOU Caineng,DONG Dazhong,WANG Yuman,et al.Geological evaluation methods for shale gas:GB/T 31483-2015[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2015.
[7]DONOVAN A,EVENICK J,BANFIELD L,et al.An organofaciesbased mudstone classification for unconventional tight rock and source rock plays[C].Austin:SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,2017.
[8]BREYER J A.Shale reservoirs:Gaint resources for the 21st Century[M]//AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012.
[9]BREYER J A.The Eagle Ford Shale-A renaissance in U.S.oil production[M]//AAPG Memoir110.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2016.
[10]WOOD L J.Shale tectonics[M]//AAPG Memoir93.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2010.
[11]APLIN A C,MACQUAKER J H S.GS20-Getting started in shales[M].Tulsa:AAPG/Datapages,2010.
[12]CAMP W,DIAZ E,WAWAK B.Electron microscopy of shale hydrocarbon reservoirs[M]//AAPG Memoir102.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2013.
[13]TYSON R V,PEARSON T H.Modern and Ancient continental shelf anoxia:An overview[M]//TYSON R V,PEARSON T H.Modern and Ancient continental shelf anoxia.[S.l.]:Geological Society Special Publication58,1991:1-27.
[14]ZAGORSKI W A,WRIGHTSTONE G R,BOWMAN D C.The Appalachian Basin Marcellus gas play:Its history of development,geologic controls on production,and future potential as a worldclass reservoir[M]//BREYER J A.Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st Century:AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:172-200.
[15]MILLIKEN K L,DAY-STIRRAT R J,PAPAZIS P K,et al.Carbonate lithologies of the Mississippian Barnett Shale,Fort Worth Basin,Texas[M]//BREYER J A.Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st Century:AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:290-321.
[16]BUNTING P J,BREYER J A.Lithology of the Barnett Shale(Mississippian),southern Fort Worth Basin,Texas,Shale reservoirs[M]//BREYER J A.Shale Reservoirs-Giant Resources for the21st Century:AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:322-343.
[17]MONROE R M,BREYER J A.Shale wedges and stratal architecture,Barnett Shale(Mississippian),southern Fort Worth Basin,Texas[M]//BREYER J A.Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the21st Century:AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:344-367.
[18]AYERS JR W B.Coalbed gas systems,resources,and production and a review of contrasting cases from the San Juan and Powder River basins[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1 853-1 890.
[19]MANGER K C,WOODS T J,CURTIS J B.Antrim shale fractured reservoirs:Their potential throughout the Michigan Basin[J].AAPG Bulletin,1996,80(9):1 526-1 527.
[20]US Department of Energy,Office of Fossil Energy,National Energy Technology Laboratory.Modern shale gas development in the United States:A Primer[EB/OL].http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oilgas/publications/EPreports/Shale-Gas-Primer,2009.
[21]Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers.2018 Crude Oil Forecast,Markets and Transportation[R/OL].https://www.capp.ca/publications-and-statistics/crude-oil-forecast.html.
[22]KELMME H D,ULMISHEK G F.Effective petroleum source rocks of the world:Stratigraphic distribution and controlling depositional factors[J].AAPG Bulletin,1991,75(12):1 809-1 851.
[23]SAGEMAN B B,MURPHY A E,WERNE J P,et al.A tale of shales:the relative roles of production,decomposition,and dilution in the accumulation of organic-rich strata,Middle-Upper Devonian,Appalachian basin[J].Chemical Geology,2003,195(1/4):229-273.
[24]POLLASTRO R M,ROBERTS L N R,COOK T A.Geologic model for the assessment of technically recoverable oil in the DevonianMississippian Bakken Formation,Williston Basin[M]//BREYERJ A.Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st Century:AAPGMemoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:205-257.
[25]DONOVAN A D,STAERKER T S,GARDNER R M,et al.Findings from the Eagle Ford Outcrops of West Texas&implication to the Subsurface of South Texas[M]//BRYER J A.The Eagle Ford Shale-A renaissance in U.S.Oil Production:AAPG Memoir110.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2016:301-336.
[26]GRABOWSKI G J.Organic-rich chalks and calcareous mudstones of the Upper Cretaceous Austin Chalk and Eagle Ford Formation,south-central Texas,USA[M]//KATZ B J.Petroleum Source Rocks.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1995:209-234.
