水肥耦合对杨树根区水、氮运移及吸收的影响研究进展
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摘要
随着我国木材需求量不断增加,速生丰产林提质增产迫在眉睫,急需探求合理高效的水肥集约经营策略。文中对灌溉施肥条件下植物根区水和氮(N)运移分布、吸收根形态与分布,以及水和N吸收相关研究进行综述,结论如下:1)水、N分布与施肥灌水量、土壤质地、降水、地下水位等条件有关。主要研究方法有室内、大田试验以及数值模拟法。由不同时刻水、N运移分布情况发现,改善水肥耦合措施,可降低N淋失对地下水的污染,同时提高植物的水、N利用效率。2)杨树吸收根主要分布于土壤表层,呈"倒金字塔"型分布,随远离树干方向,分布趋于浅层化,垂直根呈"S"形,整体表现为"二态性";从根系分布规律发现,少量多次随水施肥有利于吸收根及林分生长。3)杨树品种、生育阶段、施肥水平以及土壤条件等不同,其水、N吸收情况及后期分配均存在差异。但恰当的水肥比例和灌施频率均有利于水、N吸收。以往研究只关注根区水和N运移、根系分布、吸收利用过程中的某一环节,而对各环节间动态联系以及整体调控机制知之甚少。因此,应设置不同水、N耦合方式,对各环节进行关联分析,明确调控机制,以期实现水、N效率最大化,有效提升林木产量。
With the increasing demand for wood in China,it is urgent to increase the quality and yield of fast-growing and high-yield forests. So,it is extremely urgent to explore a reasonable and efficient strategy of water and fertilizer management. This paper reviewed the research on the water and N transport and distribution,water and N uptake,and the shape and distribution of the absorption roots in the root zone under irrigation and fertilization conditions. The results showed that:( 1) The distribution of water and N is related to the amount of fertilizer and irrigation,soil texture,precipitation,and groundwater level. The main research methods include indoor and field test as well as numerical simulation. By studying the distribution of water and N transport at different times,the improvement of the coupling management measures of water and fertilizer can thereby reduce the pollution of groundwater by N leaching and improve the utilization efficiency of water and N by plants;( 2) The absorption roots of Populus are mainly distributed in the surface layer of the soil,which is distributed in the form of "inverted pyramids". When it gets farther from the trunk,the distribution tends to be shallow, the vertical roots are "S " shaped, and the overall performance is dimorphism. According to the law of root distribution,frequent but small-amount fertilization with water is beneficial to the growth of fine roots and stands;( 3) The water and N uptakes and later distribution were found to be different when the varieties,growth stages,fertilization levels and soil conditions of Populus are different. But the reasonable proportion of water and fertilizer and proper irrigation and fertilization frequency are conducive to water and nitrogen uptake. Previous studies only put focus on certain links in the process of water and nitrogen transport,root system distribution,and absorption and utilization in the root zone,while the dynamic connection between the various links and the overall regulation mechanism are still not well understood. Therefore,different water and N coupling modes should be set up to carry out the correlation analysis for each link and clarify the control mechanism in order to maximize the water and N efficiency and effectively increase the wood yield.
With the increasing demand for wood in China,it is urgent to increase the quality and yield of fast-growing and high-yield forests. So,it is extremely urgent to explore a reasonable and efficient strategy of water and fertilizer management. This paper reviewed the research on the water and N transport and distribution,water and N uptake,and the shape and distribution of the absorption roots in the root zone under irrigation and fertilization conditions. The results showed that:( 1) The distribution of water and N is related to the amount of fertilizer and irrigation,soil texture,precipitation,and groundwater level. The main research methods include indoor and field test as well as numerical simulation. By studying the distribution of water and N transport at different times,the improvement of the coupling management measures of water and fertilizer can thereby reduce the pollution of groundwater by N leaching and improve the utilization efficiency of water and N by plants;( 2) The absorption roots of Populus are mainly distributed in the surface layer of the soil,which is distributed in the form of "inverted pyramids". When it gets farther from the trunk,the distribution tends to be shallow, the vertical roots are "S " shaped, and the overall performance is dimorphism. According to the law of root distribution,frequent but small-amount fertilization with water is beneficial to the growth of fine roots and stands;( 3) The water and N uptakes and later distribution were found to be different when the varieties,growth stages,fertilization levels and soil conditions of Populus are different. But the reasonable proportion of water and fertilizer and proper irrigation and fertilization frequency are conducive to water and nitrogen uptake. Previous studies only put focus on certain links in the process of water and nitrogen transport,root system distribution,and absorption and utilization in the root zone,while the dynamic connection between the various links and the overall regulation mechanism are still not well understood. Therefore,different water and N coupling modes should be set up to carry out the correlation analysis for each link and clarify the control mechanism in order to maximize the water and N efficiency and effectively increase the wood yield.
引文
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[3]任忠秀,聂立水,张志毅,等.水氮耦合效应对毛白杨无性系人工林林分蓄积量与经济效益的影响[J].北京林业大学学报,2012,34(1):25-31.
[4]VAN D D R,THOMAS B R,KAMELCHUK D P.Effects of N,NP,and NPKS fertilizers applied to four-year-old hybrid poplar plantation[J].New Forests,2008,35(3):221-233.
[5]BHAT R,SUJATHA S.Soil fertility and nutrient uptake by arecanut(Areca catechu,L.)as affected by level and frequency of fertigation in a laterite soil[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(3):445-456.
[6]孙誉育,唐波,尹春英,等.水氮耦合效应对红桦幼苗生长的影响及其生理机制[J].应用与环境生物学报,2015,21(4):710-716.
[7]O’NEILL M K,ALLEN S C,HEYDUCK R F,et al.Hybrid poplar(Populus spp.)adaptation to a semi-arid region:results from Northwest New Mexico(2002-2011)[J].Agroforestry Systems,2014,88(3):387-396.
[8]WHITE D A,BEADLE C L,WORLEDGE D,et al.Wood production per evapotranspiration was increased by irrigation in plantations of Eucalyptus globulus,and E.nitens[J].New Forests,2016,47(2):303-317.
[9]陈金平,兰再平,杨慎骄,等.黄河故道不同灌水方式刺槐人工林幼树水分利用效率和生长特性[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2529-2535.
[10]戴腾飞,席本野,闫小莉,等.施肥方式和施氮量对欧美108杨人工林土壤氮素垂向运移的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(6):1641-1648.
[11]闫小莉,戴腾飞,贾黎明,等.欧美108杨细根形态及垂直分布对水氮耦合措施的响应[J].植物生态学报2015,39(8):825-837.
[12]席本野,王烨,贾黎明,等.宽窄行栽植模式下三倍体毛白杨根系分布特征其与根系吸水的关系[J].生态学报,2011,31(1):47-57.
[13]肖元松,彭福田,王兆燕,等.根际施肥位置变化对桃树15N吸收分配的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):153-157.
[14]KHAN A A,YITAYEW M,WARRICK A W.Field evaluation of water and solute distribution from a point source[J].Journal of Irrigation&Drainage Engineering,1996,122(4):221-227.
[15]王虎,王旭东,杨莹.滴灌施肥条件下土壤铵氮分布规律的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(1):51-55.
[16]吕谋超,蔡焕杰,黄修桥.同步滴灌施肥条件下根际土壤水氮分布研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(3):24-27.
[17]刘显,费良军,刘扬,等.肥液浓度对涌泉根灌土壤水氮运移特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):166-170.
[18]傅建平,兰再平,孙尚伟,等.滴灌条件下杨树人工林土壤的水分运移[J].林业科学,2013,49(6):25-29.
[19]冯晓波,马娟娟,孙西欢,等.地面灌施条件下土壤水氮运移规律研究[J].节水灌溉,2014(9):13-17.
[20]刘显,费良军,王佳,等.土壤初始含水率对涌泉根灌土壤水分及氮素运移特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(4):118-126.
[21]刘显,费良军,刘扬.涌泉根灌交汇入渗对土壤水氮运移特性的影响[J].排灌机械工程学报,2017,35(3):263-270.
[22]WANG H Y,JU X T,WEI Y P,et al.Simulation of bromide and nitrate leaching under heavy rainfall and high-intensity irrigation rates in North China Plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(10):1646-1654.
[23]崔远来,李远华,吕国安,等.不同水肥条件下水稻氮素运移与转化规律研究[J].水科学进展,2004,15(3):280-285.
[24]HANSON B R,SIMUNEK J,HOPMANS J W.Evaluation of ureaammonium-nitrate fertigation with drip irrigation using numerical modeling[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,86(1/2):102-113.
[25]张建君,李久生,任理.滴灌施肥灌溉条件下土壤水氮运移的研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报,2002,21(2):75-78.
[26]李久生,张建君,饶敏杰.滴灌施肥灌溉的水氮运移数学模拟及试验验证[J].水利学报,2005,36(8):932-938.
[27]席本野,贾黎明,王烨,等.地下滴灌条件下三倍体毛白杨根区土壤水分动态模拟[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):21-28.
[28]井大炜.灌溉方式对杨树根系分布及硝态氮运移的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(1):70-73.
[29]KARANDISH F,SIMUNEK J,KARANDISH F,et al.Two-dimensional modeling of nitrogen and water dynamics for various N-managed watersaving irrigation strategies using HYDRUS[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,193:174-190.
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