[27]ROBISON C R.Hydrocarbon source rock variability within the Austin Chalk and Eagle Ford Shale(Upper Cretaceous),East Texas,USA[J].International Journal of Coal Geology,1997,34(3/4):287-305.
[28]JACKSON J,JACKSON K.Integrated synthesis of the Permian Basin:Data and models for recovering existing and undiscovered oil resources from the largest oil-bearing basin in the US[R].Austin:Bureau of Economic Geology the University of Texas,2008.
[29]DICKERSON P W.Evolution of the Delaware Basin[M]//MUEHL-BERGER W R,DICKERSON P W,DYER J R,et al.Structure and Stratigraphy of Trans-Pecos Texas:El Paso to Guadalupe Mountains and Big Bend July20-29,1989.[S.l.]:American Geophysical Union,2013:113-122.
[30]BAUMGARDNER R W,HAMLIN H S.Core-based geochemical study of mudrocks in basinal lithofacies in the Wolfberry Play,Midland Basin,Texas,PartⅡ[M].[S.l.]:AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition,2014.
[31]DUTTON S P,KIM E M,BROADHEAD R F,et al.Play analysis and leading-edge oil-reservoir development methods in the Permian Basin:Increased recovery through advanced technologies[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(5):553-576.
[32]SCHENK C J,POLLASTRO R M,COOK T A,et al.Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Permian Basin Province of West Texas and Southeast New Mexico2007[M].[S.l.]:U SGeological Survey,2008.
[33]SONNENBERG S A,WEIMER R J.Oil production from Niobrara Formation,Silo Field,Wyoming:Fracturing associated with a possible wrench fault system(?)[J].The Mountain Geologist,1993,72(2):38-59.
[34]GAUTIER D L,DOLTON G L,TAKAHASHI K I,et al.National assessment of United States oil and gas resources-results,methodology,and supporting data[M].[S.l.]:U.S.Geological Survey,2003.
[35]RUSSUM D A,BELONOGOV A.The emerging oil revolution in Western Canada[R].AAPG Search and Discovery Article#80128,2011.
[36]SMOSNA R,BRUNER K R.Resource assessment of the Marcellus Shale[M]//BREYER J A.Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the21st Century:AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:201-204.
[37]CHEN Z H,OSADETZ K G,JIANG C Q,et al.Spatial variation of Bakken or Lodgepole oils in the Canadian Williston Basin[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(6):829-851.
[38]STOAKES F A,CREANEY S.Sedimentology of a carbonate source rock:The Duvernay Formation of Alberta Canada[M].[S.l.]:Rocky Mountain Carbonate Reservoirs,1984:132-147.
[39]LI M W,YAO H X,FOWLER M G,et al.Geochemical constraints on models for secondary petroleum migration along the Upper Devonian Rimbey-Meadowbrook reef trend in central Alberta,Canada[J].Organic Geochemistry,1998,29:163-182.
[40]ALEXANDRE C S,SONNENBERG S A,SARG F J.Reservoir characterization and petrology of the Bakken Formation,Elm Coulee field,Richland County,Montana[R].AAPG Search and Discovery Article#20108,2011.
[41]DONG T,HARRIS N B,KNAPP L J,et al.The effect of thermal maturity on geomechanical properties in shale reservoirs:An example from the Upper Devonian Duvernay Formation,Western Canada Sedimentary Basin[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2018,97:137-153.
[42]CHEN Z,OSADETZ K G.An assessment of tight oil resource potential in Upper Cretaceous Cardium Formation,Western Canada Sedimentary Basin[J].Petroleum Exploration&Development Online,2013,40(3):344-353.
[43]任纪舜,王作勋,陈炳蔚.从全球看中国大地构造:中国及邻区大地构造图简要说明[M].北京:地质出版社,1999.REN Jishun,WANG Zuoxun,CHEN Bingwei.A view of Chinese tectonics:Brief introduction of the tectonic maps of China and region[M].Beijing:Geological Press,1999.
[44]JARVIE D M,LUNDELL L L.Kerogen type and thermal transformation of organic matter in the Miocene Monterey Formation[M]//ISAACS C M,RULLKOTTER J.The Monterey Formation:From Rocks to Molecules.New York:Columbia University Press,2001:268-95.
[45]JARVIE D M.Shale resource systems for oil and gas:Part2-Shaleoil resource systems[M]//BREYER J A.Shale reservoirs-Giant resources for the 21st Century:AAPG Memoir97.Tulsa:American Association of Petroleum Geologists,2012:89-119.
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